Supersymmetry

and the
Wess-Zumino Lagrangian
Sascha J org
Physics department
TP report under the supervision of
Prof. Riccardo Rattazzi
Contents
1 Introduction 2
2 The Supersymmetry algebra 2
2.1 Graded Lie algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 The Haag, Lopuszanski and Sohnius theorem and the SUSY algebra 3
3 The chiral multiplet 4
3.1 One particle massive states representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Field representation : chiral multiplet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3 Innitesimal transformation law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.4 The kinetic multiplet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4 Superspace 6
4.1 SUSY parametrization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2 Field representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3 Covariant derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.4 Chiral superelds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.5 Superspace integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.6 Chiral integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.7 Product of superelds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5 The Wess-Zumino model 10
5.1 Mass dimensions of a chiral eld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2 The Wess-Zumino Lagrangian in Supereld language and as a
space-time density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.3 The equations of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.4 On-shell Lagrangian : the Wess-Zumino Lagrangian . . . . . . 12
6 Conclusion 12
7 Appendix and conventions 13
1
1 Introduction
The lagrangian formulation of physics is one of the greatest scientic achieve-
ments. It has been proven useful in many sections of interest to physicians,
but the culminating application of it is in the particle world. The standard
model (SM) is experimentally very well proven, but it still has some theoretical
issues to be eliminated. One of those problems is the enormous dierence of
order of magnitude between the electroweak breaking scale ( 246 [Mev]) and
the Planck scale ( 10
18
[Gev]). It is a problem because when the quantum
correction of the mass of the Higgs from the heaviest elementary particle, the
top quark, is computed, it grows quadratically with the cuto, and if there is
no new physics in between the two scales, the mass will be of the order of the
Planck scale, which in turn raises the vacuum expectation value (which in one
sense is the mass of the Higgs) to this scale. This quantum correction can be
eliminated by adding a Yukawa interaction with a scalar that has some specic
relation with the top quark, Imean by this that the parameters are correctly
chosen, in Sohnius words [5]: a well-controlled relationship between fermions
and bosons. This is a SuperSymmetry (SUSY).
Historically [7], SUSY was introduced after having made some remarks com-
ing from string theory. There it was realised that fermions and bosons could be
related by an innitesimal transformation. One problem remained : how to get
a four dimensional SUSY ? Indeed, string theory is a theory described by two
variables, so later, Wess and Zumino [8] gave the rst four dimensional SUSY
Lagrangian, consisting of a complex scalar eld and one Majorana spinor . This
is the main aim of this present paper : I will rebuild this theory from the group
theoretical and supereld point of view.
2 The Supersymmetry algebra
In 1967 [1], Coleman and Mandula published a revolutionary paper on the al-
lowed symmetries of the S-matrix. Under some intuitive assumptions, they
showed that the only symmetry group, based on Lie algebras and containing
the Poincare group, allowed, is the direct product of the Poincare group and an
internal symmetry group. Unfortunately, the spin is a Casimir of the Poincare
algebra, so how is it possible to build a SUSY lagrangian, i.e.irreducible multi-
plets with dierent spin? The answer [2] was given by Haag, Lopuszanski and
Sohnius in 1975 : the use of symmetry groups that are based on Lie algebras is
too restrictive, one can use graded Lie algebras.
2.1 Graded Lie algebras
A graded Lie algebra is a Lie algebra augmented with fermionic operators. In
the sense that not only commutators are allowed, but anticommutators too.
One gives a grading to the operators :
_
bosonic operators :
B
= 0
fermionic operators :
F
= 1
(1)
One then denes the graded commutator of two graded operators t
A
and t
B
by :
2
[t
A
, t
B
} = t
A
t
B
(1)

A

B
t
B
t
A
(2)
and its associated graded Jacobi identity :
(1)

A

C
[t
A
, [t
B
, t
C
}} +(1)

B

A
[t
B
, [t
C
, t
A
}} +(1)

C

B
[t
C
, [t
A
, t
B
}} = 0
(3)
This relation is also sometimes called super-Jacobi identity.
2.2 The Haag, Lopuszanski and Sohnius theorem and the
SUSY algebra
In their paper [2], Haag, Lopuszanski and Sohnius deduced the only graded
Lie group authorized to be the symmetries of the S-matrix, the super-Poincare
algebra :
[P

