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ESSENTIAL DISCRETE
MATHEMATICS FOR
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ESSENTIAL DISCRETE
MATHEMATICS FOR
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COMPUTER SCIENCE
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Harry Lewis and Rachel Zax
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PR I NC ETON U N I V E R SI T Y PR E S S ∼ PR I NC ETON A ND OX FOR D 0
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c 2019 by Harry Lewis and Rachel Zax
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Published by Princeton University Press
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All Rights Reserved
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To Alexandra, Stella, Elizabeth, and Annie
and
to David, Marcia, Ben, and Aryeh
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An engineer is said to be a man who knows a great deal about a very
little, and who goes around knowing more and more, about less and
less, until finally, he practically knows everything about nothing;
whereas, a Salesman, on the other hand, is a man who knows a very
s
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little about a great deal, and keeps on knowing less and less about more
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and more until finally he knows practically nothing, about everything.
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Van Nuys, California, News, June 26, 1933
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CONTENTS
Preface xi
1 The Pigeonhole Principle 1
2 Basic Proof Techniques 11
3 Proof by Mathematical Induction 25
4 Strong Induction 39
5 Sets 49
6 Relations and Functions 59
7 Countable and Uncountable Sets 69
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8 Structural Induction es 79
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9 Propositional Logic 89
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Normal Forms 101
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Logic and Computers 111
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12 Quantificational Logic 119
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13 Directed Graphs 133
14 Digraphs and Relations 141
15 States and Invariants 151
16 Undirected Graphs 161
17 Connectivity 173
18 Coloring 179
19 Finite Automata 187
20 Regular Languages 201
21 Order Notation 211
22 Counting 233
23 Counting Subsets 243 −
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x contents
24 Series 261
25 Recurrence Relations 277
26 Probability 297
27 Conditional Probability 311
28 Bayes’ Theorem 323
29 Random Variables and Expectation 335
30 Modular Arithmetic 359
31 Public Key Cryptography 371
Index 381
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