LU 2

QUESTION

1. Why is layering used in designing complex systems?

 Explicit Structure
 Layered Reference
 Modularizedation and Maintenance
 Transparent Service Implementation
 Independence and Flexibility
2. OSI
 Is it true that OSI stands for Open System Interconnection?
 Is it true that the OSI model was developed by the International Standards Organization
(ISO)?
 Is it true that the OSI model is not a standard, but rather a representation that is useful in
understanding how data communications happen?
 Is it true that the OSI reference model consists of seven numbered layers, each illustrating a
particular network function?
3. 7 Layers
 Is it true that the physical layer is responsible for transmitting raw binary data over a physical
medium, but it doesn't directly support peer-to-peer communication?
 Is it true that the data link layer enables peer-to-peer communication between directly
connected devices using protocols like Ethernet and Wi-Fi?
 Is it true that peer-to-peer communication in the network layer occurs when two devices
have IP addresses within the same network?
 Is it true that the transport layer enables peer-to-peer communication between applications
running on different devices by using port numbers to identify specific processes?
 Is it true that the session layer enables two applications to establish a session directly
without the need for intermediate devices or servers?
 Is it true that the presentation layer deals with data formatting and conversion, facilitating
the direct exchange of formatted data between two applications?
 Is it true that peer-to-peer communication in the application layer occurs when two
applications on different devices communicate directly without intermediate servers or
services?
4. 7 Layers
 Is it true that the application layer deals with the interaction between the network and user
applications, and data is divided into smaller units called messages or data segments at this
layer?
 Is it true that the presentation layer is responsible for data representation and the
conversion of data format between different systems, and data segments are further divided
into smaller units called packets at this layer?
 Is it true that the session layer establishes, manages, and terminates connections between
applications, and packets are further divided into smaller units known as datagrams at this
layer?

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  Is it true that the transport layer provides end-to-end communication between hosts,
ensures reliable and orderly delivery of data, and segments include transport layer headers?
 Is it true that the network layer is responsible for routing packets across different networks,
and packets received from the transport layer are further divided into smaller units called
network packets or IP packets?
 Is it true that the data link layer handles the reliable transmission of data frames between
adjacent network nodes, and frames consist of data link layer headers and trailers?
 Is it true that the physical layer deals with the physical transmission of data over the network
medium, and frames are converted into a stream of binary digits or bits for transmission at
this layer?
5. Encapsulation
6. a conceptual view of data encapsulation.
7. why a layered network model is used
 How does layering in a network model help reduce complexity?
 What is the benefit of standardizing interfaces in a layered network model?
 How does the layered approach facilitate modular engineering?
 What does layering in a network model ensure in terms of technology interoperability?
 How does layering in a network model accelerate evolution and improvement?
 How does the layered model simplify teaching and learning of networking concepts?
8. breakdown of the layers
 What is the function of Layer 1 in the network support layers?
 What are the tasks performed by Layer 2 in the network support layers?
 What is the role of Layer 3 in the network support layers?
 Which layer ensures reliable and orderly delivery of data between end systems?
 What is the purpose of Layer 5 in the user support layers?
 What tasks does Layer 6 perform in the network model
 Which layer represents the user-facing layer and interacts directly with user applications?

ANSWER

1. Layering is a fundamental approach in designing and discussing complex systems, especially in

the field of communication and network protocols. Here are some reasons why layering is
employed:
 Layering provides an explicit structure that allows for the identification and understanding of
the different components or layers within a system. Each layer has a specific role and
function, and the relationships between the layers can be clearly defined. This structured
approach helps in organizing and comprehending complex systems.

