Module 19 Physics Problems

Lesson 1 Current and Circuits 5. Refer to the circuit diagram to answer the
following questions.
Mastering Concepts a. Which device transforms electrical
1. Define the unit of electric current in terms energy to mechanical energy?
of units of charge and time. 4
1 A = 1 C/1 s b. Which device transforms chemical
energy to electrical energy?
Use the circuit diagram to answer questions
2–5. 1
c. Which device turns the circuit on and
off?
2
d. Which device provides a way to adjust
speed?
3
6. Which wire conducts electricity with the
least resistance: one with a large cross-
sectional diameter or one with a small
cross-sectional diameter? Explain.
A larger-diameter wire has a smaller
2. How should a voltmeter be connected in
resistance because there are more
the circuit diagram to measure the motor’s
electrons to carry the charge.
voltage?
The positive voltmeter lead connects to 7. A simple circuit consists of a resistor, a
the left-hand motor lead, and the battery, and connecting wires.
negative voltmeter lead connects to the
a. Draw a circuit schematic of this simple
right-hand motor lead.
circuit.
3. How should an ammeter be connected in
the circuit diagram to measure the motor’s
current?
Break the circuit between the battery
and the motor. Then connect the
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positive ammeter lead to the positive

side of the break (the side connected to
b. How must an ammeter be connected in
the positive battery terminal) and the
a circuit for the current to be correctly
negative ammeter lead to the negative
read?
side nearest the motor.
The ammeter must be connected in
4. What is the direction of the conventional series.
current through the motor in the circuit
diagram?
from left to right through the motor

Inspire Physics 1 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

c. How must a voltmeter be connected to a. How much power is delivered to the

a resistor for the potential difference motor?
across it to be read? P = VI = (12 V)(1.5 A) = 18 W
The voltmeter must be connected in
b. How much energy is transformed if the
parallel.
motor runs for 15 min?
E = Pt = (18 W)(15 min)(60 s/min)
= 1.6×104 J
11. Refer to the circuit diagram to answer the
following questions. (Level 1)

8. Describe how a potentiometer controls the

following devices:
a. electric motor
The potentiometer on an electric
motor makes continuous changes in
the speed of the motor instead of a
step-by-step change in the motor’s
speed. a. What should the ammeter reading be?
b. game joystick 27 V
=I V=
/R = 1.5 A
The potentiometer in a game joystick 18 Ω
helps translate the motion of the
gamer’s hand to a position on the b. What should the voltmeter reading be?
computer screen. 27 V

Mastering Problems c. How much power is delivered to the

resistor?
9. Describe the energy transformation that
occur in each of the following devices. P = VI = (27 V)(1.5 A) = 41 W
a. an incandescent lightbulb d. How much energy is delivered to the
electric energy to heat and light resistor per hour?

b. a clothes dryer E = Pt = (41 W)(3600 s) = 1.5×105 J

electric energy to heat and kinetic 12. Toasters The current through a toaster
energy that is connected to a 120-V source is
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8.0 A. What power is used by the toaster?

c. a digital clock radio (Level 1)
electric energy to light and sound
P = IV = (8.0 A)(120 V) = 9.6×102 W
d. a hand-held flashlight
chemical energy to light and thermal 13. Lightbulbs A current of 1.2 A is measured
energy through a lightbulb when it is connected
across a 120-V source. At what rate does
10. A motor is connected to a 12-V battery, as the bulb transform energy? (Level 1)
shown. (Level 1)
P = IV = (1.2 A)(120 V) = 1.4×102 W

Inspire Physics 2 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

14. Refer to the circuit diagram to answer the 16. A lamp draws 0.50 A from a 120-V
following questions. (Level 1) generator. (Level 1)
a. How much power is delivered?
P = IV = (0.50 A)(120 V) = 6.0×101 W
b. How much energy is transformed in
5.0 min?
E
The definition of power is P = , so
t
E = Pt
 5.0 min   60 s 
= (6.0 × 101 W)   
a. What should the ammeter reading be?  1   min 
27 V = 18,000= J 1.8 × 10 4 J
=I V=
/R = 3.0 A
9.0 Ω 17. A 12-V automobile battery is connected to
b. What should the voltmeter reading be? an electric starter motor. The current
through the motor is 210 A. (Level 1)
27 V
a. How many joules of energy does the
c. How much power is delivered to the battery deliver to the motor each
resistor? second?
P = VI = (27 V)(3.0 A) = 81 W P = IV = (210 A)(12 V) = 2500 J/s
d. How much energy is delivered to the or 2.5×103 J/s
resistor per hour? b. What power, in watts, does the motor
E = Pt = (81 W)(3600 s) = 2.9×10 J 5
use?
15. Refer to the circuit diagram to answer the P = 2.5×103 W
following questions. (Level 1) 18. Dryers A 4200-W clothes dryer is
connected to a 220-V circuit. How much
current does the dryer draw? (Level 1)
P = IV
P 4200 W
=
I = = 19 A
V 220 V

