THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE AND  Contain as few words as possible: many

FORMAT OF THE PROJECT journals limit titles to 12 words

The IMRaD Format  Be easy to understand
What is IMRaD?  Describe the contents of the paper
 IMRaD is an acronym for Introduction, accurately and specifically
Methods, Results, and Discussion.  Avoid abbreviations, formulas, and
 When employing this framework, the jargon
focus lies on presenting collected data  Not include any verb
and existing research findings to  Not be flashy as in newspapers (e.g.
substantiate a claim. avoid statements like ‘‘Agroforestry can
stop deforestation’’).
Parts of IMRaD Format  Report the subject of the research
First Part rather than the results
Title  Follow the style preference of the target
Abstract journal.
Chapter I: INTODUCTION Examples: Title
 Introduction and Review of Related Note: Your capstone research title should
Literature reflect
 Objectives of the Study the specific focus of your study and
 Statement of the Problem capture the
 Hypothesis essence of your research project.
 Conceptual Framework  "Advancing Healthcare Technologies:
 Theoretical Framework Design and Optimization of a Smart
 Scope and Delimitation Telemedicine System."
 Significance of the Study  Harnessing Solar Energy: Efficiency
 Definition of Terms Enhancement of Photovoltaic Cells using
Chapter II: METHODOLOGY Nanostructured Materials
 Research Design  "Revolutionizing Urban Mobility:
 Research Locale Assessing the Feasibility and Impact of
 Research Procedure Hyperloop Transportation Systems.
- Materials
- Work Plan / Outline Abstract
- Flow Chart  The abstract is the mini version of the
 Project Testing scientific research paper.
 Statistical and Mathematical Procedure When crafting the Abstract, certain elements
- (Hypothesis Testing) should be omitted:
Chapter III: RESULT  Unless clarified, avoid using
 Presentation abbreviations or acronyms.
 Analysis  Refrain from referencing tables or
 Interpretation figures within the paper.
Chapter IV: DISCUSSION  Literature citations should not be
 Summary of Findings included.
 Conclusion  Information or conclusions not present
 Recommendation in the paper itself must be excluded.
 Stay away from making general
Title statements.
 The title of the paper will be read more  Employ concise and straightforward
than any other part. A good title will sentences, avoiding complex and
attract readers who might not otherwise lengthy constructions.
read the paper and may help future Under the abstract, researchers include
researchers find important keywords.
information. These are words by which the paper should be
According to Nair (2014), a good title of a indexed by abstracting services. Most journals
research paper should: allow not more than six keywords.
The recommended length for an abstract in 2. To compare the quality of paper bag made
the IMRAD format can vary depending on the with papaya fibers and grass to an ordinary
specific guidelines of the journal or publication paper bag.
you are submitting to. However, as a general 3. To assess whether carica papaya fiber is
guideline: good combination with grass in making eco-
1. STRUCTURED ABSTRACT friendly paper bag.
- Many scientific journals require 4. To determine the durability of the
structured abstracts, where the abstract packaging made with papaya fiber and paragis
is divided into distinct sections, each grass
summarizing a different aspect of the
paper (Introduction, Methods, Results, 5. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Conclusions). - Statement of the problem in scientific
- As a rough estimate, the entire research is not differ from a usual
structured abstract might range from research paper. Like other research
150 to 250 words. paper, the statement of the problem
must be related to your objective. It is
2. UNSTRUCTURED ABSTRACT the one that will be answered
- It is unstructured if it doesn't have throughout the whole process of
specific sections. conducting your research paper. Similar
- As a rough estimate, the entire to objective of the study, it also
structured abstract might range from composed of general statement or the
250 to 300 words. main aim of your research study.
Examples: Statement of the Problem
3. INTRODUCTION
- The introduction should explain what we
know, and what we are uncertain about.
It should explain and summarize, but it
should also ask questions, clarify,
compare, and so on. Everything you
write here must be related to your
research question. (1 page)
- If you’re now adding a literature review
to your introduction, do not go into an
extensive literature review; two to four Statement of the problem in scientific research
most relevant and recent citations is not differ from a usual research paper. Like
should be adequate to corroborate a other research paper, the statement of the
statement. Do not repeat well-known problem must be related to your objective. It is
facts nor state the obvious. (2-4 pages) the one that will be answered throughout the
whole process of conducting your research
4. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY paper. Similar to objective of the study, it also
- In a scientific research paper, objective composed of general statement or the main
study denotes the target or goal of your aim of your research study.
research paper. Objective of the study
usually composed of 3-5 sentences
which are your specific objectives with a
general statement above.
Examples: Objective of the Study
The study was conducted to find out if carica
papaya fibers and grass can be used as an
alternative to paper bags (general statement).
The specific objectives were to:
1. To obtain the capability of carica papaya
6. HYPOTHESIS
fibers and paragis grass as an alternative
- Research hypothesis is more than just
paper bag.
an educated guess. It is your
assumption about the variables being
 explored in the study. The assumption CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
you would be formulating should be  It is abstract and most general in
tested by gathering relevant data and nature. The usual source of conceptual
analyzing the results to find out whether definition is the DICTIONARY which is
it will be refuted or validated. the reference book of everyday
Formulating and thinking about a valid language.
hypothesis brings direction to the study. Example:
This part of your research paper will be Alternator – is an electric generator that
discussed thoroughly in preceding converts mechanical energy to electrical
lessons. energy in the form of alternating current.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
7. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK  Is the meaning of the concept or term
- A conceptual framework is a used in a particular study. Unlike the
researcher’s own structured plan or conceptual definition, it is stated in
model that outlines the key concepts, concrete terms in that it allows
variables, and their relationships in a measurement.
study. It is developed based on existing Example:
research, observations, and experiences Alternator – a device used in converting
to guide the research design and mechanical energy into an electrical energy.
analysis.
CHAPTER II; METHODOLOGY
8. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK - The purpose of this section is to present
- A theoretical framework is the in a simple and direct manner what has
foundation of a study based on existing been done, how, and when, and how the
theories relevant to the research data were analyzed and presented. This
problem. It provides explanations, section should provide all the
assumptions, and predictions based on information needed to allow another
scholarly theories that help interpret researcher to judge the study or repeat
findings and guide the research. the experiment.

9. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION 1. RESEARCH DESIGN

- The Scope of the study refers to the - The research design refers to the overall
boundaries or extent of the research — plan or strategy that outlines how the
what the study covers, including the study will be conducted. It specifies the
population, time frame, location, and type of research (e.g., quantitative,
topics. qualitative, experimental, descriptive,
- The Delimitation refers to the choices etc.), the methods used for data
made by the researcher that limit the collection, and the approach for
scope — such as the specific variables, analyzing data.
methods, or groups that were excluded
from the study.

10. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

- The Significance of the Study explains
the importance and contributions of the
research. It identifies who will benefit
from the study and how the findings can
be applied or used.

11. DEFINITION OF TERMS

-This is an important part of research

paper or report is that in which the key
or important terms in the study are
clearly defined. 2. RESEARCH LOCALE
TWO TYPES OF DEFINITION OF TERMS
 - The research locale is the specific needed and designed to say why and
location or setting where the study will how the author/s arrived at what is
be conducted. It could be a school, presented in this section, the meaning
community, laboratory, region, or online of which
platform — depending on the research will then be explained in the Discussion
context. section.

3. RESEARCH PROCEDURE 1. Results Presentation

- This section describes step-by-step how - This part displays the raw data or
the research will be carried out — from summarized findings using tables,
preparation to data analysis. graphs, or charts. It organizes data
a. Materials according to your research questions,
List of tools, devices, instruments, or variables, or objectives.
software used in conducting the study
(e.g., survey forms, computers, test kits, 2. Results Analysis
measuring devices). - This section explains the statistical or
b. Work Plan / Outline mathematical techniques used to
A timeline or list of steps showing how process the data and shows the
and when each phase of the research computed results.
will be implemented. The analysis often uses:
c. Flow Chart Descriptive statistics (mean,
A diagram that visually represents the percentage, rank, etc.)
sequence of procedures — like a flow of
activities from planning to data 3. Interpretation of Analysis
gathering, testing, and analysis. - This part explains what the results
mean in the context of your study. It
4. PROJECT TESTING connects the findings to:
- Project testing explains how the  Your research questions/hypotheses
researcher will validate or assess the  Your conceptual or theoretical
effectiveness or performance of the framework
project, experiment, or innovation.  Previous research or literature review
Statistical and Mathematical
Procedures
This section explains how the data will be CHAPTER IV: DISCUSSION
analyzed mathematically or statistically to - This is the section where the authors
draw meaningful conclusions. explain meanings and implications of
Includes tools like: the results. The section pulls everything
o Mean, Median, Mode together and shows the importance and
o Percentage value of the work and is therefore the
o T-test, Chi-square most innovative and difficult part of the
o ANOVA paper to write.
o Regression analysis (if
advanced) 1. Summary of Findings
Hypothesis Testing - This section summarizes the key results
Hypothesis testing is the process of evaluating of the study based on the research
the research hypothesis through statistical questions or hypotheses. It is written in
analysis to determine if there is enough past tense and should be brief but
evidence to accept or reject it. specific.
- This section presents a concise and
factual recap of the key results, often
CHAPTER III: RESULT organized according to the research
- This section presents the new questions or hypotheses. In scientific
knowledge; therefore, it is the core of research, precision is critical —
the paper. Note that the Introduction numerical data, trends, and
and Materials and Methods sections are relationships should be clearly
highlighted.
 adequate credits or attributions. The
2. Conclusion ideas, structure, and diction in your
- The conclusion is your general work would match the original author's
statement based on the findings. It work. Even if you were to change a few
connects the results to the objectives of words or the position of sentences here
the study and may also reflect the and there, the result remains the same.
theoretical or conceptual framework.
3. Source-based Plagiarism
3. Recommendation  Source-based plagiarism results from an
- This section proposes practical author trying to mislead or disguise the
applications or further studies based on natural source of their work. Say you
your conclusions. write a paper, giving enough citations,
but when the editor or peer reviewers
Lesson 2 try to cross-check your references, they
ETHICS IN RESEARCH find a dead end or incorrect information.
ETHICS Another instance is when you use both
- For millennia of human existence, ethics primary and secondary data to support
has been a part of our daily lives. Its your argument but only cite the former
origin comes from the Greek word with no reference for the latter.
“ἠθικός” or ethikos that translates to
“morality or showing moral 4. Paraphrasing Plagiarism
character.” Ethics is an enduring  Paraphrasing plagiarism is one of the
discipline that asks questions about more common types of plagiarism. It
right and wrong which encompasses all refers to when an author copies ideas,
fields of study from biology to business thoughts, and inferences, rephrases
administration, and social sciences to sentences, and then claims ownership.