, P

] = 0
[P

, M

] = i (

)
[M

, M

] = i (

)
[B
r
, B
s
] = ic
rs
t
B
t
[B
r
, P

] = [B
r
, M

] = 0
[Q
i
, P

] =
_

Q
i

, P

= 0
_
Q
i

, M

=
1
2
(

Q
i
_

Q
i

, M

=
1
2

i
(

[Q

i, B
r
] = (b
r
)
i
j
Q
j
_

Q

i, B
r

=

Q
j

(b
r
)
j
i
_
Q
i
,

Q
j

_
= 2
j
i
(

{Q
i
, Q
j
} = 2

Z
ij
_

Q
i

,

Q
j

_
= 2

Z
ij
[Z
ij
, anything] = 0
(4)
with B
r
an internal symmetry generator, Z
ij
are called central charges and
are a linear combination of the latter generators, and Z
ij
= (Z
ij
)

. Where
the sum over roman indices stands for the N dierent fermionic operators. For
unextended SUSY, i.e.N = 1, the only internal symmetry allowed is a U(1)-
charge, R-parity :
_
[R, Q] = Q
_
R,

Q

=

Q
(5)
From the commutator between Q/

Q and the Lorentz generator M

, we see
that the fermionic operators have a spin of one and a half :
_

J,

Q
_
=
1
2


Q =

J
1
2

Q (6)
where J
i
=
1
2

ijk
M
jk
is the rotation generator, and

J
1
2
its spin one half
representation.
3
The eleventh anticommutator tells us something important. In one way
it states that two consecutive SUSY transformations, because the fermionic
operators are indeed the generators of this transformation, only generates a
translation on elds, or multiplies by the momentum tensor the multi-particle
states, thus no degrees of freedom (d.o.f.) should be lost or gained in doing a
SUSY transformation, in other words : the number of bosonic and fermionic
d.o.f. is the same. This justies the fact that in the Wess-Zumino model there
is one complex scalar eld (two bosonic d.o.f.) and one Majorana fermion (two
fermionic d.o.f.).
Lets now see what happens when applied on one particle massive states.
3 The chiral multiplet
In the rest of the paper, I will only focus on unextended SUSY without central
charges.
3.1 One particle massive states representation
A one particle massive state is labeled by its mass, its spin and its spin-value
along an arbitrary direction : |m, s, s
3
. Now we take the SUSY algebra and put
ourself in the frame where the particle is at rest, such that the eleventh graded
commutation relation of the SUSY algebra 4 can be written as followed :
_
Q

,

Q

_
= 2m

(7)
which is, by appropriate rescaling, the denition of a Cliord algebra. One
can then always construct the Cliord algebra ground state from the one parti-
cle state : |
s
= Q
1
Q
2
|m, s, s
3
, such that by applying the lowering operator
Q on this state gives zero, by anticommutation.
I am interested in the states that are build from a spin zero one particle
massive state : J
3
|
0
= 0. Applying the raising operator

Q, we get :
State Spin
|
0
0

1
|
0
,

Q

2
|
0

1
2

2
|
0
0
(8)
To convince ourself of this result, lets compute the spin projection of the

2
|
0
state :
J
3

Q

2
|
0
=

Q

2
J
3
|
0
+
_
J
3
,

Q

|
0

=
1
2
(
3
)

|
0

=
1
2

2
|
0

The two scalars are orthogonal by annihilation of the ground state by the
lowering operator, and the scalars are orthogonal to the fermions by Wigner-
Eckart theorem, and the two polarizations of the fermion are orthogonal because
of the anticommutation of the dierent coponents of the raising operator. So
this theory consists of two real scalars and one Majorana fermion, i.e.there are
no anti-particles for the spin one half involved.
4
3.2 Field representation : chiral multiplet
By the same procedure as before, we can build SUSY representations on
elds. So lets start with a complex scalar eld A. We then have to impose the
so-called chirality constraint :
_
A,

Q

= 0, this is only here to diminish the

computational aspect. If we hadnt constrained our eld, we would have had
obtained a bigger reducible representation of SUSY algebra.
We now dene three elds

, F

and X

, in the following way :

[A, Q

] = 2i

, {

, Q

} = iF

,
_

,

Q

_
= X

As one can see, we indeed applied the raising operators on A, but also the
lowering, and this by using the graded commutation relation. We now enforce
the algebra, i.e.we apply the graded Jacobi identity :
_
[A, Q] ,

