Review Sheet for Test 1

Math 101 9112008

These problems are provided to help you study. The presence of a problem on this handout does not imply that there will be a similar problem on the test. And the absence of a topic does not imply that it wont appear on the test. 1. (a) Solve for x: 2x + 1 = 4x 5. (b) Solve for x: 3(x 2) = 5(x + 1). (c) Solve for x: 1 1 1 x (x 1) = x + 5. 2 3 6

(d) Solve for x: 0.35(x + 4) = 0.5(0.7x + 2.8). 2. The perimeter of a rectangle is 50 meters. The length is 1 meter more than twice the width. Find the dimensions. 3. The largest angle in a triangle is 4 degrees less than 3 times the smallest angle. The third angle is 29 degrees greater than the smallest angle. Find the angles. 4. (a) If Calvin has 6% more money than Bonzo, and Bonzo has $24.50, how much money does Calvin have? (b) If Calvin has 6% more money than Bonzo, and Calvin has $14.31, how much money does Bonzo have? (c) Which costs more all together: A $150 TV set with 6.5% sales tax or a $152 TV set with 6% sales tax? (d) 3% of what is equal to 4.5% of 60? 5. (a) (Ideal gas law) Solve for T in pV = nRT . (b) (Area of a trapezoid) Solve for b2 in A = (c) Solve for c in abc + 2bc 3abP = 0. (d) Solve for k in ak = b(k + 1). 6. (a) Solve 3x + 5 > 4(2x 1). Write your answer using inequality notation, and draw a picture of the solution set. (b) Solve 3x 4 8(x + 5). Write your answer using inequality notation, and draw a picture of the solution set. (c) Solve 0.5(6x 4) < 3x 10. Write your answer using inequality notation, and draw a picture of the solution set. (d) Solve 4 < 2(x + 1) < 10. Write your answer using inequality notation, and draw a picture of the solution set. 7. (a) Solve for x: |x 10| = 5. (b) Solve for x: 5 + |x + 7| = 13. (c) Solve for x: |x 4| = 6. (d) Solve for x: |2x + 3| = 17. 8. (a) Solve for x: |x 1| < 4. 1 1 h(b1 + b2 ). 2

(b) Solve for x: |x + 6| 3. (c) Solve for x: |x 17| < 2. (d) Solve for x: |2x 5| > 13. (e) Solve for x: | x 6| 1. 9. Calvin Butterball has $4.00 in dimes and nickels. The number of dimes is 5 less than twice the number of nickels. Find the number of dimes and the number of nickels. 10. Silas Hogwinder has some 13-cent stamps, some 17-cent stamps, and some 40-cent stamps. The number of 13-cent stamps is 2 less than the number of 17-cent stamps. The number of 40-cent stamps is 1 more than twice the number of 17-cent stamps. The total value of the stamps is $13.34. Find the number of each type of stamp that Silas has. 11. How many gallons of a 40% alcohol solution and a 30% alcohol solution must be mixed together to make 50 gallons of a 32% alcohol solution? 12. How many pounds of dried fruit worth $7 per pound must be mixed with 4 pounds of peppermint ketchup worth $3.50 per pound to make a mixture worth $5 per pound? 13. Calvin drives down a long straight road in his 1978 Chevette at a constant speed of 30 miles an hour. Phoebe starts out 50 miles behind him, and follows him at 70 miles an hour in her Porsche. How long will it take before Phoebe runs Calvin o the road? 14. Leopold drives 6 miles per hour faster than Molly. If they start at the same point and drive in opposite directions for 4 hours, they will be 272 miles apart. What is Mollys speed? 15. Phoebe invests $2000 in two accounts. One pays 6% simple interest, while the other pays 8% simple interest. At the end of a year, she has earned $128 in interest. How much was invested in each account? 16. The largest angle in a triangle is 16 less than three times the smallest angle. The third angle is 16 more than the smallest angle. Find the measures of the angles. 17. Multiply the polynomials: (a) (2x 3)(x + 4). (b) (3x2 x 1)(x 2). (c) (2x 5)(2x + 5). (d) (3w + 7)2 . (e) (1 6t)2 . (f) (2x + y)(x 3y). (g) (x2 y 4 )2 . (h) (x + y + 1)(x + 2y). 18. Factor completely: (a) x2 64. (b) x2 + 8x + 16. (c) 4x2 25. (d) x2 5x + 6. 2