information technology. As for ethics in Compared to verbatim, paraphrasing
research, it is an important plagiarism involves changing words,
consideration that must be followed as sentences, semantics or translating
early as the construction of a research texts. The general idea or the topic of
problem until the publication of the thesis, however, remains the same
research. and as clever as it may seem, it is
straightforward to detect.
PREVENTION OF PLAGIARISM
- There are many ways how one can fall 5. Mosaic or Patchwork Plagiarism
into the trap of plagiarism: deadlines,  One of the more mischievous ways to
pressures from groupmates or advisers, abstain from writing original work is
sleepiness, or simple neglect. But we mosaic plagiarism. Patchwork or mosaic
have to actively prevent these things for plagiarism occurs when an author
us to have a safe and ethical space to stitches together a research paper by
conduct our research. The agreed-upon lending pieces from multiple sources
forms of plagiarism that occur in and weaving them as their creation.
research writing include: Sure, the author can add a few new
1. Global or Complete Plagiarism words and phrases, but the meat of the
 Global or Complete plagiarism is paper is stolen.
inarguably the most severe form of
plagiarism — It is as good as stealing. It 6. Ghostwriting
happens when an author blatantly  ghostwriting is entirely acceptable.
copies somebody else's work in its Leaders do it, politicians do it, and
entirety and passes it on as their own. artists do it. In academia, however,
ghostwriting is a breach of conduct that
2. Verbatim or Direct Plagiarism tarnishes the integrity of a student or a
 Verbatim or direct plagiarism happens researcher. Ghostwriting is the act of
when you copy a part of someone else's using an unacknowledged person’s
work, word-to-word, without providing assistance to complete a paper. This
happens in two ways — when an author
 has their paper’s foundation laid out but procedures, and status of work. It is prohibited
pays someone else to write, edit, and to falsify and distort the data to deceive
proofread. classmates, teachers, any school officials, or
the public.
7. Self-plagiarism
 This may surprise many, but rehashing 2. OBJECTIVITY - Research bias should be
previous works, even if they are your avoided in all stages of research. The
own, is also considered plagiarism. The researchers should make sure that the
biggest reason why self-plagiarism is a observations and data collected are recorded
fallacy is because you’re trying to claim and presented as is. It must not be changed in
credit for something that you have any way to agree with the wants of the
already received credit for. Authors researchers.
often borrow their past data or
experiment results, use them in their 3. MORALITY - The researchers must uphold
current work, and present them as their promises and agreements, and to be
brand new. Some may even plagiarize honest and seek the guidance of teachers or
old, published works' ideas, cues, or any school officials if necessary.
phrases.
4. PRUDENCE - The researchers must avoid
The best way is to learn proper referencing careless errors and omissions. This can be
and citation by using established guidelines achieved with careful evaluation of your own
such as the American Psychological work. Being organized and strict with schedule
Association (APA) guidelines, Modern are also other ways in which this can be
Language Association (MLA) guidelines, achieved.
and the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS)
guidelines. The APA guidelines are generally 5. OPENNESS - The researchers must share
used in the field of education, psychology, and data, ideas, tools, resources, and to be open to
sciences. The MLA is used for humanities, and criticism and new ideas.
CMOS for history, business, and fine arts.
However, these are just styles, and the 6. RESPONSIBLE ACTION - The researchers
institution that will eventually publish a work should publicize the results of the research for
defines which style to use. the sake of science and the pursuit of
knowledge, and not for the benefit of passing
Important Reminders a subject or self-glorification. They should also
In your research paper, you will use the APA remember to make sure that the research
7th Edition Style Guide to give credits to which is being published is thoroughly checked
the rightful owner of sources you have used and reviewed by experts or peers.
and borrowed. 7. CONFIDENTIALITY - The researchers must
save and secure confidential information, such
PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH ETHICS as profiles of respondents, professional or
 Ethics in research has developed along trade secrets, records about health, and any
with historical events. other sensitive information that might put
 It has also been shaped by the ever- anyone involved in the research in an
changing ideas and beliefs in the untoward situation.
scientific community over the years.
 Research ethics should also encompass 8. RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL
the entire research process and all PROPERTY – The researchers must save and
participants of a research study. secure confidential information, such as
 In this subsection, we are going to profiles of respondents, professional or trade
discuss the different principles that secrets, records about health, and any other
have been agreed upon sensitive information that might put anyone
involved in the research in an untoward
1. HONESTY - This must be observed at all situation.
research-related communications. The
researchers must honestly present information 9. RESPECT FOR OTHER RESEARCHERS –
on data, results, research methods and Researchers should respect and interact with
each other politely and honestly. Regardless of
if researchers are within a group or interacting
with other groups.

10. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY - The research - Used for registered trademarks

that will be produced by the researchers must
be useful to the promotion of social welfare. It
should benefit members of the school, the
community, or society at large.
- Used for un- registered trademarks
11. ANTI-DISCRIMINATION - The EXAMPLES:
researchers must avoid discrimination against Drawings
other students, members of the school faculty, Paintings
any school officials, and participants of Dissertations
research due to sex, race, nationality, religion, Research
or other factors unrelated to scientific Computer Programs
excellence and honesty. - This include an invention or
improvement of a product or process.
12. SECURITY OF PEOPLE INVOLVED IN
SCIENTIFIC WHAT IS Research Fraud?
RESEARCH - Conducting scientific research - Research fraud or scientific fraud is a
with human participants involves careful highly unethical act of deception,
considerations with respect to human dignity, misrepresentation, and fabrication or
privacy, and autonomy. The researchers must falsification of one’s scientific work.
take special precautions in working with Scientists and researchers alike can be
vulnerable populations and seek fair prone to this malicious act to achieve
distribution of the research benefits and personal success in their professions.
burdens.
WHAT IS Manipulating Data?
INTELLECTUAL Property - It is the process of changing, adding, or
Intellectual Property deleting data to support a hypothesis or
 The WTO defines IP rights as the “rights to make the data easier to interpret. It
that are given to persons over the can also involve changing hypotheses to
creation of their minds.” fit the results. Data manipulation can be
 Inventions and innovations that are crucial for research, but it can also be
used in production can also be considered questionable research
attributed to industrial property. practices (QRPs) and violate scientific
 It is also important to differentiate terms standards if it's done in a way that
related to IPs such as trademark, trade deceives others.
name, copyright, and patent.
WHAT IS Falsification?
TRADEMARK - It is the deliberate manipulation of
A trademark is any visible sign that can research data, methods, or results to
distinguish the goods or services of an present inaccurate or misleading
enterprise. Indefinite protection information.

PATENT WHAT IS Fabrication?

It is a technical solution to a problem in any - It is the intentional misrepresentation of
field of human activity. 15-20 years of research results, and is considered a
protection. form of scientific misconduct. It involves
making up data or results, and
COPY RIGHT recording or reporting them.
Literary and artistic works which are
intellectual creations that are protected from
the moment of their inception. 70-170 years of
protection