19. Flashlights A flashlight bulb is connected

across a 3.0-V potential difference. The
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current through the bulb is 1.5 A. (Level 1)

a. What should the ammeter reading be? a. What is the power rating of the bulb?
9.0 V P = IV = (1.5 A)(3.0 V) = 4.5 W
=I V=
/R = 0.50 A
18 Ω b. How much electrical energy does the
bulb transform in 11 min?
b. What should the voltmeter reading be?
9.0 V The definition of power is P =
E
, so
t
c. How much power is delivered to the
E = Pt
resistor?
 60 s 
P = VI = (9.0 V)(0.50 A) = 4.5 W = (4.5 W)(11 min)  
 min 
d. How much energy is delivered to the = 3.0 × 103 J
resistor per hour?
= = (4.5 W)(3600 s)
E Pt = 1.6 × 10 4 J

Inspire Physics 3 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

20. Batteries A resistor of 60.0 V has a b. Graph I versus V.

current of 0.40 A through it when it is
connected to the terminals of a battery.
What is the voltage of the battery?
(Level 1)
V = IR = (0.40 A)(60.0 Ω) = 24 V

21. What voltage is applied to a 4.0-Ω resistor

if the current is 1.5 A? (Level 1)
V = IR = (1.5 A)(4.0 Ω) = 6.0 V

22. What voltage is placed across a motor with

a 15-Ω operating resistance if there is 8.0 A
of current? (Level 1)
V = IR = (8.0 A)(15 Ω) = 1.2 × 102 V c. Does the nichrome wire obey Ohm’s
law? If not, for all the potential
23. A voltage of 75 V is placed across a 150-Ω differences, specify the voltage range
resistor. What is the current through the for which Ohm’s law holds.
resistor? (Level 1)
Ohm’s law is obeyed when the
V = IR resistance of a device is constant
=
I =
V 75 V
= 5.0 A and independent of the potential
R 150 Ω difference. The resistance of the
nichrome wire increases somewhat
24. Some students connected a length of as the magnitude of the voltage
nichrome wire to a variable power supply increases, so the wire does not quite
to produce between 0.00 V and 10.00 V obey Ohm’s law.
across the wire. They then measured the
25. Draw a series circuit diagram to include a
current through the wire for several
16-Ω resistor, a battery, and an ammeter
voltages. The students recorded the data
that reads 1.75 A. Indicate the positive
for the voltages used and the currents
terminal and the voltage of the battery, the
measured, as shown in the table. (Level 2)
positive terminal of the ammeter, and the
Table direction of conventional current. (Level 2)
Resistance,
Voltage, V Current, I
(volts) (amps) R = V/I
(amps)
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2.00 0.0140 __________

4.00 0.0270 __________
6.00 0.0400 __________
8.00 0.0520 __________
10.00 0.0630 __________
−2.00 −0.0140 __________
−4.00 −0.0280 __________ V = IR = (1.75 A)(16 Ω) = 28 V
−6.00 −0.0390 __________
26. A lamp draws a 66-mA current when
−8.00 −0.0510 __________
connected to a 6.0-V battery. When a
−10.00 −0.0620 __________
9.0-V battery is used, the lamp draws
a. For each measurement, calculate the 75 mA. (Level 2)
resistance. a. Does the lamp obey Ohm’s law?
R = 143 Ω, R = 148 Ω, R = 150 Ω,
R = 154 Ω, R = 159 Ω, R = 143 Ω,
R = 143 Ω, R = 154 Ω, R = 157 Ω,
R = 161 Ω

Inspire Physics 4 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

No. The voltage is increased by a

9.0
factor of = 1.5, but the current is
6.0
75
increased by a factor of = 1.1
66
b. How much power does the lamp use
when it is connected to the 6.0-V
battery?
P = IV = (66 × 10−3 A)(6.0 V) = 0.40 W
27. Lightbulbs How much energy does a
60.0-W lightbulb use in half an hour? If the
a. A potential difference of +0.70 V is
lightbulb transforms 12 percent of electrical
placed across the diode. What is the
energy to radiant energy, how much
resistance of the diode?
electrical energy is transformed to thermal
energy during the half hour? (Level 2) From the graph, I = 22 m/A, and
V = IR, so
E
P= V 0.70 V
t = =
R = 32 Ω
= = (60.0 W)(1800 s)
E Pt I 2.2 × 10 −2 A