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  Layering often follows a reference model, such as the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
model or the TCP/IP model. This model serves as a common framework for discussions,
allowing different stakeholders to communicate effectively about the system's architecture
and functionalities.
 Layering enables modularization of the system, dividing it into distinct layers. This modular
approach eases the maintenance and updating of the system. Changes or updates can be
made to a specific layer without affecting the other layers or the overall system. It promotes
flexibility and scalability in system development and maintenance.
 Each layer in the system provides services to the layer above it, following a well-defined
interface. When implementing or updating a service in a particular layer, it remains
transparent to the rest of the system. As long as the interface remains consistent, the higher
layers can continue to function without being affected by changes made in the lower layers.
 Layering allows for the independence of different layers, both in terms of implementation
and evolution. Layers can be developed, updated, or replaced independently, as long as they
adhere to the specified interfaces. This independence provides flexibility in designing and
evolving complex systems over time.
2. OSI
 Yes, OSI stands for Open System Interconnection
 Yes, the OSI model was developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO)
 Yes, that statement is true. The OSI model is not a standard itself but rather a conceptual
framework or reference model that helps in understanding the process of data
communication and networking
 Yes, that is correct. The OSI reference model consists of seven layers, namely: Physical, Data
Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. Each layer represents a
specific function or set of functions in the process of network communication. The
separation of these functions into different layers is referred to as layering
3. 7 Layers
 Yes, that statement is true. The physical layer is responsible for the transmission of raw
binary data over a physical medium, such as cables or wireless signals. However, it does not
directly support peer-to-peer communication as it focuses solely on the physical
transmission of bits.
 Yes, that statement is true. The data link layer is responsible for reliable communication
between directly connected devices. Protocols such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi operate at this
layer, and devices can communicate directly by using their MAC addresses.
 Yes, that statement is true. The network layer, which includes the IP (Internet Protocol), is
responsible for routing packets across different networks. Peer-to-peer communication at
this layer happens when two devices have IP addresses within the same network, allowing
them to communicate directly by sending IP packets to each other.
 Yes, that statement is true. The transport layer provides end-to-end communication services
and ensures reliable delivery of data. Protocols like TCP and UDP operate at this layer, and in
peer-to-peer communication, applications running on different devices can communicate
directly by using port numbers to identify specific processes.
 Yes, that statement is true. The session layer is responsible for establishing, managing, and
terminating sessions between applications. It enables synchronization and checkpointing of

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 data exchange. In peer-to-peer communication at this layer, two applications can establish a
session directly without the need for intermediate devices or servers.
 Yes, that statement is true. The presentation layer handles data formatting and conversion,
ensuring that data from the application layer of one device can be understood by the
application layer of another device. Peer-to-peer communication at this layer involves the
direct exchange of formatted data between two applications.
 Yes, that statement is true. The application layer is the layer closest to the end-user and
provides services directly to user applications. In peer-to-peer communication at this layer,
two applications on different devices can communicate directly without the need for
intermediate servers or services.
4. 7 Layers
 Yes, that statement is true. The application layer represents the highest level in the network
protocol stack and is responsible for the interaction between the network and user
applications. At this layer, data is divided into smaller units called messages or data
segments.
 Yes, that statement is true. The presentation layer handles data representation and the
conversion of data format between different systems. It performs tasks such as encryption,
compression, and formatting.
 Yes, that statement is true. The session layer is responsible for establishing, managing, and
terminating connections between applications. It handles functions such as session setup,
maintenance, and teardown. At this layer, packets are further divided into smaller units
known as datagrams, which contain the session control information along with the packet
data.
 Yes, that statement is true. The transport layer provides end-to-end communication
between hosts and ensures reliable and orderly delivery of data. Segments are the units
used at this layer, and they include the transport layer headers, which contain information
like source and destination port numbers.
 Yes, that statement is true. The network layer is responsible for routing packets across
different networks. At this layer, packets received from the transport layer are further
divided into smaller units called network packets or IP packets. These packets contain the
network layer headers, including source and destination IP addresses.
 Yes, that statement is true. The data link layer handles the reliable transmission of data
frames between adjacent network nodes. It performs functions like framing, error detection,
and flow control. Frames are the units used at this layer and they consist of data link layer
headers and trailers, which contain control information for transmitting and receiving data.
 Yes, that statement is true. The physical layer represents the lowest layer in the network
protocol stack and is responsible for the physical transmission of data over the network
medium. At this layer, frames are converted into a stream of binary digits or bits for
transmission.
5. Encapsulation is like putting a letter inside an envelope before sending it through the mail. In
computer networking, when data moves through different layers, each layer adds its own
information "envelope" (header) around the original data. This envelope contains important
details like the source and destination addresses.

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 Imagine you have a letter that you want to send. Before mailing it, you put it in an envelope and
write the sender's address and the recipient's address on the envelope. This envelope acts as a
wrapper that provides necessary information for the mail service to handle and deliver the letter
correctly.

