INTRODUCTION

This report highlights the importance of maintenance

agricultural machinery is of utmost importance due to the need for
preserve them, since replacing them with new ones is an investment
too expensive. In the magazine Venezuelan Agriculture (1972), it is noted
To ensure that the machine maintains its efficiency, and at the same time to
that maintains its value throughout the working hours, the user must
to provide her with some minimum care that will always have a character of
investment.
 OBJECTIVES

Handle the principles for machinery maintenance

agricultural.
Carry out the maintenance of the machinery during its inspections
respective periodicals.
Identify each part of the tractor to perform maintenance on it.
required.
 LITERARY REVISION

The Care of Mechanical Components.

Before starting each journey, it is necessary to proceed to verify the
engine oil level, radiator water level, drain the
sedimentation vessel of impurities, and check the level of
fuel, which must be sufficient to carry out the tasks
daily.
It is also advisable, before starting work with the tractor,
run the engine at idle for a few minutes in order
that the oil reaches the ideal operating temperature and
properly lubricate all mechanical parts.
A good tractor driver should be mindful of even the smallest defects.
motor or any of the components in order to be able to
correct them at the lowest possible cost. In addition, it should be reviewed
daily the oil levels, air pressure of the tires, the
battery and radiator water level, belts, and condition of the
hoses. In most cases, defects can
correct itself through simple solutions that generally derive from
the simple observation of the problems.
On the other hand, if the tractor has been operating with tasks
heavy vehicles should not turn off the engine abruptly; in this case,
it is advisable to lower the engine rpm until reaching a
minimum, and then stop its operation, that is, turn off
Before starting each day, it is necessary to proceed to verify the
engine oil level, the coolant level in the radiator, drain the
sedimentation jar of impurities, and check the level of
combustible, which must be sufficient to fulfill the tasks
daily.
It is also advisable, before starting work with the tractor,
run the engine at idle for a few minutes in order to
that the oil reaches the ideal operating temperature and
properly lubricate all the mechanical parts.

Management of Fuels and Lubricants.

Fuels
The quality of the fuel used is a factor of great importance.
for the satisfactory life of the engine. For this reason, fuels
those that can be considered appropriate must be clean.
They must be stored in a clean place free of garbage, water, and others.
foreign materials; moreover, it is essential to avoid storage
extended fuel to prevent future engine failures
and/or injection pump, and the obstruction of the filters, caused
due to the use of dirty fuel. Also, it is recommended to fill the
fuel tank after each work task in order to
prevent the formation of moisture.
Lubricants
The use of oils and fats is perhaps the most important step to
obtain low maintenance costs, long duration, services
satisfactory and the optimal duration of the parts (bearings of the
front wheels, etc.)
It is necessary to take into account that to store lubricants you
They must use clean containers, which are stored in places
protected against soil, moisture, and other contaminating agents.
Oils

Lubricating oils are products derived from petroleum and are

they are obtained from the mixture of basic mineral oils obtained in the
refining process, to which additives are added:
antifoams, anticorrosives, antioxidants, and dispersants. These
additives are those that create the favorable and specific conditions
for the optimal functioning of agricultural machinery.
The characteristics of oils vary according to their use.
specific for which they are prepared. For example, the viscosity or
fluency level is identified by a number according to the Society
American Engineering (SAE). In this sense, an oil with an index
30 (SAE 30) is more fluid than one with index 40 (SAE 40).