= 1.08 × 105 J b. What is the diode’s resistance when a

If the bulb is 12 percent efficient, 88% of +0.60-V potential difference is used?
the energy is lost to heat, so V 0.60 V
R= = =1.2 × 102 Ω
Q= (0.88)(1.08 × 105 J) = 9.5 × 10 4 J I 5.2 × 10 −3 A
30. Draw a schematic circuit diagram to show a
28. The current through a lamp connected
circuit including a 90-V battery, an
across 120 V is 0.40 A when the lamp is on.
ammeter, and a resistance of 45 Ω
(Level 2)
connected in series. What is the ammeter
a. What is the lamp’s resistance when it is reading? Draw arrows showing the
on? direction of conventional current. (Level 3)
V = IR
V 120 V
R= = =3.0 × 102 Ω
I 0.40 A
b. When the lamp is cold, its resistance is
1
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as great as it is when the lamp is hot.

5 V = IR
What is the lamp’s cold resistance?
V 90 V
 1 =
I = = 2A
  (3.0 × 10 Ω=
2
) 6.0 × 101 Ω R 45 Ω
5
c. What is the current through the lamp as Lesson 2 Using Electrical
it is turned on if it is connected to a Energy
potential difference of 120 V?
V = IR Mastering Concepts
V 120 V 31. Why do incandescent lightbulbs burn out
=
I = = 2.0 A more frequently just as they are switched
R 6.0 × 101 Ω
on rather than while they are operating?
29. The graph shows the current through a
The low resistance of the cold filament
device called a silicon diode. (Level 3) allows a high current initially and a
greater change in temperature,
subjecting the filament to greater
stress.
Inspire Physics 5 Physics Problems
 Module 19 continued

32. If a heavy copper wire is used to connect 38. For the circuit shown in the circuit diagram,
one terminal of a battery directly to the the maximum safe power is 5.0×101 W. Use
other terminal of that same battery, the the figure to find the following: (Level 2)
temperature of the copper wire rises
rapidly. Why does this happen?
The copper wire has very little
resistance, which results in a high
current. This causes more electrons to
collide with the atoms of the wire. This
raises the atoms’ kinetic energies and
the temperature of the wire.

33. What electric quantities must be kept small

to transmit electrical energy economically a. the maximum safe current
over long distances?
P = I 2R
the resistance of the wire and the
current in the wire P 5.0 × 101 W
=I = = 1.1 A
R 40.0 Ω
34. Define the unit of power in terms of
b. the maximum safe voltage
fundamental SI units.
P = V 2 /R
m2
kg g 2
V =
PR =
(5.0 × 101 W)(40.0 Ω )
2
C J J s = kg gm
W= g= =
s C s s s3 = 45 V

Mastering Problems 39. Appliances A window air conditioner is

35. Batteries A 9.0-V battery costs $3.00 and estimated to have a cost of operation of
will deliver 0.0250 A for 26.0 h before it $50 per 30 days. This is based on the
must be replaced. Calculate the cost per assumption that the air conditioner will run
kWh. (Level 1) half of the time and that electricity costs
$0.090 per kWh. Determine how much
= = (0.0250 A)(9.0 V)(26.0 h)
E IVt
current the air conditioner will take from a
= 5.9 × 10 −3 kWh
= 5.9 Wh 120-V outlet. (Level 2)
cost $3.00 Cost = (E )(rate)
= =
Rate
E 5.9 × 10 −3 kWh Cost $50
=E =
= $510 / kWh rate $0.090/kWh
Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

= 556 kWh
36. What is the maximum current allowed in a
E = IVt
5.0-W, 220-Ω resistor? (Level 1)
E (556 kWh)(1000 W/kW)
P = I 2R =
I =
Vt (120 V)(30 d)(24 h/d)(0.5)
P 5.0 W
=I = = 0.15 A = 12.9 A
R 220 Ω
40. Utilities The circuit diagram represents an
37. A 110-V electric iron draws 3.0 A of current. electric furnace. Calculate the monthly (30-
How much thermal energy does it output in day) heating bill if electricity costs $0.10 per
an hour? (Level 1) kWh and the thermostat is on one-fourth of
Q = E = VIt = (110 V)(3.0 A)(1.0 h)(3600 the time. (Level 2)
s/h)
= 1.2×106 J

Inspire Physics 6 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

43. Why does the equivalent resistance

decrease as more resistors are added to a
parallel circuit?
Each new resistor provides an
additional path for the current.

