Nhin liu Ethanol l mt thay th cho xng. N c th c kt hp vi xng bt k nng ethanol tinh khit (E100).

). Ethanol khan, c ngha l, ethanol vi nhiu nht l 1% nc, c th c pha trn vi xng vi s lng khc nhau gim tiu th nhin liu du kh v trong n lc gim nhim khng kh. Ethanol c ngy cng c s dng nh mt cht ph gia cho xng tiu chun, nh l mt thay th cho methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), cc ha cht sau ny th kh khn ly do nc ngm v t b nhim. Ethanol c th c sn xut hng lot bng cch ln men ng hoc hydrat ha ethylene t du m v cc ngun khc. Ethanol hin nay nm trong sn xut c ngun gc t cy trng (bio-ethanol), v c quan tm, tho lun v vic liu n c l mt ngun ti nguyn nng lng bn vng c th cung cp cho mi trng v em li li ch kinh t lu di hn cc nhin liu ha thch nh xng hay du diesel hay khng. Ethanol d dng thu c t tinh bt hoc ng trong nhiu loi cy trng. Sn xut Ethanol nhin liu ph thuc vo s sn c ca din tch t, t, nc, v nh sng mt tri. Trong nm 2004, khong 42 t lt ethanol c sn xut trn th gii, n c s dng nhiu nht l s dng trong xe hi. Brazil sn xut khong 16,4 t lt v s dng 2,7 triu ha din tch t cho vic sn xut ny, hoc 4,5% din tch t Brazil c s dng cho sn xut cy trng trong nm 2005. Khong 12,4 t lt c sn xut cung cp nhin liu cho xe chy bng ethanol trn th trng trong nc. Ethanol c th c sn xut t nhiu loi nguyn liu nh ma, b ma, Miscanthus, c ci ng, la min, la min, c, la mch, cy gai du, kenaf, khoai ty, khoai lang, sn, hoa hng dng, tri cy, mt ng, sa hoc sa gy sa, ng, rm, ng cc, la m , g, giy, rm r, bng, sinh khi khc, cng nh nhiu loi cht thi cellulose. n nm 2006, sn xut ch yu l t ng, ma (ng) v c ci ng. Bn quc gia pht trin cc chng tr nh nhin liu ethanol sinh hc quan trng: Brazil, Colombia, Trung Quc v Hoa K.

Sn xut Ethanol c sn xut bi s ln men nm men ca ng trch ly t c ci ng ma hoc ng. Carbon dioxide, mt loi kh gy hiu ng nh knh c kh nng gy hi, c pht ra trong qu tr nh ln men. Tuy nhin, tc ng rng c b p bi s hp thu kh carbon do cc nh my pht trin sn xut ethanol. Khi so snh vi xng, ethanol thi ra t kh nh knh. pha trn vi xng, tinh khit 99,5 n 99,9% l cn thit, ty thuc vo nhit , trnh tch. Hin nay, phng php thanh lc c s dng rng ri nht l mt qu tr nh hp th vt l bng cch s dng cc sng phn t. Cng ngh sinh hc c th ci thin c nng lng ca ethanol sinh hc. Ethanol c ph bin nht c s dng xe t in, mc d n c th c s dng cho xe in khc, chng hn nh my ko nng nghip v my bay. Tt c cc ng ln men (tc l glucose, sucrose, vv) c th c chuyn i thnh ethanol bng cch ln men. ng nh vy c mt trong mt nh nc nhiu hn hoc t c polyme ho nhiu loi ca th gii thc vt nh c ci ng, la m, ma, ng, khoai ty, nhng cng c trong c hoc g. Mt s sn phm cht thi (v d nh pho mt whey, cht thi giy, ...) v ph liu khc nhau cng c th c chuyn i thnh ethanol sinh hc. Hnh : qu tr nh sn xut Ethanol sinh hc