Q
_

__

Q, A

, Q
_
+
__
Q,

Q
_
, A

= 0
thus, 2i
_

,

Q

_
= 2iX

= 2

r(P

)A = 2

A, where I used the

fact that the space-time eld representation of translation i is. This tells us
that X

is not an independent eld, i.e.X = X(A). Redoing the computa-

tion of the super-Jacobi identity, replacing

Q with Q, gives 0 = 2i {

, Q

} +
{

, Q

}, which in turn implies that F

F.
We now dene (hopefully) the last relations : [F, Q

] =

and
_
F,

Q

=

.
Once again we enforce the algebra :

_
{, Q} ,

Q

__

Q,
_
, Q

__
Q,

Q
_
, A

= 0
which implies : i

+2

= 2

, if we now multiply this

relation by

, one obtains

= 2

. So once again, the algebra closes,
i.e.we fall back on our feets : = (). We again replace

Q with Q and obtain
the following equation :

= 0, which gives 2

= 0 which
implies 3
1
= 3
2
= 0.
The last step we have to make, is the consistency check, i.e.if the algebra
closes and is not violated (if the newly built operator do satisfy the graded
aspect of the algebra) :
_
,
_

Q,

Q
_
= [F, {Q, Q}] =
_
F,
_

Q,

Q
_
= 0
the last commutator will be computed :
_
F,
_
Q

,

Q

_
=
___

Q

, F

, Q

_
[F, Q

] ,

Q

__
= 2

, Q

_
= 2i

F
= 2i

/

F
= 2i/

F
We have just constructed the so-called chiral multiplet : = (A; ; F).
5
3.3 Innitesimal transformation law
If we now dene in pure analogy with the well-known formula for every innites-
imal transformation, the SUSY transformation as = i
_
,

Q

(where is
an innitesimal Grassmann number) and write the complex elds as two real
elds, respectively A, B and F, G for the complex eld A and respectively F

.
One can then write in Majorana style the innitesimal SUSY transformation
on chiral elds :
A =

B =

= (F +
5
G) i

(A+
5
B)
F = i

/
G = i

5
/
(9)
Here we already see that the F component of a chiral multiplet transforms as
a total derivative under SUSY, so does the G component, but this term breaks
parity, i.e.there is a
5
. cf. manuscript for details of computation, n
o
1
3.4 The kinetic multiplet
Looking at those transformation laws, we observe that the only dierence be-
tween the transformations of A, B and F, G component is the Dirac operator i/ .
Indeed, when we take as ground state for our construction F as complex eld,
it goes into a spinor given by i/ . Now could we build a whole multiplet from
this observation ? The answer is yes we can, and the chiral multiplet which we
will get is called the kinetic multiplet T. Lets apply the transformation on
this spinor in order to compute the F, G component of this multiplet :
(T)

= i/
= i/
= i

(()A+
5
()B) i/ (F +
5
G)
Where we used the fact that the space-time derivative and the SUSY trans-
formation commutes, we will justify this step later in this paper, for now think
of it as a trivial step, as in classical Lagrangian mechanics. I also used the
formula (i/ )
2
= .
We now see that the kinetic multiplet is given by the following components :
T =
_
F, G; i/ ; ()A, ()B
_
(10)
Applying the procedure once again on T will show that TT = .
4 Superspace
One can now dene a space of elds which not only takes in argument the usual
space-time coordinates, but also anticommuting coordinates : Grassmannian
numbers. In [6], Terning states that it was Salam and Strathdee that introduced
this concept rst. The aim of this space is to put in one supereld all the
components of a supermultiplet. I follow [5] for this section.
6
4.1 SUSY parametrization
The SUSY group can be seen as the coset space Super-Poincare group/Lorentz
group. One is then in front of a graded Lie group, so we can parametrize
this space with exponentials. To take into account that we do have fermionic
generators, we need to introduce the Grassmannian variables and its conjugate

, the two taken as independent variables.

