Q.6 Describe salient features of Kyoto Protocol, Montreal Protocol and Copenhagen Summit.

Kyoto Protocol The meeting of United Nations Framework Convention on Climatic Change (FCCC) was held in December 1998 in Kyoto, Japan, amidst great expectation of reaching a climatic protocol to reduce greenhouse Gas emissions. The second assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change (IPCC) in 1996 explicitely ruled that the balance of evidence now suggest that there is a discernible human influence on climate. The IPCC has distinguished Human-induced climate change from natural climate variability. The Rio Summit of 1992 adopted a framework Convention on Climatic Change (FCCC) in clear recognition of the need for urgent action. The basic objective of the FCCC is to attain stabilisation of GHG concentration in the atmosphere, within a time-frame sufficient to allow eco-system to adopt naturally to climate change. The IPCC models show that immediate stabilisation of the carbondioxide concentration at its present level would require 50-70 per cent reduction in emissions. This can be achieved either through a comprehensive multi-gas approach (like the ozone regime) or a gas-by gas approach (like the long range transboundary air pollution regime).

At Kyoto conference, US declared that they would stabilize US emission to 1990 levels by 2010 whereas EU, G77 and China demanded reduction by 15% below 1990 level. Montreal protocol: The Montreal protocol signed in September 1987 provided for a timetable for a reduction and an ultimate ban on the use of these ozone-layer depleting gases. Can this example be emulated elsewhere? The answer is almost certainly 'no'. One reason is that the market for CFCs is controlled by a few firms who also produce CFC substitutes. Also, the ozone depleting nature of CFCs is scientifically well established. Faced with the prospect of being sued by skin cancer patients the companies were not unwilling for a switch in technology. A global ban is a facilitating device in that no one then would be able to use CFCs. Copenhagen:
The UN Climate Change Conference (COP15) more famously known as Copenhagen Summit held in Copenhagen, in Denmark summit from 7 to 18 December 2009, is an example step taken by the world community to solve the global crisis of environmental deterioration. This summit was regarded as the one stop destination for the rising ecological problems. Overall the summit turned out to be a huge disappointment as it failed to stand up to the expectations of millions across the world who expected this meeting of nations to deliver the final and much needed solution to solve environmental crisis and to chart out the road ahead after the expiration of the Kyoto protocol. Greater involvement was expected from the United States of America, as it has the recognition of having the largest rate of carbon emissions contributing in a huge way to the rise in global warming and all its consequential negative alarming effects. However, the summit cannot be labeled as a complete failure. The Copenhagen Accord, though not without its glaring faults is a small step towards greater global cooperation and integration for achieving the larger goal of saving the environment. Released on December 19, 2009, the accord is a three page declaration that lays down the path for future UN climate change negotiations and to help nations for mitigating global emissions. In the subsequent discussion, implications of this accord and its significance for India shall be discussed.

Q.13 What is relationship between energy and environment? ENVIORNMETNAL ISSUE Introduction Earth was an abundant, giving, benign planet that provided enough for everyone. Then there was civilization, and numerous discoveries and inventions were made based on this giving nature of the planet. With these discoveries began a whole new life and lifestyle. Everyone was content, everyone happy. But soon enough, people wanted more. "Life should be simpler", they thought. More inventions were made, easier ways to survive, discovered. All was merry until one day people realized that there wasn't enough to go around anymore. Life was getting tougher again. Water was scarce, and there was no electricity for convenience. The dishwasher wouldn't work, nor would the washing machine. People had to resort to manual labor again. They had come a full circle, but this was a circle that would end, soon. There was simply not enough to go around anymore... This is how it began, and this is how it will end. The rate at which we are depleting the environment and all that it has to offer, not much is going to be left to survive on. We can't even think of our coming generations, it's our own survival we have to worry about. For this we need to learn how to save our environment, by unlearning some of the things we have become habituated to and taken for granted.