44. Several resistors with different values are

connected in parallel. How do the values of
the individual resistors compare with the
equivalent resistance?
V2  The equivalent resistance will be less
E=  (t )
 R  than that of any of the resistors.
 (240.0 V)2 
=  (30 d)(24 h/d)(0.25) 45. Why is household wiring constructed in
 4.80 Ω  parallel instead of in series?
= 2160 kWh Appliances in parallel can be run
Cost = (2160 kWh)($0.100/kWh) = $216 independently of one another.

41. Radios A transistor radio operates by 46. Why is there a difference in equivalent
means of a 9.0-V battery that supplies it resistance between three 60-Ω resistors
with a 50.0-mA current. (Level 2)
connected in series and three 60-Ω
a. If the cost of the battery is $2.49 and it resistors connected in parallel?
lasts for 300.0 h, what is the cost per
In a series circuit, the current is
kWh to operate the radio in this
opposed by each resistance in turn. The
manner?
total resistance is the sum of the
= = (0.050 A)(9.0 V)
P IV = 0.45 W resistors. In a parallel circuit, each
resistance provides an additional path
= 4.5 × 10 −4 kW
for current. The result is a decrease in
$2.49
Cost = −4
total resistance.
(4.5 × 10 kW)(300.0 h)
= $18/kWh 47. Compare the amount of current entering a
junction in a parallel circuit with that leaving
b. The same radio, by means of a the junction. (A junction is a point where
converter, is plugged into a household three or more conductors are joined.)
circuit by a homeowner who pays Describe which Kirchhoff rule you used in
$0.12 per kWh. What does it now cost to answering the question.
operate the radio for 300.0 h?
Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

The amount of current entering a

Cost = ($0.12/kWh) junction is equal to the amount of
(4.5 × 10 −4 kW)(300 h) current leaving.
= $0.02
Mastering Problems
Lesson 3 Simple Circuits 48. Ammeter 1 in the circuit diagram reads 0.20
A. (Level 1)
Mastering Concepts
42. Why is it frustrating when one bulb burns
out on a string of holiday tree lights
connected in series?
When one bulb burns out, the circuit is
open and all the bulbs go out.

Inspire Physics 7 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

a. What should ammeter 2 indicate?

0.20 A, because current is constant
in a series circuit.
b. What should ammeter 3 indicate?
0.20 A, because current is constant
in a series circuit.
49. Calculate the equivalent resistance of
these series-connected resistors: 680 Ω, 1.1
kΩ, and 11 kΩ. (Level 1)
a. What is the total resistance of the
R = 680 Ω + 1100 Ω + 11,000 Ω circuit?
= 13 kΩ
R = R1 + R2 = 15 Ω + 22 Ω = 37 Ω
50. Calculate the equivalent resistance of b. What is the potential difference across
these parallel-connected resistors: 680 Ω, the battery?
1.1 kΩ, and 10.2 kΩ. (Level 1) ∆V = IR = (0.20 A)(37 Ω) = 7.4 V
1
=
1
+
1
+
1 c. How much power is delivered to the
R R1 R2 R3 22-Ω resistor?
R=
1 P = I 2R = (0.20 A)2(22 Ω) = 0.88 W
 1 1 1 
 + +  d. How much power is supplied by the
 0.68 kΩ 1.1kΩ 10.2 kΩ  battery?
= 40 kV P = I∆V = (0.20 A)(7.4 V) = 1.5 W

51. A series circuit has two voltage drops: 55. Ammeter 2 in the circuit diagram reads
5.50 V and 6.90 V. What is the supply 0.50 A. (Level 2)
voltage? (Level 1)
∆V = 5.50 V + 6.90 V = 12.4 V

52. A parallel circuit has two branch currents:

3.45 A and 1.00 A. What is the current
through the electric potential source?
(Level 1)
I = 3.45 A + 1.00 A = 4.45 A
Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

53. A flashlight has three batteries, each 1.5 V

and a bulb with a resistance of 15 Ω. But, a. Find the potential difference across the
one of the batteries is put in backwards. 22-Ω resistor.
Use Kirchhoff's loop rule to find the current ∆V = IR = (0.50 A)(22 Ω) = 11 V
through the bulb.
b. Find the potential difference across the
Potential increase = 1.5 V + 1.5 V − 15-Ω resistor.
1.5 V = 1.5 V. Potential decrease
∆V = IR = (0.50 A)(15 Ω) = 7.5 V
across bulb = I(15 Ω). So,
I = 1.5V/15 ohms = 0.10 A. c. Find the potential difference across the
battery.
54. Ammeter 1 in the circuit diagram reads 0.20 ∆V = ∆V1 + ∆V2 = (11 V) + (7.5 V) = 19
A. (Level 2) V