(e) x2 9x 10. (f) 4x2 + 8x 5. (g) a4 16b4 . (h) x3 8y 3 . (i) x3 + 5x2 16x 80. (j) x2 y 3xy + xy 2 3y 2 . (k) (l) 81 1. a2 b2 4x2 4x + + 1. y2 y

(m)a2 3a ab + 3b. (n) x3 + x2 xy 2 y 2 . (o) x2 + xy 5x 5y. (p) 2x3 + 7x2 + 3x. 19. Factor completely. (a) x3 + 27y 3 . (b) 1 3 a 125b3 . 8

(c) 64 y 3 . (d) ab + 6b + a2 + 6a. (e) x3 3x2 4x + 12. (f) x2 y 2xy 2 + x 2y. 20. (a) Divide x4 + x3 + 1 by x2 1 using long division. (b) Compute the quotient and remainder when 2x4 + 3x2 + 4x is divided by 2x2 . (c) Compute the quotient and remainder when 2x2 + 5xy 3y 2 is divided by x + 3y. (d) Factor x3 2x2 11x + 12 completely, given that x 4 is one of the factors.

Solutions to the Review Sheet for Test 1

1. (a) Solve for x: 2x + 1 = 4x 5. 3

2x + 1 5 2x + 6 2x 6 2 3 + The solution is x = 3. (b) Solve for x: 3(x 2) = 5(x + 1). 3x 3x 3x 3(x 2) 6 5 11 11 2 11 2

= 4x 5 5 = 4x 2x = 2x 2 = x

= = 5x = 5x 3x = 2x 2 = x

5(x + 1) + 5 5

The solution is x = (c) Solve for x:

11 . 2

1 1 1 x (x 1) = x + 5. 2 3 6 1 x 2 1 x 2 1 x 6 1 x 6 1 (x 1) 3 + + = 1 3 1 3 1 3 = = 1 x + 6 1 x + 6 1 x + 6 1 x 6 5 5 5

1 x 3

The last equation

1 = 5 is a contradiction. Therefore, the original equation has no solutions. 3

(d) Solve for x: 0.35(x + 4) = 0.5(0.7x + 2.8). 0.35x 0.35x 0.35(x + 4) + = 1.4 = 0.35x 1.4 0.35x 0 = 0 0.5(0.7x + 2.8) + 1.4 1.4

The last equation is an identity. Therefore, the original equation is true for all x.

2. The perimeter of a rectangle is 50 meters. The length is 1 meter more than twice the width. Find the dimensions. Let L be the length and let W be the width. The perimeter is 50 meters: 50 = 2L + 2W . 4

The length is 1 meter more than twice the width: L = 1 + 2W . Plug L = 1 + 2W into 50 = 2L + 2W and simplify: 50 = 2(1 + 2W ) + 2W, Solve for W : 50 = 2 + 4W + 2W, 2 + 6W 2 6W 6 W 50 = 2 + 6W.

50 = 2 48 = 6 8 =

W = 8 gives L = 1 + 2W = 1 + 2 8 = 17. The width is 8 meters and the length is 17 meters.

3. The largest angle in a triangle is 4 degrees less than 3 times the smallest angle. The third angle is 29 degrees greater than the smallest angle. Find the angles. Let L be the largest angle, let S be the smallest angle, and let T be the third angle. The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180 degrees: 180 = L + S + T . The largest angle is 4 degrees less than 3 times the smallest angle: L = 3S 4. The third angle is 29 degrees greater than the smallest angle: T = 29 + S. Substitute T = 29 + S and L = 3S 4 into 180 = L + S + T and simplify: 180 = (3S 4) + S + (29 + S), Solve for S: 180 = 5S 25 155 = 5S 5 5 31 = S + 180 = 5S + 25. 25 25

S = 31 gives L = 3S 4 = 3 31 4 = 89 and T = 29 + S = 29 + 31 = 60. The smallest angle is 31 , the largest angle is 89 , and the third angle is 60 .