Similarly, in computer networking, when data is being sent, each layer adds its own envelope
(header) around the original data. This header contains specific information needed by that layer
to process the data. For example, the network layer adds an envelope with the source and
destination IP addresses, while the transport layer adds an envelope with source and destination
port numbers.

At the receiving end, the process is reversed. Each layer opens its respective envelope (removes
the header) and processes the data accordingly before passing it up to the next layer.

Encapsulation helps ensure that data is properly prepared and contains the necessary
information for it to reach its destination in the network. It's like adding envelopes with different
addresses and details at each stage of sending the letter to ensure it reaches the correct
recipient.

6. Think of encapsulation as a way to protect and organize data. Imagine you have a treasure chest
with valuable items inside. You want to keep them safe and make sure they stay organized. So,
you put the items in separate boxes and stack them inside the treasure chest.

In computer networking, data encapsulation follows a similar principle. Data is like the valuable
items, and encapsulation is the process of putting them in boxes or layers of information.

Each layer in the network protocol stack adds its own "box" or layer of information around the
data. This additional information includes headers, which contain important details specific to
that layer, such as source and destination addresses, control information, or error-checking data.

Just like the treasure chest with stacked boxes, the data becomes encapsulated with multiple
layers of information as it moves through the network. Each layer adds its own box or layer,
making it like a nested structure.

When the data reaches its destination, the encapsulation is reversed. Each layer removes its
corresponding box or layer, revealing the original data.

Encapsulation allows for organized and structured communication by adding necessary

information at each layer. It ensures that data can travel through the network, reach the
intended recipient, and be correctly processed at each stage.

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 So, data encapsulation is like putting valuable items in boxes, stacking them up in a treasure
chest, and then unpacking them in the reverse order when they reach their destination. It helps
protect, organize, and transmit data efficiently in computer networks.
7. why a layered network model is used
 Layering breaks down the complex task of networking into manageable and organized layers.
Each layer has a specific function and deals with a specific aspect of network
communication.
 Standardized interfaces allow different vendors and manufacturers to develop networking
components that can work together seamlessly. This promotes interoperability and enables
the integration of diverse technologies.
 The layered approach enables modular engineering, where each layer can be designed and
implemented independently. This simplifies the development and maintenance of network
systems, as changes or updates can be made to a specific layer without affecting the other
layers.
 Layering ensures that different network devices and systems can interoperate effectively. By
adhering to the protocols and standards defined at each layer, devices from different
vendors can communicate and exchange data reliably.
 Layers can be added, modified, or replaced without affecting the functionality of other
layers. This flexibility allows for the evolution and improvement of individual layers over
time. New technologies or protocols can be introduced at a specific layer without requiring
changes to the entire network architecture.
 The layered model provides a structured framework for teaching and learning networking
concepts. It allows educators and students to focus on one layer at a time, gradually building
a comprehensive understanding of networking principles and protocols.
8. breakdown of the layers
 Layer 1, known as the Physical Layer, deals with the physical aspects of network
communication, including transmitting raw data bits over the physical medium, defining
electrical and mechanical characteristics, and establishing physical connections.
 Layer 2, the Data Link Layer, provides reliable transmission of data frames between adjacent
network nodes. It handles tasks such as framing, error detection and correction, flow
control, and defines the physical addressing, such as MAC addresses.
 Layer 3, the Network Layer, is responsible for routing and forwarding packets across different
networks. It determines the optimal path for data transmission, performs logical addressing
(e.g., IP addressing), and provides services like packet fragmentation and reassembly.
 Layer 4, the Transport Layer, ensures reliable and orderly delivery of data between end
systems. It establishes connections, manages data segmentation, handles flow control and
error recovery, and provides end-to-end transport services. Protocols like TCP operate at this
layer.
 Layer 5, the Session Layer, establishes, manages, and terminates connections between
applications. It facilitates session control, synchronization, and checkpointing, enabling
different applications to communicate and cooperate with each other.
 Layer 6, the Presentation Layer, handles data representation, encryption, compression, and
conversion between different data formats. It ensures that data from the application layer is
properly formatted and transformed for network transmission.

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 Layer 7, the Application Layer, represents the user-facing layer and includes protocols and
services that directly interact with user applications. It provides specific functionalities
required by applications, such as email, file transfer, web browsing, etc.