Ty thuc vo qu tr nh trng hp, ng phi tri qua mt hoc mt s bc x l, vi mc ch chuyn i thnh cc chui polymer khc nhau t cc ng ln men n gin. Sau khi ln men bng vi sinh vt (nm men, vi khun, vv), ethanol c phc hi bng cch chng ct (ethanol ngm nc 92-96%) tip theo l ethanol khan mt nc (99,7% vol.). Cc con s trn cho thy s mch ca qu tr nh sn xut ethanol sinh hc t ng cc (ngun: DesMoinesRegister.com). Cc con ng sn xut ethanol sinh hc chnh c m t chi tit hn di y. Hnh : Sn xut ethanol sinh hc t ethanol sinh hc

Sn xut ethanol sinh hc t sinh khi lignocellulose Gn y, cng ngh mi ni ln cho php chuyn i sinh khi lignocellulose (g, c, cht thi nng nghip v ph liu, vv) vo ethanol. V d, nu mt ha ma sn xut khong 10 tn ng v 3 tn mt ng, n cng sn xut 20-25 tn sinh khi, khng n c nhng d sao c kh nng chuyn i thnh ethanol. Nhng nhn xt trn lm ni bt s lin quan ca sinh khi lignocellulose v c chi ph v tnh sn sng, m cn i vi s cnh tranh tim nng vi thc phm. Vi mc gi hin ti ca du th v kh khn ca th gii chnh tr thc hin mt s h nh thc thu CO2, ethanol sinh hc c th s b php lut ca nhin liu ha thch nh gim chi ph ng k khng th c thc hin. Trong bi cnh ny, lignocellulose sinh khi cung cp trin vng ng k v gim chi ph sn xut trong ngn hn n trung b nh, bi s phong ph ca n v c kh nng thp hn chi ph mua sm ca n i vi cc nguyn liu khc. Sinh khi cha lignocellulosic bao gm ch yu l cellulose (mt loi polymer ca glucose) v hemicellulose (polymer xylose v C5-C6 ng khc). sn xut ethanol sinh hc, cc thnh phn ny trc

tin phi c chuyn i thnh cc loi ng n gin bng cch thy phn (phn ng nhm mc ch ph v cc chui di polymer). Nu axit thy phn (iu tr vi acid sulfuric nhit cao) c p dng quy m thng mi trong cc lnh vc khc nhau, enzym thy phn c v tuy nhin tr nh by mt tim nng ln hn (c v chi ph v tnh bn vng) mc d cng ngh c ngy hm nay tr nh din / th im quy m. C c ngy hm nay ch c bn cuc biu t nh / worlwide c s th im, p dng cng ngh ny sn xut ethanol. Phng th nghim Nng lng ti to quc gia (M) xy dng mt nh my th im c kh nng sn xut 120'000 lt mi nm. T nm 2003, Tng cng ty cng ty Iogen (Canada) c vn hnh mt nh my tr nh din vi cng sut ca 320'000 lt ethanol mi nm, s dng rm la m l nguyn liu chnh. Nm 2004, cng ty Sekab (Thy in) pht trin mt nh my th im ca 120'000 lt ethanol sinh hc mi nm t g mm. T nm 2006 cui cng, cng ty Biogasol (an Mch) hot ng mt nh my th im vi cng sut ca 15'000 lt ethanol sinh hc mi nm. Gn y nht (c nhng tin tc v ti ny), B Nng lng M cng b quyt nh u t ln n 385 triu USD trong 6 biorefineries d n trong vng 5 nm ti. Mt khi hot ng, cc biorefineries ny c d kin s sn xut khong 450 triu lt ethanol sinh hc mi nm.
TM TT B ma chim t lln trong cc ph phm nng nghip Vit Nam. Vi thnh phn cha hn 45% l cellulose, b ma l ngun nguyn liu thch hp cho qu trnh sn xut ethanol. Lun vn ny nghin cu qu trnh sn xut ethanol nhin liu tb ma v c chia lm hai phn. Phn u: nghin cu qu trnh thu phn. V phn hai: nghin cu qu trnh thu phn v ln men ng thi. B ma c ct nhv c tin x l bng NaOH ph v cu trc. Sau , c tin hnh thu phn bng enzyme cellulase hoc thu phn v ln men ng thi bng enzyme cellulase v nm men Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Kt qu cho thy rng, qu trnh thu phn din ra tt nht trong iu kin: 10% brn, 5% enzyme, pH 4.8 v cc mu c lc vi vn tc100 rpm trong 28 gi 50 0C. Vi iu kin ny th nng glucose thu c l 62.32g/l v hiu sut t 83.72%. Qu trnh thu phn v ln men ng thi t c kt qutt 10% b rn, 5% enzyme,10% ging nm men,pH 4.8 v cc mu c lc vi vn tc100 rpm trong 48 gi 37 0C. Qu tr nh ny thu c 32.7g/l ethanol tng ng hiu sut l 87.13%. Kt qu ny cho thy qu trnh thu phn v ln men ng thi rt thch hp cho vic sn xut ethanol t b ma. ---------------------------------------------MC LC