4. (a) If Calvin has 6% more money than Bonzo, and Bonzo has $24.50, how much money does Calvin have? Calvin has 6% more money than Bonzo: (Calvin) = (Bonzo) + 6% of Since (Bonzo) = 24.50, (Calvin) = 1.06 24.50 = 25.97. Calvin has $25.97. (b) If Calvin has 6% more money than Bonzo, and Calvin has $14.31, how much money does Bonzo have? Calvin has 6% more money than Bonzo: (Calvin) = (Bonzo) + 6% of Since (Calvin) = 14.31, 14.31 = 1.06(Bonzo). 5 (Bonzo), (Bonzo) + 0.06 (Bonzo), (Calvin) = 1.06(Bonzo). (Bonzo), (Bonzo) + 0.06 (Bonzo), (Calvin) = 1.06(Bonzo).

Solve for (Bonzo): Bonzo has $13.50. (c) Which costs more all together: A $150 TV set with 6.5% sales tax or a $152 TV set with 6% sales tax? A $150 TV set with 6.5% sales tax costs 150 + 6.5% of A $152 TV set with 6% sales tax costs 152 + 6% of 152 = 152 + 0.06 152 = 161.12. 150 = 150 + 0.065 150 = 159.75 14.31 = 1.06(Bonzo) 1.06 1.06 13.50 = (Bonzo)

The $152 TV set with 6% sales tax costs more all together. (d) 3% of what is equal to 4.5% of 60? 3% of what is equal to 4.5% of 60: 3% of Solve for (what): 3% of 90 is equal to 4.5% of 60. 0.03 (what) = 0.03 (what) = 2.7 0.03 90 (what) = 4.5% of 60, 0.03 (what) = 0.045 60, 0.03 (what) = 2.7.

5. (a) (Ideal gas law) Solve for T in pV = nRT . pV = nRT pV nRT = nR nR pV =T nR (b) (Area of a trapezoid) Solve for b2 in A = 1 h(b1 + b2 ). 2 A=

1 h(b1 + b2 ) 2 2 2 1 A = h(b1 + b2 ) h h 2 2A = b1 + b2 h 2A b1 = b1 + b2 b1 h 2A b1 = b2 h 6

(c) Solve for c in abc + 2bc 3abP = 0. abc + 2bc 3abP = 0 abc + 2bc 3abP + 3abP = 0 + 3abP abc + 2bc = 3abP (ab + 2b)c = 3abP (ab + 2b)c 3abP = ab + 2b ab + 2b 3abP c= ab + 2b (d) Solve for k in ak = b(k + 1). ak = b(k + 1) ak = bk + b ak bk = b k(a b) = b b k(a b) = ab ab b k= ab

6. (a) Solve 3x + 5 > 4(2x 1). Write your answer using inequality notation, and draw a picture of the solution set. 3x + 5 > 4(2x 1) 3x + 5 > 8x 4 3x 3x 5 > 5x 4 + 4 4 9 > 5x 5 5 9 > x 5

9/5
(b) Solve 3x 4 8(x + 5). Write your answer using inequality notation, and draw a picture of the solution set. 3x 4 8(x + 5) 3x 4 8x 40 + 3x 3x 4 5x 40 + 40 40 36 5x 5 5 36 x 5 Notice that the inequality ipped over when I divided by the negative number 5.