Energy Conservation Problems The uncontrolled and unreasonable use of energy resources in the past few decades has led to the depletion of conventional energy resources. Although, measures are taken at the government levels to control the energy consumption, these attempts only meet with little success. Public awareness is the only way to successfully deal with this problem. Given below are some problems that often come in the way of energy conservation. Wastage of Energy Wastage of energy is the biggest culprit of energy crisis. Unnecessary illumination, running the appliances even when no one is using them, using two or more devices for achieving same purpose can all lead to wastage of valuable energy. Self discipline is the only way of resolving this problem. Unmindful Use of Resources This is different from wasting energy, nonetheless, it yields the same result. This includes choosing wrong appliances that consume more electricity or going for luxury cars that are extremely inefficient in fuel consumption. Choosing your energy options wisely can solve this problem. Public awareness can be generated in order to educate people regarding the intelligent usage of energy. Energy Loss None of the machines can give you 100% efficiency. There is always some energy loss which reduces the efficiency of the machine. Although there is no feasible solution to this problem, we can certainly minimize energy loss so that we get optimum efficiency.

Energy Conservation Pros and Cons The obvious advantage of energy conservation is that we can slow down the depletion of the energy resources, so that we have more energy left for future use. As mentioned above, efficient and wise use of energy can alleviate the problem of energy crisis. However, there is an argument against efficient use of energy which says that, efficient use of energy will lead to fall in demand of energy, which in turn will lead to decline in the cost of energy. Lower energy prices is likely to encourage the consumption of energy, making the whole effort worthless. This is called as 'rebound effect', which defeats the purpose of energy conservation. However, economists believe that the magnitude of the rebound effect is smaller compared to the total energy gain by implementing energy efficiency schemes.

Examples of Renewable Resources Solar Energy The energy derived from the sun is the solar energy. The sun has always been in the service of the earth. It heats the earth and the oceans and enables human daily activities. Nowadays, photovoltaic panels are used to convert light into energy. The best thing is that it requires very less maintenance once it is installed. Moreover, the solar panels does not contribute to pollution. But the manufacturing of the solar panel requires some toxic elements and also it is a little expensive affair.

Wind Energy Windmills have been used for energy production since many years. Similar to solar energy, wind energy also does not contribute to pollution. The wind is converted into electric energy with the help of wind turbines. Windmills for electricity, no doubt, is a great invention, but the moving parts can be fatal for the flying creatures. Hydropower Like other renewable resources examples mentioned above, hydropower has also been used to generate energy since ages and is known as hydroelectric power. As the name suggests, the energy is generated by churning water with the help of massive generators. But this too has an impact on the environment. It affects the aquatic animals and the aquatic ecosystem is disturbed. Biofuels Plants and trees contribute in creating biomass or biofuels. The residual plants from paper making, the methane gas obtained from the process of decomposition and plants grown specifically as a source of energy combine to create biomass energy. Biofuel is used for lighting and cooking. Nowadays, crops are cultivated specifically for generating energy. Tidal Electricity The other renewable resources examples for kids are tidal electricity or energy that is extracted from the high tides and wave energy that we get from the waves. The renewable energy advantages are innumerable. The best thing about using renewable energy is that these resources are not going to deplete. They will be naturally replenished and will go a long way for the future generations. The knowledge of these renewable resources examples is essential because once the non-renewable resources are exhausted, we will be totally dependent on these alternative energy sources. So let us join our hands together and take a pledge that we will do our best to conserve energy so that our coming generations can live in peace.

Q.12 What are the strategies for sustainable water management? Water crisis in India

SYNOPSIS 1-What is water crisis? 2-which part of India are facing this problem? 3-why is water problem getting bigger by day? 4-what implication it will have on human life n civilization? 5- Is connecting all the river in India is a solution to the problem? 6-what is the other method to tackle the problem of water crisis? 7-why there is a problem of water crisis in cities like Mumbai and what could be the solution? 8-Positive winds and ray of hope (solution) Concept of water crisis :Water crisis is a term used to refer to the worlds water resources relative to human demand the term has been applied to the worldwide water situation by the United Nations and other world organizations. This a situation created by more demand for water and less supply of it, and the demand is ever increasing due to its ever growing population .Talking in reference to India the situation getting worst from bad, with the baggage of 1.2 billion population n dependence of rain for water n river its in dire need of major surgery to its water management plan and in the attitude of the people the way they utilize or should we say waste water. Which part of India facing the problem of shortage :The central part of India including Madhya Pradesh, eastern and central part of Maharashtra, western part of Orissa ,Andhra Pradesh ,Bihar, northern and western part of west Bengal ,eastern part of Gujarat and Rajasthan and few of its major cities like Mumbai ,Kolkata ,Delhi Bangalore Chennai ,Hyderabad