Inspire Physics 8 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

56. A 22-Ω lamp and a 4.5-Ω lamp are a. What should the ammeter read?
connected in series and placed across a R = R1 + R2 = 35 Ω + 15 Ω
potential difference of 45 V as shown in the I = ∆V/R
circuit diagram. (Level 2) = (10.0 V)/(35 Ω + 15 Ω)
= 0.20 A
b. What should voltmeter 1 read?
∆V = IR = (0.20 A)(35 Ω) = 7.0 V
c. What should voltmeter 2 read?
∆V = IR = (0.20 A)(15 Ω) = 3.0 V
a. What is the equivalent resistance of the d. How much energy is supplied by the
circuit? battery per minute?
22 Ω + 4.5 Ω = 26 Ω E = Pt
b. What is the current in the circuit? = ∆VIt
= (10.0 V)(0.20 A)(1 min)(60 s/min)
∆V 45 V
=I = = 1.7 A = 120 J
R 27 Ω
e. What is the equivalent resistance in the
c. Find the potential difference across circuit?
each lamp.
R = R1 + R2 + 35 Ω + 15 Ω = 50 Ω
∆V = IR = (1.7 A)(22 Ω) = 37 V
∆V = IR = (1.7 A)(4.5 Ω) = 7.6 V 60. For the circuit diagram, the voltmeter reads
70.0 V. (Level 2)
d. What is the power used in each lamp?
P = I∆V = (1.7 A)(37 V) = 63 W
P = I∆V = (1.7 A)(7.7 V) = 13 W
57. A series circuit has two voltage drops:
3.50 V and 4.90 V. What is the supply
voltage? (Level 1)
∆V = 3.50 V + 4.90 V = 8.40 V

58. A parallel circuit has two branch currents:

1.45 A and 1.00 A. What is the current in the a. Which resistor is the hottest?
energy source? (Level 1)
50 Ω. Since P = I 2R and I is constant
I = 1.45 A + 1.00 A = 2.45 A
Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

in a series circuit, the largest value of

resistance will produce the most
59. Refer to the circuit diagram to answer the power.
following questions. (Level 2)
b. Which resistor is the coolest?
15 Ω. Since P = I 2R and I is constant
in a series circuit, the smallest value
of resistance will produce the least
power.
c. What will the ammeter read?
Use Ohm’s law:
I = ∆V/R
= (70.0 V)/(35 Ω)
= 2.0 A

Inspire Physics 9 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

d. What is the power supplied by the a. Which resistor is the hottest?

battery? 10.0 Ω. Since P = ∆V 2/R and ∆V is
First, find the total resistance: constant in a parallel circuit, the
R = R1 + R2 + R3 smallest resistor will dissipate the
= 35 Ω + 15 Ω + 50 Ω most power.
= 0.1 kΩ b. Which resistor is the coolest?
P = I 2R
50.0 Ω. Since P = ∆V 2/R and ∆V is
= (2.0 A)2(0.1 kΩ)(1000 Ω/kΩ)
constant in a parallel circuit, the
= 4×102 W largest resistor will dissipate the
61. The load across a battery consists of two least power.
resistors, with values of 15 Ω and 47 Ω, c. What will ammeter 1 read?
connected in series. (Level 2)
1 1 1 1
a. What is the total resistance of the load? = + +
R R1 R2 R3
R = R1 + R2 = 15 Ω + 47 Ω
1
= 62 Ω R=
 1 1 1 
b. What is the potential difference across  + + 
the battery if the current in the circuit is  R1 R2 R3 
97 mA? =
1
 1 1 1 
∆V = IR = (97 mA)(62 Ω) = 6.0 V  + + 
 20.0 Ω 50.0 Ω 10.0 Ω
62. Pete is designing a voltage divider using a
= 5.88 Ω
12-V battery and a 82-Ω resistor as R2.
What resistor should be used as R1 if the ∆V 1.1× 102 V
=I = = 19 A
potential difference across R2 is to be R 5.88 Ω
4.0 V? (Level 2)
d. What will ammeter 2 read?
∆VR2
∆V2 = ∆V 1.1× 102 V
R1 + R2 =I = = 5.5 A
R 20.0 Ω
∆VR
R1 + R2 = 2 e. What will ammeter 3 read?
∆V2
∆VR2 ∆V 1.1× 102 V
=
R1 − R2 =I = = 2.2 A
∆V2 R 50.0 Ω
(12 V)(82 Ω ) f. What will ammeter 4 read?
= − 82 Ω = 1.6×102 Ω
4.0 V ∆V 1.1× 102 V
Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

=I = = 11 A
R 10.0 Ω
63. A series-parallel circuit has three resistors,
65. For the circuit diagram, ammeter 3 reads
using 5.50 W, 6.90 W, and 1.05 W,
0.40 A. (Level 2)
respectively. What is the supply power?
(Level 1)
P = 5.50 W + 6.90 W + 1.05 W = 13.45 W

64. For the circuit diagram, the battery

develops 110 V. (Level 2)

a. Find the potential difference across the

battery.
∆V = IR = (0.40 A)(50.0 Ω) = 2.0×101
V

Inspire Physics 10 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

b. What will ammeter 1 read? b. What is the resistance of a single light?