The symmetric parametrization is the one which I will present, for an element
g = g
_
x, ,

_
of SUSY group :
g = exp
_
ix

+i

Q
_
(11)
Because SUSY is a group, one can look at the group action :
g
_
y, ,

_
g
_
x, ,

_
= g
_
x

_
Applying the BakerCampbellHausdor formula yields the new Lie param-
eters for the group element, because the fermionic operators commute with the
translation operator, and because the square of Grassmannian numbers is equal
to zero, cf. manuscript for details of computation, n
o
2. Here is the result :
_
x

= x

+y

+i

= +
(12)
4.2 Field representation
In complete analogy with the quantum eld theory representation of the Poincare
group, one denes the translation in superspace (space-time and Grassmannian
coordinates) of a supereld =
_
x, ,

_
:

_
x, ,

_
= g
_
x, ,

_
(0, 0, 0) g
_
x, ,

_
1
(13)
Remembering [3.3] how we dened the innitesimal SUSY transformations
in this paragraph, we can now give the formal prove it. Indeed, this is only the
innitesimal version of the just stated denition, cf. manuscript for details of
computation, n
o
3.
Lets compute the eld representation of the operator Q, i.e.the translation
of the supereld in the direction (cf. appendix for more information on the
Grassmannian derivative) :

_
x

+i

, +,

_
=
_
x, ,

_
+i
_

+O
_

2
_
Thus : = i

_
i

_
and from here we need only to read
the eld representation of Q

, denoted by r (Q

), doing this for every operator

of interest, one nds the following result :
_
_
_
r
_
Q

_
= i

+ (

r (Q

) = i

r (P

) = i

(14)
Remark 1 : in this section we used the Taylor expansion of a supereld in
respect to the Grassmannian coordinates; strictly speaking, such a eld is only
7
dened through its Taylor expansion, because of the anticommuting nature
of the Grassmann numbers, the expansion stops at the order
2

2
. One can
then explicitly do this expansion, and one gets the so-called general supereld,
which consists of sixteen fermionic and sixteen bosonic degrees of freedom, if
one doesnt add additional Lorentz indices to the supereld, that is.
Remark 2 : because of the denition of the translation in superspace of
the supereld operator, in particular its linearity, if at the origin the operator
is identically zero, it will remain zero in all superspace. In this way, if for
two superelds V
1
and V
2
they coincide at the origin, they will coincide on the
whole superspace, in other words, if the equality of the lowest component of two
multiplets holds, it will hold for the whole multiplet.
4.3 Covariant derivative
From the point of view of group theory, SUSY is by denition associative. In
one sense, this accociativity means that the action of an element of the group
from the left, which was how we got the equations (12), can be followed or can
be preceded by the action of an element from the right. This is how we can
build a covariant derivative, i.e.a derivative that commutes with the translation
in superspace.
The action from the left on a element of the group, seen as a eld, can be
rewritten as :
g
_
x

+y

+i

, +,

+

_
= r
_
g
_
y, ,

__
g
_
x, ,

_
1 iy

r (P

) i r (Q) i

r
_

Q
__
g
_
x, ,

_
(15)
We can now write the anti-realization of the SUSY group on superelds,
i.e.the action from the right on the elds :
g
_
x, ,

_
g
_
y, ,

_

_
1 +y

+D +

D
_
g
_
x, ,

_
(16)
And one deduces from the same procedure as for the eld representation of
the operators, the covariant derivatives :
_
_
_

D

=

+i (

i
_

(17)
And because of the associativity of the group, the innitesimal superspace
translation and anti-translation commute :
_ _

Q,

=
_
Q,

= 0
_

Q, D

= [Q, D] = 0
(18)
and of course, the space-time derivative commutes with everything. One can
then extract the innitesimal parameter for the anti-translation, and one nds
that superspace translations and covariant derivatives commutes, the extraction
of the Grassmannian number goes across fermionic bilinears. And this justies
in the section on the kinetic multiplet 3.4 why we could commute the SUSY
transformation and the space-time derivative.
8
4.4 Chiral superelds
A chiral supereld is dened to satisfy the following relation :

D

= 0.
Satisfying this expression reduces the ways to write a general form for these
superels :

_
x, ,

_
= exp
_
i/

_
(x, ) (19)
The constraint is a dierential equation of order one in

, so this is in-
deed the only solution allowed, cf. manuscript for details of computation, n
o
4. One can then rewrite the eld with a superspace translated coordinate :