Why is water problem getting bigger by day?:India is passing through the phase were economic condition in cities are improving but in villages except few villages there are no economic activities n employment opportunities are in the villages so people are migrating to cities n if any opportunity is there its in agricultural activities which is again facing problem from uncertain monsoon and un planned irrigation ,cutting down trees in cities ,no water catchment areas in cities ,wastage and excessive consumption .A large scale migration towards of people continue in search of job and livelihood towards cities ,which again putting extra burden on cities water resources .commercial exploitation of water or selling and industrial use are again cause for concern .

What implication it will have on human life n civilization?:As we are very much aware the third world war in rare possibility, but it could be possible in future if the trend of water crisis continue n we humans cant find solutions to it, then the war for water will turn into reality .And why to wait for future, dont go very far in India itself Punjab and Haryana fighting for water ,in central part of India ,Maharashtra and Karnataka fighting on water dispute ,so on and so forth .Pakistan and India are having water dispute ,they have been on to loggerhead on this issue for years now .Same is the story with china and India and Bangladesh . And the days of huge displacement of mankind is very much possibility in near future ,can you imagine ,people leaving their own country to capture other country who having water resources ,just imagine the picture ,mass movement of people ,lots of bloodbath ,every where ,riots going on to capture water bodies ,few civilization will disappeared from earth ,due to this water crisis and war for it ,and that could be the day of survival for mankind . The socio economic balance of world will get disrupted and tension between countries will escalate to extreme level .see whats happening in African country ,many African country suffering from water crisis ,same is the situation in china and central part of Australia . As most of the fertile land will became saline due to unavailability of water n too much use of ground water will empty our ground water recourses,then the sea water will start gushing into land which will be the worst possible scenario for mankind and agriculture around the world .Finally the biggest casualty will be human displacement ,as shown in picture below Is connecting all the river in India is a solution to the problem? Its a long cherished dream of government of India to connect all the river in this country, but the dream is still a distant reality n by the looks it will die as dream only .when the project was in initial stage we all have heard its positive aspect that ,it will guarantee 12 month water in water canals ,the irrigation facilities will improve and the contribution to GDP from agriculture sector will also increase ,this will also insure that no part of country go dry and no part of country get submerge due to more rain ,because you can flow out excess water from one part to other which having less rain . But sadly all was remain on paper itself and nothing has happen in this regard. The critics has following doubt about the implementation of project, its feasibility ,and over all environmental impact on various state in country they are as follows :1:-how feasible the project like this on such a huge scale 2:- If you divert river and their flow, there is possibility that other parts of country will not get water So over all this idea was put into cold bag, but you hear now and then that government is thinking to implement, whatever will be the outcome but, we need some out of the box solution to this serious problem Or else we will perish for sure in upcoming few decades what is the other method to tackle the problem of water crisis? The following are the few method to fight the water crisis:1:-Rain water harvesting programme: again a very small but good initiative taken by few state and Mumbai, And Chennai, Chandigarh, Gujarat doing very well ,the more and more urban towns should be given encouragement to go for it 2:-building check dams and building artificial pond in low ling areas to hold water so water can get adsorbed into ground

3:-water management should be taught to the people of country ,they should learn to treat water as precious commodity .few eg ,use bucket to have shower ,do not use fresh water to garden lawn ,dont use hosepipe to wash cars instead use bucket water . 4:- restrict human intervention completely ,so jungles and plants can breath their like n provide us water n fertile land 5:-glaciers can be only saved if we can cut down one carbon emission level ,and this is very necessary or else entire ganges belt will submerged into water if all the glaciers melt in Himalayas 6:-The irrigation facilities need to be upgraded scientifically so we use less water while cultivating ,a high variety of seed can play vital roll in it