Find the equivalent resistance: R is the sum of the resistances of 18
1 1 1 1 lamps, so each resistance is
= + +
R R1 R2 R3 2.3 × 102 Ω
= 13 Ω
1 18
R=
 1 1 1  c. What power is used by each light?
 + + 
 R1 R2 R3  64 W
= 3.6 W
1 18
=
 1 1 1 
 + +  68. One of the lights in the previous problem
 20.0 Ω 50.0 Ω 10.0 Ω  burns out. The light shorts out the bulb
1 filament when it burns out. This drops the
=
 1  resistance of the lamp to zero. (Level 2)
  a. What is the resistance of the light string
 0.17 Ω 
now?
= 5.88 Ω
There are now 17 lamps in series
∆V 2.0 × 101 V instead of 18 lamps. The resistance is
=I = = 3.4 A
R 5.88 Ω  17 
  ( 2.3 × 10 Ω ) = 2.2 × 10 Ω
2 2

c. What will ammeter 2 read?  

18
∆V 2.0 × 101 V b. Find the power used by the string.
=I = = 1.0 A
R 20.0 Ω
∆V 2 (120 V )2
d. What will ammeter 4 read?
=
P = = 65 W
R 2.2 × 102 Ω
∆V 2.0 × 101 V
=I = = 2.0 A c. Did the power increase or decrease
R 10.0 Ω when the bulb burned out?
66. What is the direction of the conventional It increased.
current in the 50.0-Ω resistor in the circuit
diagram? (Level 2) 69. A 16.0-Ω and a 20.0-Ω resistor are
connected in parallel. A difference in
potential of 40.0 V is applied to the
combination. (Level 2)
a. Compute the equivalent resistance of
the parallel circuit.
1 1 1
= +
Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

R R1 R2

down R=
1
 1 1 
 + 
67. Holiday Lights A string of 18 identical  R1 R2 
holiday lights is connected in series to a
1
120-V source. The string uses 64 W. (Level =
2)  1 1 
 + 
a. What is the equivalent resistance of the  16.0 Ω 20.0 Ω 
light string? = 8.89 Ω
∆V 2 b. What is the total current in the circuit?
P= P =
Req ∆V 40.0 V
=I = = 4.50 A
R 8.89 Ω
∆V 2 (120 V)2
Req = = = 2.3 × 102 Ω
P 64 W

Inspire Physics 11 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

c. What is the current in the 16.0-Ω c. A 12-Ω hair dryer is plugged into the
resistor? same outlet. Find the equivalent
∆V 40.0 V resistance of the two appliances.
=
I1 = = 2.50 A
R1 16.0 Ω 1
=
1
+
1
R R1 R2
70. A student makes a voltage divider from a
1 1
45-V battery, a 475-kΩ resistor, and a =R =
235-kΩ resistor. The output is measured  1 1   1 1 
 +   + 
across the smaller resistor. What is the  R1 R2   52 Ω 12 Ω 
potential difference? = 9.8 Ω
∆V 45 V
=I = d. Find the potential difference across the
R ( 475 × 103 Ω ) + ( 235 × 103 Ω ) television and the hairdryer
= 6.3 × 10 −5 A ∆VR1 ( 120 V )( 9.8 Ω )
∆V1
= = = 96 V
∆V =IR =( 6.3 × 10 A )( 235 × 10 Ω )
−5 3
R1 + R2 9.8 Ω + 2.5 Ω
= 15 V
Lesson 4 Applications of
71. Amy needs 5.0 V for an integrated-circuit Circuits
experiment. She uses a 6.0-V battery and
two resistors to make a voltage divider. Mastering Concepts
One resistor is 330 Ω. She decides to 73. Explain how a fuse functions to protect an
make the other resistor smaller. What value electric circuit.
should it have? (Level 2) The purpose of a fuse is to prevent
∆VR2 conductors from being overloaded with
∆V2 = current, causing fires due to
R1 + R2
overheating. A fuse is simply a short
∆VR2 length of wire that will melt from the
=
R1 − R2
∆V2 heating effect if the current exceeds a
( 6.0 V )( 33.0 Ω ) certain maximum.
= − 330 Ω
5.0 V
74. What is a short circuit? Why is a short circuit
= 66 Ω
dangerous?
A short circuit is a circuit that has
72. Television A typical television uses 275 W
extremely low resistance. A short circuit
when it is plugged into a 120-V outlet.
is dangerous because any potential
(Level 3)
difference will produce a large current.
Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