-36/5
7

(c) Solve 0.5(6x 4) < 3x 10. Write your answer using inequality notation, and draw a picture of the solution set. 0.5(6x 4) < 3x 10 3x 2 < 3x 10 3x 3x 2 < 10 The last statement 2 < 10 is false. Therefore, the original inequality has no solutions. (d) Solve 4 < 2(x + 1) < 10. Write your answer using inequality solution set. 4 < 2(x + 1) < 4 < 2x + 2 < 2 2 6 < 2x < / 2 2 3 < x < notation, and draw a picture of the 10 10 2 8 2 4

-3

7. (a) Solve for x: |x 10| = 5. |x 10| = 5 + x 10 = 5 10 10 x = 15 + x 10 10 x = 5 10 = 5

(b) Solve for x: 5 + |x + 7| = 13. 5 5 + |x + 7| = 13 5 |x + 7| = 8 7 = 8 7 7 = 1 x + 7 = 8 7 7 x = 15

x + x (c) Solve for x: |x 4| = 6.

The absolute value of x 4 must be greater than or equal to 0; it cant be negative, so it cant be equal to 6. Therefore, there are no solutions. (d) Solve for x: |2x + 3| = 17. |2x + 3| 2x + 3 3 2x 2 x = 17 3 = 14 2 = 7 = 17 2x + 3 = 17 3 3 2x = 20 2 2 x = 10

8. (a) Solve for x: |x 1| < 4. |x 1| the distance from x to 1 < 4 is less than 4

If I move 4 units to the left of 1, Im at 1 4 = 3; if I move 4 units to the right of 1, Im at 1 + 4 = 5.

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The solution is 3 < x < 5. (b) Solve for x: |x + 6| 3.

Write the inequality as |x (6) 3. (I have to do this because it is |a b| not |a + b| that means the distance from a to b.) |x (6)| 3 the distance from x to 6 is greater than or equal to 3 If I move 3 units to the left of 6, Im at 6 3 = 9; if I move 3 units to the right of 6, Im at 6 + 3 = 3.

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The solution is x 9 or 3 x. (c) Solve for x: |x 17| < 2.

-6

-3

The absolute value of x 17 is nonegative, so it cant be less than 2. Therefore, there are no solutions. (d) Solve for x: |2x 5| > 13. First, Ill divide both sides by 2 to change the 2x to x: |2x 5| 5 2 x 2 2 5 x 2 Now translate the inequality and graph it: x 5 2 5 2 9 > is greater than 13 2 13 2 > > 13 13 2 13 2

>

the distance from x to

5 5 13 13 5 13 units to the left of , Im at = 4; if I move units to the right of , Im at If I move 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 13 + = 9. 2 2

13/2

13/2

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The solution is x < 4 or 9 < x. (e) Solve for x: | x 6| 1.

5/2

Ill factor out a 1 to change the x to x. Note that it factors out of the absolute value as | 1| = 1. | x 6| 1, |(1)(x + 6)| 1, | 1||x + 6| 1, 1 |x + 6| 1, |x + 6| 1, |x (6)| 1.

This inequality can be translated as follows: |x (6)| 1 the distance from x to 6 is less than or equal to 1 If I move 1 unit to the left of 6, Im at 6 1 = 7; if I move 1 unit to the right of 6, Im at 6 + 1 = 5.

-7
The solution is 7 x 5.

-6

-5

9. Calvin Butterball has $4.00 in dimes and nickels. The number of dimes is 5 less than twice the number of nickels. Find the number of dimes and the number of nickels. Let d be the number of dimes and let n be the number of nickels. The number of dimes is 5 less than twice the number of nickels, so d = 2n 5. There are d dimes and each dime is worth 10 cents, so the dimes are worth 10d cents. There are n nickels and each nickel is worth 5 cents, so the nickels are worth 5n cents. Calvin has $4.00 (or 400 cents) all together, so 400 = 10d + 5n. number of coins dimes nickels all together d = 2n 5 n value per coin 10 5 total value 10d 5n 400

Plugging d = 2n 5 into 400 = 10d + 5n gives 400 = 10(2n 5) + 5n, Solve for n: 400 = 20n 50 + 5n, 50 50 400 = 25n 50.

400 = 25n 50 450 = 25n 25 25 18 = n + 10

Plugging this into d = 2n 5 gives d = 36 5 = 31. Calvin has 31 dimes and 18 nickels.