Problem of water shortage in Mumbai and solution to its problem:Here are the picture which explain condition of Mumbai As we all are familiar with such kind of picture from Mumbai , yes you got it right ,these are the water pipeline which supply water to Mumbai n its satellite towns ,all these are more than 100 years old and are in dire need of replacement or radical surgery .we daily hear the news of water theft which is very unfortunate .The main problem of Mumbai is its ever increasing population and its demand for water ,Mumbai having population of 1.3 crores and the capacity in the lakes around the Mumbai to hold water remain same .the government not taken serious initiative to address this problem due to vested interest ,the ground level water in Mumbai shrinking as many illegal Burwell are operating in and around Mumbai .Mumbai gets enough rain fall due to its proximity to sea and being on western front but ,millions of litres of water get washed through nallha into sea ,we dont preserve it ,which is again unfortunate Here is the solution to the water shortage 1-save water by recycling it 2-rain water harvesting 3-65 % Mumbai consist of slum so most of rain water get washed into sea , and rain water harvesting will not work there so we can have separate nallha in which all fresh water which falls can be flown and then collect it in nearby pond or empty ground so that water can absorbed into ground 4-water management education 5-all lakes in Mumbai should be deepen so they can hold extra water 6-government should build housing facilities on rent for immigrates with rain water harvesting facilities so the problem of slum n illegal tapping into pipeline can be stopped 7- No building should be given noc to build without rain water harvesting facility into it 8-government should start live project kind of thing into curriculums of student to have better understanding of it

a.

Q 14) Ozone Depletion

OZONE DEPLETION (S.N)

O3-The Earth Protector!!!! Ozone layer is present around the earth on top of the Stratosphere, about 30 miles above the earth. Stratosphere has 90% of Ozone gas. Bluish Ozone layer absorbs harm full UV rays (Ultra-Violet) sent down by sun along with the light rays. UV rays have catastrophic effects on plant and animal life, if it reaches on earth planet. Ozone depletion A cause of concern

Process of Ozone depletion in the form of a hole in the Ozone Layer, was discovered first in 1984 over Antarctica. Antarctica ice cap was the first victim of Ozone layer destruction Main culprit causing the damage to Ozone layer isCFC. What is CFC? CFC is Chlorofluorocarbon in the gas form. CFC gas is amazingly useful in many products like refrigerators, home insulations, plastics, foams and throw away food containers. Thomas Midgley, American chemist discovered this gas in 1930. After extensive use of CFC gas for many years, we realized the disastrous effects on plant and animal life. CFC depletes Ozone layer! How? Chlorine in Chloro-Fluro-Carban CFC, is replaced by an Oxygen atom from Ozone O3 forming protective Ozone layer. This replacement of one atom of chlorine happens by depleting / destroying approx 1,00,000 atoms of Ozone from the layer. 1% Ozone layer depletion results into 2% more UV rays reaching the surface of earth Ozone layer depletion ---More UV rays reaching earth. Result!!!!. Catastrophe?????? Over exposure to UV rays increase the incidences of a)Skin cancer.

b)Cataract. c) Infective deceases. And will also affect adversely a) Life cycle of plants.

b) Life in the ocean. c) Wind pattern and thereby climate throughout the globe Need to control O3 layer depletion World realized the urgent need to control Ozone depletion. Number of treaties and laws are written ex. Vienna convention, Montral treaty. 30 countries including India have agreed and signed the treaties. Need to control O3 layer depletion India will phase out the usage of CFC completely by 2030. Other countries also either reduced or stop the usage of CFC. USA and Europe together produce and use 75% of CFCof the world utilization. Too little, too late Scientists have stated that the action suggested and taken as per the treaty are too little, too late. If we stop usage of CFC today, damage to Ozone layer will continue for next 100 yrs. Worlds scientific communality is still finding the early solution to the issue. So far they are inconclusive Conclusion We all residents of Global village need to think and act together crossing the boundaries of cast, religion and even nation in the interest of this beautiful planet Earth and for generations ahead of us, and protects this planet by stopping the abuse of knowledge under the name Development and Progress. So, Let us hope that we will have solution to stop depletion of Ozone, at the earliest