_
x, ,

_
= (y, ), with y

= x

.
Expanding in the Grassmann number the eld, one recognizes the chiral
multiplet :
(y, ) = (A+iB) + 2
2
(F iG) (20)
4.5 Superspace integration
One can now dene an integration on this space. In normal QFT we have
that the action is invariant under translations, i.e.the mesure on space-time is
translationnally invariant, this is the starting point of a mesure on superspace.
From the innitesimal Grassmann translation (14), one sees that it goes as a
derivative in Grassmannian coordinate plus a 4-divergence, so we need only to
build a translationnally invariant integral in the fermionic sector, and this would
make the action dened as a superspace integral of superelds invariant under
superspace translations, i.e.under SUSY.
The solution to this problem is called the Berezin integral, dened in the fol-
lowing way for one Grassmannian coordinate :
0 =
_
d & 1 =
_
d (21)
Thus for an arbitrary function f () = f
0
+f
1
,
_
df () = f
1
, and thus, one
sees that integration and dierentiation is the same, beacause

f () = f
1
.
But Sohnius [5] points out that the aspect of integration in superspace is
highly non-trivial, by refering to Rogers paper [4] where there he shows exam-
ples of integrations that break down for the normal Berezin integral, and he
goes on in presenting a much more consistent but mathematically complexer
method of integration. Nevertheles, we will for sake of symplicity stay with the
Berezin integration method.
We then dene a two Grassmannian coordinates integral by :
_
d
2
=
_
d
2
d
1
&
_
d
2

=
_
d

1
d

2
(22)
such that :
9
_
d
2

2
=
_
d
2
d
1
_
2
1

2
_
=
_
d
2
_
2
2
_
= 2
=
_
d
2

2
4.6 Chiral integral
Because we can write a chiral eld 4.4 as (y, ), with the translated y, the
integral of such elds is equal to zero, and so we need to dene a chiral integral
as an integral on space-time and only on the variable :
_
d
4
x d
2

_
x, ,

_
(23)
4.7 Product of superelds
The covarient derivative follows the Leibnitz rule, and thus the product of two
chiral elds is a chiral eld :

D

(
1

2
) =

D

(
1
)
2
+
1


D

(
2
)
In components, the product written in Majorana style is, cf. manuscript
for details of computation, n
o
5 :
A
3
= A
1
A
2
B
1
B
2
B
3
= B
1
A
2
+B
2
A
1

3
= (A
1

5
B
1
)
2
+ (A
2

5
B
2
)
1
F
3
= F
1
A
2
+A
1
F
2
+B
1
G
2
+G
1
B
2
+

2
G
3
= G
1
A
2
+A
1
G
2
B
1
F
2
F
1
B
2

2
(24)
We now have all the building blocks necessary to write out the Wess-Zumino
Lagrangian.
5 The Wess-Zumino model
5.1 Mass dimensions of a chiral eld
The lowest component of a chiral multiplet is a scalar, and thus we can assign it
the mass dimension of one. From the innitesimal SUSY transformation of it,
we see that we can consistently give the mass dimension of
3
2
to the fermionic
eld, only if we give the mass dimension of minus a half to the Grassmanian
coordinate. In that vein, we associate a mass dimension of two to the highest
component of the chiral multiplet, which is consistent, since in the expansion of
the associated supereld, this component is the second order expansion of the
eld. This means that we can assign the mas dimension of one to the superelds.
Looking at the kinetic chiral multiplet3.4, one sees that the lowest compo-
nent is the highest of the normal chiral eld, so this multiplet has the mass
dimension of two.
10
5.2 The Wess-Zumino Lagrangian in Supereld language
and as a space-time density
Dealing only with chiral multiplets, we will be using the chiral integral. The
integration on the Grassman coordinate gives us the highest component of the
chiral multiplet, thus to have a Lagrangian with mass dimension of four, and
wanting to have only two derivatives in the equations of motion, we are forced
to use only terms with one kinetic multiplet and to use the product of maximum
three chiral elds to build a renormalizable theory :
L
WessZumino
=
1
4
_
d
2

_
1
2
T
m
2

g
3
+h.c.
_
(25)
where m and g are parameters of the theory. We didnt include the linear
term in , but we want the Wess-Zumino model, which doesnt contain this
term. The factor of a quarter is to ensure the disappearance of the two that
comes out of the integral on the Grassmanian coordinate, and beacause we want
the real part of the whole integral.
From this one can infer the o-shell Wess-Zumino Lagrangian, cf. manuscript
for details of computation, n
o
6 :
L =
1
2
_