10. Silas Hogwinder has some 13-cent stamps, some 17-cent stamps, and some 40-cent stamps. The number of 13-cent stamps is 2 less than the number of 17-cent stamps. The number of 40-cent stamps is 1 more than twice the number of 17-cent stamps. The total value of the stamps is $13.34. Find the number of each type of stamp that Silas has. Let n be the number of 17-cent stamps. The number of 13-cent stamps is 2 less than the number of 17-cent stamps, so the number of 13-cent stamps is n 2. The number of 40-cent stamps is 1 more than twice the number of 17-cent stamps, so the number of 40-cent stamps is 2n + 1. I put the information into a table: number of stamps 13-cent stamps 17-cent stamps 40-cent stamps total The last column says 13(n 2) + 17n + 40(2n + 1) = 1334. 13(n 2) + 17n + 40(2n + 1) = 1334 13n 26 + 17n + 80n + 40 = 1334 110n + 14 = 1334 110n = 1320 1320 n= = 12 110 The number of 17-cent stamps is 12, the number of 13-cent stamps is n 2 = 12 2 = 10, and the number of 40-cent stamps is 2n + 1 = 2(12) + 1 = 25. Solve for n: n2 n 2n + 1 cents per stamp 13 17 40 = = = = total value (cents) 13(n 2) 17n 40(2n + 1) 1334

11. How many gallons of a 40% alcohol solution and a 30% alcohol solution must be mixed together to make 50 gallons of a 32% alcohol solution? Let x be the number of gallons of the 40% solution and let y be the number of gallons of the 30% solution. There are 50 gallons all together, so x + y = 50. x gallons of 40% solution contain 40% of x, or 0.4x gallons of alcohol. y gallons of 30% solution contain 30% of y, or 0.3y gallons of alcohol. The mixture is 50 gallons of a 32% solution; it contains 32% of 50, or 0.32 50 = 16 gallons of alcohol. Therefore, 0.4x + 0.3y = 16. gallons of solution 40% solution 30% solution mixutre x y 50 11 percent alcohol 40% (= 0.4) 30% (= 0.3) 32% (= 0.32) gallons of alcohol 0.4x 0.3y 16

Solve x + y = 50 to get y = 50 x. Plug this into 0.4x + 0.3y = 16: 0.4x + 0.3(50 x) = 16, Solve for x: 0.4x + 15 0.3x = 16, 0.1x + 15 = 16.

0.1x + 15 = 16 15 15 0.1x = 1 0.1 0.1 x = 10

Plug this into y = 50 x to get y = 50 10 = 40. You need 10 gallons of the 40% solution and 40 gallons of the 30% solution.

12. How many pounds of dried fruit worth $7 per pound must be mixed with 4 pounds of peppermint ketchup worth $3.50 per pound to make a mixture worth $5 per pound? Let x be the number of pounds of dried fruit needed. Fill in the table: pounds dried fruit peppermint ketchup mixture The last line says: 5(x + 4) = 7x + 14. Solve for x: 5(x + 4) = 7x + 14, 5x + 20 = 7x + 14, 6 = 2x, x = 3. Therefore, 3 pounds of dried fruit are required. x 4 x+4 price per pound 7 3.5 5 total price 7x 14 7x + 14

13. Calvin drives down a long straight road in his 1978 Chevette at a constant speed of 30 miles an hour. Phoebe starts out 50 miles behind him, and follows him at 70 miles an hour in her Porsche. How long will it take before Phoebe runs Calvin o the road? Let t be the time (in hours) that Calvin travels before Phoebe catches up with him. time Calvin Phoebe t t speed 30 70 = = = distance 30t 70t

Since Phoebe started 50 miles behind Calvin, she must travel 50 miles more than Calvin: 30t + 50 = 70t. Solve for t: 30t + 50 = 70t 50 = 40t 5 =t 4 12

Now

5 = 1.25, so it takes Phoebe 1.25 hours (1 hour and 15 minutes) to catch up. 4

14. Leopold drives 6 miles per hour faster than Molly. If they start at the same point and drive in opposite directions for 4 hours, they will be 272 miles apart. What is Mollys speed? Let x be Mollys speed. Since Leopold drives 6 miles per hour faster than Molly, his speed is x + 6. time Leopold Molly 4 4 speed x+6 x = = = distance 4(x + 6) 4x 272 The last column says 4(x + 6) + 4x = 272. Solve for x: 4(x + 6) + 4x = 272 4x + 24 + 4x = 272 8x + 24 = 272 8x = 248 x = 31 Mollys speed is 31 miles per hour.