DANH MC BNG DANH MC HNH CHNG 1: M U 1.1 t vn 1.2 Mc tiu cn t 1.3 Ni dung nghin cu CHNG 2: TNG QUAN TI LIU 2.1 Tnh hnh sn xut bioethanol trn th gii v trong nc 2.1.1 L ch sca bioethanol 2.1.2 Trn th gii 2.1.3 Trong nc 2.1.4 Trin vng pht trin ca bioethanol 2.2 Nguyn liu lignocellulose 2.2.1 Cu trc lignocellulose 2.2.2 Cellulose 2.2.3 Hemicellulose 2.2.4 Lignin 2.2.5 Cc cht trch ly 2.2.6 Tro 2.3 B ma 2.3.1 Ngun b ma Vit Nam 2.3.2 Hin trng s dng nng lng t b ma Vit Nam 2.4 Qu trnh sn xut ethanol t b ma 2.4.1 Tng qut 2.4.2 Qu trnh tin x l 2.4.3 Qu trnh thy phn 2.4.4 Qu trnh ln men 2.4.5 Qu trnh thy phn v ln men ng thi CHNG 3: NGUYN VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU 3.1 Nguyn liu v ha cht 3.1.1 B ma 3.1.2 Enzyme 3.1.3 Ging nm men 3.2 Cc thit b s dng chnh 3.3 Cc phng php s dng 3.3.1 Phng php xc nh m 3.3.2 Phng php phn tch thnh phn x si trong biomass -b ma 3.3.3 Phng php nh lng ng kh 3.3.4 Phng php xc nh cn 3.3.5 Phng php nui cy v m nm men 3.4 Trnh t nghin cu 3.4.1 S quy trnh 3.4.2 Qu trnh tin x l bng NaOH 3.4.3 Qu trnh thy phn bng enzyme 3.4.4 Qu trnh thy phn v ln men ng thi bng enzyme v nm men

CHNG 4: KT QUV BN LUN 4.1 Qu trnh tin x l 4.1.1 Tin x l b ma bng NaOH 4.1.2 Thnh phn x si trong b ma trc tin x l 4.1.3 Thnh phn x si trong b ma sau tin x l 4.1.4 So snh b ma trc v sau tin x l 4.2 Qu trnh thy phn 4.2.1 Kho st nh hng ca % b rn n qu trnh thy phn 4.2.2 Kho st nh hng ca % enzyme n qu trnh thy phn 4.2.3 Kho st nh hng ca gi tr pH n qu trnh thy phn 4.2.4 Kho st nh hng ca nhit n qu trnh thy phn 4.2.5 Kho st nh hng ca thi gian n qu trnh thy phn 4.3 Qu trnh thy phn v ln men ng thi 4.3.1 ng cong sinh trng ca tbo nm men 4.3.2 Kho st nh hng ca t l enzyme n nng ethanol 4.3.3 Kho st nh hng ca t l ging nm men n nng ethanol 4.3.4 Kho st nh hng ca pH n nng ethanol 4.3.5 Hiu sut ton qu trnh thy phn v ln men ng thi theo thi gian. CHNG 5:KT LUN V KIN NGH 5.1 Kt lun 5.2 Kin ngh TI LIU THAM KHO PH LC