a. Find the resistance of the television. The heating effect of the current can
∆V ∆V 2 cause a fire.
P = I∆V and I = , so P = , or
R R
75. Why is an ammeter designed to have a
( 120 V )
2
∆V 2 very low resistance?
=
R = = 52 Ω
P 275 W An ammeter must have low resistance
because it is placed in series in the
b. The television and 2.5-Ω wires
circuit. If its resistance were high, it
connecting the outlet to the fuse form a
would significantly change the total
series circuit that works like a voltage
resistance of the circuit and thus serve
divider. Find the potential difference
to reduce the current in the circuit,
across the television.
thereby changing the current it is meant
∆VR1 ( 120 V )( 52 Ω ) to measure.
∆V1
= =
R1 + R2 52 Ω + 2.5 Ω
= 110 V

Inspire Physics 12 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

76. Why is a voltmeter designed to have a very 81. Refer to the circuit diagram and assume
high resistance? that I2 = 13 mA and I3 = 1.7 mA. Find I1. (Level
A voltmeter is placed in parallel with the 1)
portion of the circuit whose difference I1 = I2 + I3
in potential is to be measured. A = 13 mA + 1.7 mA
voltmeter must have very high = 15 mA
resistance for the same reason that an
ammeter has low resistance. If the 82. A circuit contains six 60-W lamps with a
voltmeter had low resistance, it would resistance of 240-Ω each and a 10.0-Ω
lower the resistance of the portion of heater connected in parallel. The potential
the circuit it is across and increase the difference across the circuit is 120 V. Find
current in the circuit. This would
the current in the circuit for the following
produce a higher voltage drop across
situations. (Level 2)
the part of the circuit where the
voltmeter is located, changing the a. Four lamps are turned on.
voltage it is measuring. 1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
R R1 R2 R3 R4
77. How does the way in which an ammeter is 1 1 1 1
connected in a circuit differ from the way in = + + +
240 Ω 240 Ω 240 Ω 240 Ω
which a voltmeter is connected?
4
An ammeter is connected in series; a =
voltmeter is connected in parallel. 240 Ω
240 Ω
=R = 0.060 kΩ
Mastering Problems 4
Use the circuit diagram to answer questions ∆V 120 V
=I = = 2.0 A
78-81. R 0.060 kΩ

b. All the lamps are turned on.

1 6
=
R 240 Ω
240 Ω
=R = 0.040 kΩ
6
78. Refer to the circuit diagram and assume
∆V 120 V
that all the resistors are 30.0 Ω. Find the =I = = 3.0 A
R 0.040 kΩ
equivalent resistance. (Level 1)
The parallel combination of the two c. Six lamps and the heater are operating.
Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

30.0-Ω resistors has an equivalent 1 1 1

resistance of 15.0 Ω. = +
R 0.040 kΩ 10.0 Ω
So R = 30.0 Ω + 15.0 Ω = 45.0 Ω
5
=
79. Refer to the circuit diagram and assume 4.0 × 101 Ω
that each resistor uses 120 mW. Find the 4.0 × 101 Ω
total power. (Level 1) =
R = 8.0 Ω
5
P = 3(120 mW) = 360 mW ∆V 120 V
=I = = 15 A
R 8.0 kΩ
80. Refer to the circuit diagram and assume
that I1 = 13 mA and I2 = 1.7 mA. Find I3. (Level
1)
I3 = I1 − I2
= 13 mA − 1.7 mA
= 11 mA

Inspire Physics 13 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

83. Ranking Task Consider the resistors in the ∆Q = mHv = (0.10 kg)(2.3×106 J/kg)
circuit in the circuit diagram. = 2.3×102 kJ (energy needed to
vaporize the water)
∆Qtotal = 32 kJ + 2.3×102 kJ
= 2.6×102 kJ (total energy needed)
Energy is provided at the rate of
P = I∆V = (5.0 A)(45 V) = 0.23 kJ/s.
The time required is
2.6 × 102 kJ
=
t = 1.1× 103 s
0.23 kJ/s
Rank them from least to greatest
specifically indicating any ties, using the
following criteria: 86. Home Circuit A home circuit is shown in
the circuit diagram. The wires to the
a. the current through each kitchen lamp each have a resistance of
30.0 Ω = 20.0 Ω =10.0 Ω = 40.0 Ω 0.25 Ω. The lamp has a resistance of 0.24
< 25.0 Ω kΩ. Although the circuit is parallel, the lead
b. the potential difference across each lines are in series with each of the
components of the circuit. (Level 2)
10.0 Ω < 20.0 Ω < 30.0 Ω < 40.0 Ω
< 25.0 Ω
84. During a laboratory exercise, you are
supplied with a battery of potential
difference V, two heating elements of low
resistance that can be placed in water, an
ammeter of very small resistance, a
voltmeter of extremely high resistance,
wires of negligible resistance, a beaker that
is well insulated and has negligible heat a. Compute the equivalent resistance of
capacity, and 0.10 kg of water at 25°C. By the circuit consisting of just the lamp
means of a circuit diagram and standard and the lead lines to and from the lamp.
symbols, show how these components
R = 0.25 Ω + 0.25 Ω + 0.24 kΩ
should be connected to heat the water as
= 0.24 kΩ
rapidly as possible. (Level 2)
b. Find the current to the lamp.
∆V 120 V
=I = = 0.50 A
Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