15. Phoebe invests $2000 in two accounts. One pays 6% simple interest, while the other pays 8% simple interest. At the end of a year, she has earned $128 in interest. How much was invested in each account? Let x be the amount invested at 6% and let y be the amount invested at 8%. amount invested 6% account 8% account total I have x + y = 2000 and 0.06x + 0.08y = 128. x + y = 2000 gives y = 2000 x. Plug this into 0.06x + 0.08y = 128 and solve for x: 0.06x + 0.08(2000 x) = 128 100 0.06x + 100 0.08(2000 x) = 100 128 6x + 8(2000 x) = 12800 6x + 16000 8x = 12800 2x + 16000 = 12800 2x = 3200 x = 1600 Then y = 2000 1600 = 400. Thus, $1600 was invested at 6% and $400 was invested at 8%. 13 x y 2000 interest rate 0.06 0.08 interest earned 0.06x 0.08y 128

16. The largest angle in a triangle is 16 less than three times the smallest angle. The third angle is 16 more than the smallest angle. Find the measures of the angles. Let S be the smallest angle, let T be the third angle, and let L be the largest angle. The angles add up to 180 , so S + T + L = 180. The largest angle in a triangle is 16 less than three times the smallest angle, so L = 3S 16. The third angle is 16 more than the smallest angle, so T = 16 + S. Plug L = 3S 16 and T = 16 + S into S + T + L = 180 and solve for S: S + (16 + S) + (3S 16) = 180 5S = 180 S = 36 Then T = 16 + 36 = 52 and L = 3 26 16 = 92. The angles are 36 , 52 , and 92 .

17. Multiply the polynomials: (a) (2x 3)(x + 4). 2x x 8x 3x + 5x 3x2

3

3 + 4 12 12 1 2 + 2 + 2

2x2 2x2 (b) (3x2 x 1)(x 2).

3x 3x3 (c) (2x 5)(2x + 5).

6x2 x2 7x2

x x + 2x x + x

Using the rule (a b)(a + b) = a2 b2 , (2x 5)(2x + 5) = 4x2 25. (d) (3w + 7)2 . Using the rule (a + b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 , (3w + 7)2 = 9w2 + 42w + 49. (e) (1 6t)2 . Using the rule (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 , (1 6t)2 = 1 12t + 36t2 . (f) (2x + y)(x 3y). Using FOIL, I get (2x + y)(x 3y) = 2x2 6xy + xy 3y 2 = 2x2 5xy 3y 2 . 14

(g) (x2 y 4 )2 . Using the form (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 , I get (x2 y 4 )2 = x4 2x2 y 4 + y 8 . (h) (x + y + 1)(x + 2y). (x+y +1)(x+2y) = (x+y +1)(x)+(x+y +1)(2y) = x2 +xy +x+2xy +2y 2 +2y = x2 +x+3xy +2y 2 +2y.