A+

B +i

/ +F
2
+G
2
_
m
_
AF +BG+
1
2

_
g
__
A
2
B
2
_
F + 2ABG+

(A
5
B)
_
(26)
The following sections are based on computations, so I refer the reader to
the manuscript.
5.3 The equations of motion
Using the Euler-Lagrange equation, one can nd the equations of motion in
Majorana style :
F = mA+g
_
A
2
B
2
_
G = mB + 2gAB
i/ = m + 2g (A
5
B)
A = mF + 2g
_
AF +BG+
1
2

_
A = mG+ 2g
_
AGBF
1
2

_
(27)
We can rewrite these equations in a much more elegant way :
T = m +g (28)
What we see here is something that is common in SUSY, the real elds F
and G have algebraic equations of motion, that is, equations where there is no
propagationg degree of freedom, one can then use those equations to rewrite the
Lagrangian and the equations of motion on-shell, as it is called. These elds
are then called auxiliary elds.
11
5.4 On-shell Lagrangian : the Wess-Zumino Lagrangian
The Wess-Zumino Lagrangian is obtained by integrating out the auxiliary
elds, i.e.substitute their value from their algebraic equations in the Lagrangian
:
L =
1
2

m
2
||
2
i

m
2
_
+

_
g
_
+

g
2
2
_
||
2
_
2
(29)
which is what we hoped to achieve : we have an irreducible SUSY multiplet
composed of a complex scalar eld and a Majorana fermion with both the same
mass, which is in agreement with the ORaifeartaighs theorem.
6 Conclusion
Starting with the Haag-Lopuszanski-Sohnius theorem to get to the SUSY alge-
bra, one can from group theoretical arguments and some mathematical intuition
rebuild the Wess-Zumino model. They used a dierent path than the one in
the book by Terning [6], where this alternative model building is much more
simpler.
But what makes the in-this-paper exposed path interesting, is the fact that if
one wants to solve formally a physical problem, one needs always to increase his
knowledge in mathematics, and thus be more prepared for complexer theories.
12
7 Appendix and conventions
Throughout this paper, I follow the conventions from Sohnius Physics report
[5].
The Minkowski metric is dened as

= diag(1, 1, 1, 1). The left-handed

spinor indices (undotted greek letters) are contracted from upper left to down
right. The right-handed (dotted greek letters) are contracted from upper right
to lower left.
The transformation law for the Weyl-spinors is dened such that
_

.
And the complex conjugation of the product of two spinors is the inverted prod-
uct of the complex conjugated spinors.
Lowering and raising indices is done with the two dimensional Levi-Civita tensor
, dened as :
12
=
12
=

2
=

2
= 1 . This notation has the disad-
vantage that the mixed-index -tensors are antisymmetric :

and

.
The
_
1
2
, 0
_
representation of the Lorentz generator M

is given by
1
2
(

.
And that of
_
0,
1
2
_
is given by
1
2
(

. Where one of the matrices is the her-
mitian conjugate of the other. Numerically, they are given by

=
1
2
i [

],
where the s are the Dirac matrices, and
5
=
0

3
.
A Weyl spinor

can be written in, what I will call Majorana style :

=
_

_
In this sense, when I write

, I mean +

.
The Grassmanian derivative is dened [3] as following :

It is also assumed that the diferential operator anti-commutes with a Grass-

maniann number, and thus implies the following modied Leibnitz rule :

_
=

_
The Taylor expand of a Grassmanian function is dened such that the pa-
rameter is to the left of the dierential operator.
Here two last useful relations for this operator :

13
References
[1] S. Coleman and J. Mandula. All possible symmetries of the s matrix. Phys-
ical Review, 159(5):1251, 1967.
[2] R. Haag, J.T. Lopuszanski, and M. Sohnius. All possible generators of
supersymmetries of the s-matrix. Nuclear Physics B, 88(2):257274, 1975.
[3] M. Nakahara. Geometry, topology, and physics. Graduate student series in
physics. Institute of Physics Publishing, 2003.
[4] Alice Rogers. Consistent superspace integration. Journal of Mathematical
Physics, 26(3):385392, 1985.
[5] M.F. Sohnius. Introducing supersymmetry. Physics reports, 128(2-3):39
204, 1985.
[6] J. Terning. Modern supersymmetry: dynamics and duality. International
series of monographs on physics. Oxford University Press, 2006.
[7] Steven Weinberg. The Quantum Theory of Fields, Vol. 3: Supersymmetry.
2000.
[8] J. Wess and B. Zumino. Nuclear Physics, B70(39), 1974.
14