Fats

Fats are very viscous lubricants formed by the union of a

mineral oil (lubricating fluid) and a metallic soap to which
they add additives that improve qualities. Its function,
as specified above, it is to avoid metal contact
among moving parts.
There are different types of fats, among which we can mention the
following: chassis greases, fibrous texture, and multipurpose.
Chassis greases are made from calcium soap. They are
good resistance to water action and of soft consistency; it
they recommend in the lubrication of all types of motor vehicles and
machinery where the working conditions are not severe, and
for chassis lubrication.
Fibrous texture fats are based on sodium soap. They are made of
medium consistency and are recommended for bearings of type
balls, ammunition boxes, and roller bearings, which operate at medium and high
speeds, and loads.
Recommendations on the use of oils and fats
Many mechanics and users believe that as long as the oil is
slippery to the touch, between the index and thumb, you can
continue using. This belief is false, as the oil has been able to
to lose qualities imperceptible to the touch, therefore, it is recommended
change it even when it slips between the fingers.
It is also said that when an oil is black it is necessary
change it. This belief is also false, what happens is that the
the dispersant detergent additive is acting with the purpose of
clean the engine of impurities that remain in suspension, and
that will be eliminated in the next oil change.
It is normal for an oil to work at high temperatures and pressures.
reduce its viscosity a little to be able to lubricate under conditions
extremes. In this regard, it should be noted that oils
thick ones are not necessarily better, since if a
thick oil in inconvenient situations, when it is subjected to
high temperatures can lubricate poorly.
It is recommended to buy quality oils and according to the
manufacturer recommendations. Sometimes, the alternative options are more
economic issues translate into failures in the mechanical components of
tractor.
Periodic Services
The various operational parts of the tractor must be monitored and attended to.
to adjust, after a certain amount of time has elapsed
operating hours. To determine this period or interval, the
hour meter, which is an instrument that is activated when the engine
is in operation.
In general, these periodic services must be performed on the tractor at
intervals of 10, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, and 1200 hours of
functioning. However, the tractors must be checked and
receive service at more frequent intervals when operated under
conditions outside of the norm, such as: excessive heat, cold, or
dust; frequent starts and stops; or with fuels and
low-quality lubricants. These controls must be carried out in
exclusive templates for this use.
Services performed every 10 hours:

After 10 hours of operation, it is necessary to check: the level

oil from the Carter, the water level in the radiator, the air filter,
the steering pump, and the fuel pump.
Control of the oil level in the crankcase
When the tractor is "off", the oil level is measured and it
check that the trail is between the marks of the rod. If it is
It is necessary to fill the oil level up to the upper mark.
Control of water level in the radiator
Add enough water to reach the level and if with the tractor you
they carry out heavy work add a coolant to help
keep the water cold and the system clean.
Air filter control
If the filter is submerged in oil, remove the oil bowl and the
air filter tray. If the impurity level is
approximately 10 mm, clean the bowl and replace if necessary
the oil and fill it to level. If the tractor has a dry air filter
Sow daily to remove impurities.
Steering pump
Check the oil level; this level should be 19 mm below the
edge of the mouth of the tank.
Fuel pump
Control the fuel pump and check the vessel of
sedimentation and fuel filters; drain them if observed
the presence of water or foreign materials.
Services performed every 50 hours:

After 50 hours of operation, it is necessary to check the battery.

the level of the transmission oil and the hydraulic system, and the
rubbers.
Battery
Control the level of acid in the vessels.
Control of the transmission oil level and the hydraulic system
Always keep in mind to report any leak in a timely manner
oil through some hose or seal of the hydraulic system, it is necessary to
carry out your control in the recommended time interval or in one
minor.
Rubber
Check the air pressure, adjust nuts and bolts, inspect
the state of the tread; also, clean its parts
laterals.
Services performed every 100 hours:

After 50 hours of operation, it is necessary to check the battery.

the level of the transmission oil and the hydraulic system, and the
rubbers.
Engine oil change
Depending on the use to which the tractor is subjected and the quality of the
oil that is used, this service can be advanced or delayed
slightly. To carry out the service, you have to remove the plug from
drain the pan and let it empty, placing it back again
stopper and adding the necessary quantity and quality of oil
indicated by the manual.
Services that are performed every 200 hours:

After 200 hours of operation, it is recommended to perform the

next maintenance tasks: change the oil filters of
engine; check the drainage and the air filter; check the tension of the
fan belt; inspect the brakes; check the level of
brake fluid, injectors, handbrake; and
control the clutch pedal travel.
Engine oil filters
While the oil pan is being drained, the filter is replaced.
oil, always taking into account that the rubber ring it has
the filter is properly placed and has a light layer of oil for
facilitate the operation and prevent possible leaks; it is not necessary to tighten
excessively the filter.
Drainage, cleaning, and filling of the air filter (oil bath type)
Considering the conditions in which the oil is found, it
remove the oil bowl, the tray is cleaned perfectly and is
replace.
Control of the fan belt tension
You need to keep an eye on the tension of the belt, and if it is
necessary, adjust it to avoid problems with the alternator, or that
then it may cause other problems.
Brakes
Empty the air that may exist in the system (bleed the tank).
Brake fluid reservoir level
Check the fluid level and refill it to the indicated level if it is
necessary.
Injectors (tip)
Remove the injector tips, being careful to clean the
area adjacent to them in order to prevent falls
impurities. Then, the tip is calibrated through a
special instrument for this task.
Handbrake
With the brake lever deactivated, loosen the locknut of the
fork, and the pin of both arms for; then it is adjusted until the
the fork was left in a position to place the pins.
Clutch pedal travel control
It is carried out with the engine operating at more than 2,200 revolutions per minute and