18. Factor completely: (a) x2 64 = (x 8)(x + 8). (b) x2 + 8x + 16 = (x + 4)2 . (c) 4x2 25 = (2x 5)(2x + 5). (d) x2 5x + 6 = (x 2)(x 3). (e) x2 9x 10 = (x 10)(x + 1). (f) 4x2 + 8x 5 = (2x 1)(2x + 5). (g) a4 16b4 = (a2 4b2 )(a2 + 4b2 ) = (a 2b)(a + 2b)(a2 + 4b2 ). (h) x3 8y 3 = (x 2y)(x2 + 2xy + 4y 2 ). (i) x3 + 5x2 16x 80. Ill use factoring by grouping: x3 +5x2 16x80 = (x3 +5x2 )(16x+80) = x2 (x+5)16(x+5) = (x2 16)(x+5) = (x4)(x+4)(x+5). (j) x2 y 3xy + xy 2 3y 2 . Ill use factoring by grouping: x2 y3xy+xy 2 3y 2 = (x2 y3xy)+(xy 2 3y 2 ) = xy(x3)+y 2 (x3) = (xy+y 2 )(x3) = (x+y)(y)(x3). (k) 81 1. a2 b2 81 1= a2 b2 (l) 4x2 4x + + 1. y2 y 4x 4x2 + +1= y2 y (m) a2 3a ab + 3b. a2 3a ab + 3b = (a2 3a) (ab 3b) = a(a 3) b(a 3) = (a b)(a 3). (n) x3 + x2 xy 2 y 2 . x3 +x2 xy 2 y 2 = (x3 +x2 )(xy 2 +y 2 ) = x2 (x+1)y 2 (x+1) = (x+1)(x2 y 2 ) = (x+1)(xy)(x+y). 15 2x y
2

9 ab

12 =

9 1 ab

9 +1 . ab

+2

2x + 12 = y

2x +1 y

(o) x2 + xy 5x 5y. x2 + xy 5x 5y = x(x + y) 5(x + y) = (x 5)(x + y). (p) 2x3 + 7x2 + 3x. 2x3 + 7x2 + 3x = x(2x2 + 7x + 3) = x(2x + 1)(x + 3).

19. Factor completely. (a) x3 + 27y 3 . x3 + 27y 3 = (x + 3y)(x2 3xy + 9y 2 ). (b) 1 3 a 125b3 . 8

1 3 a 125b3 = 8

1 a 5b 2

1 2 5 a + ab + 25b2 . 4 2

(c) 64 y 3 . 64 y 3 = (4 y)(16 + 4y + y 2 ). (d) ab + 6b + a2 + 6a. ab + 6b + a2 + 6a = (ab + 6b) + (a2 + 6a) = b(a + 6) + a(a + 6) = (b + a)(a + 6). (e) x3 3x2 4x + 12. x3 3x2 4x + 12 = (x3 3x2 ) (4x 12) = x2 (x 3) 4(x 3) = (x 3)(x2 4) = (x 3)(x 2)(x + 2). (f) x2 y 2xy 2 + x 2y. x2 y 2xy 2 + x 2y = (x2 y 2xy 2 ) + (x 2y) = xy(x 2y) + (x 2y) = (x 2y)(xy + 1).

20. (a) Divide x4 + x3 + 1 by x2 1 using long division.

x4 + x3 + 1 x+2 = (x2 + x + 1) + 2 . x2 1 x 1 (b) Compute the quotient and remainder when 2x4 + 3x2 + 4x is divided by 2x2 . 2x4 + 3x2 + 4x 2x4 3x2 4x 3 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 = x2 + + . 2 2x 2x 2x 2x 2 x 16

Since theres only one term on the bottom, its easier to break the fraction up into pieces than to do the long division. (c) Compute the quotient and remainder when 2x2 + 5xy 3y 2 is divided by x + 3y.

2x2 + 5xy 3y 2 = 2x y. x + 3y (d) Factor x3 2x2 11x + 12 completely, given that x 4 is one of the factors. Divide x3 2x2 11x + 12 by x 4:

x 2 + 2x - 3 x-4 x 3 - 2 x 2 - 11x + 12 x3 - 4x2 2 x 2 - 11x 2 x 2 - 8x -3x + 12 -3x + 12

Thus, x3 2x2 11x + 12 = (x 4)(x2 + 2x 3) = (x 4)(x + 3)(x 1).

If all the water in the Mississippi River were placed in a tank on the moon, there would be a big ditch running down the middle of the United States. - National Lampoon

c 2008 by Bruce Ikenaga

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