checking the free distance of the pedal before disengaging, the

which should be approximately 44.5 mm. To carry out this
The adjustment screw is used for labor.
Services performed every 400 hours:

Upon reaching 400 hours of engine operation, the task of

maintenance that is recommended is the replacement of the filter or filters of the
combustible.
Change of fuel filters
The fuel filters prevent dirt from reaching the pump.
injection, and therefore, that it gets damaged, just like the
injectors. This service frequency will depend on the cleanliness of the
fuel used and the care taken in its
storage. To replace them, the shut-off valve is closed in the
the bottom of the tank and the filters are removed for replacement.
After they are placed, the shut-off valve is opened and the process continues to
remove, if necessary, the air in the system.
Services performed every 500 or 600 hours:

After 500 or 600 hours of operation, it is recommended to

next tasks: air filter control, tank inspection of
combustible, air intake inspection, adjustment of the
intake and exhaust valves, bearing inspection,
verification of the steering box, and replacement of the filters of
transmission.
Air filter connection control
By adjusting the clamps on the hoses, it prevents leakage.
dirty to the system.
Fuel tank
Clean it every time the occasion calls for it.
Air intake hoses
Check hose connections to the engine and replace them if necessary.
necessary.
Intake and exhaust valves
Adjust the valves of cylinder No. 1 with a feeler gauge.
check the "light" of each valve and the corresponding rocker arm (it
recommend reviewing the manual).
Front wheel bearings
Check each of the bearings, grease, and in case of wear
proceed to change them.
Headset
Check the oil level after removing the side cap.
Transmission filter replacement
There are other services that need to be performed, but the main ones already
they have been mentioned, however, at the end a table is included
(Summary of services) in which the services and the
intervals at which they must be carried out.
Services performed every 1200 hours:
Power steering filter
Change the address filter, being careful that the stamp remains in
the correct position.

Summary of Services
In order to facilitate the implementation of the
recommendations provided in the previous paragraphs, in the
The attached table presents each of the components of the tractor.
which require maintenance, the interval, and the type of service
what should be done in each opportunity.
 CONCLUSIONS

We determine the importance of machinery maintenance.

tools, agricultural implements to be in optimal condition
conditions when used in the required field work and
to have the expected results thanks to the maintenance that has been given to it,
with high-quality products that have been applied to the machinery
agricultural.
 BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Extracted on June 19, 2014 Venezuelan Agriculture. 1972. The tractor,

Take good care of it, as it is worth a lot. # 121:42.

Donnell, H. 1991. Agricultural Machinery: Economic performance, costs,

operations, power and equipment selection. Rodolfo Piña García. Seventh
Edition. Mexico City. Mexico. Limusa Publishing. P 334 - 335.

Ford Tractors LTDA. S/F. Operator's Manual. Brazil. 34 p.

Repair of Agricultural Tractor Engines

John Deere. S/F. Operator's manual (tractors). Argentina. Editorial K.

O. 78 p.

Case, J. I. S/F. Driver's manual: Tractors 385, 485, 585, 685, and 885.
England. 120p. (Pub. 9-11750).
Planchart, N.; Bonaguro, O. 1990. The agricultural tractor. pp 35-36.

Rodríguez, A. 1995. Technical-economic analysis of the use of machinery

agricultural for land preparation in the Valley of Tucutunemo
(peasant settlement "El Cortijo"). Zamora District, Aragua State.
Period May 1994 - March 1995. Thesis of Agricultural Engineering. Maracay,
Venezuela, Central University of Venezuela. 144 p.