R 0.24 kΩ

c. Find the power used in the lamp.

P = I∆V = (0.50 A)(120 V) = 6.0×101 W
85. If the voltmeter used in the previous
problem holds steady at 45 V and the Applying Concepts
ammeter reading holds steady at 5.0 A,
estimate the time in seconds required to 87. Batteries When a battery is connected to
completely vaporize the water in the a complete circuit, charges flow in the
beaker. Use 42 kJ/(kg·°C) as the specific circuit almost instantaneously. Explain.
heat of water and 2.3×106 J/kg as the heat A potential difference is felt over the
of vaporization of water. (Level 2) entire circuit as soon as the battery is
connected to the circuit. The potential
∆Q = mC∆T
difference causes the charges to begin
= (0.10 kg)(4.2 kJ/kg•°C)(75°C) to flow. Note: The charges flow slowly
= 32 kJ (energy needed to raise compared to the change in potential
temperature of water to 100°C) difference.

Inspire Physics 14 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

88. Explain why a cow experiences a mild No. V = IR, so R = V/I. At 1.5 V,
shock when it touches an electric fence. 1.5 V
R= = 3.3 × 10 4 Ω
By touching the fence and the ground, 45 × 10 −6
the cow encounters a difference in 3.0 V
potential and conducts current, thus At 3.0 V,=R = 120 Ω
25 × 10 −3 A
receiving a shock. A device that obeys Ohm’s law has a
resistance that is independent of the
89. Power Lines Why can birds perch on high- applied voltage.
voltage lines without being injured?
No potential difference exists along the 95. Two wires can be placed across the
wires, so there is no current through the terminals of a 6.0-V battery. One has a high
birds’ bodies. resistance, and the other has a low
resistance. Which wire will transform
90. Describe two ways to increase the current energy at a faster rate? Why?
in a circuit. the wire with the smaller resistance
Either increase the voltage or decrease V2
the resistance. P=
R
Smaller R results in a larger power (P),
91.
Lightbulbs Two lightbulbs work on a 120-
which means energy is transformed at a
V circuit. One is 50 W and the other is 100
faster rate.
W. Which bulb has a higher resistance?
Explain.
96. What happens to the current in the other
50-W bulb two lamps if one lamp in a three-lamp
V2 V2 series circuit burns out?
=P = , so R
R P If one of the lamp filaments burns out,
Therefore, the lower P is caused by a the current will cease and all the lamps
higher R. will go out.

92. If the voltage across a circuit is kept 97. Circuit A contains three 60-Ω resistors in
constant and the resistance is doubled, series. Circuit B contains three 60-Ω
what effect does this have on the circuit's resistors in parallel. How does the current
current? in the second 60-Ω resistor of each circuit
If the resistance is doubled, the current change if a switch cuts off the current to
is halved. the first 60-Ω resistor?
Circuit A: There will be no current in the
93. What is the effect on the current in a circuit
resistor.
Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

if both the voltage and the resistance are

Circuit B: The current in the resistor will
doubled? Explain.
remain the same
V
No effect. V = IR, so I = , and if the
R 98. What happens to the current in the other
voltage and the resistance both are two lamps if one lamp in a three-lamp
doubled, the current will not change. parallel circuit burns out?
If one of the filaments burns out, the
94. Ohm’s Law Sue finds a device that looks resistance and the potential difference
like a resistor. When she connects it to a across the other lamps will not change;
1.5-V battery, she measures only 45×10−6 A, therefore, their currents will remain the
but when she uses a 3.0-V battery, she same.
measures 25×10−3 A. Does the device obey
Ohm’s law?

Inspire Physics 15 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

99. An engineer needs a 10-Ω resistor and a b. The total resistance is equal to the sum
15-Ω resistor, but there are only 30-Ω of the individual resistances.
resistors in stock. Must new resistors be series
purchased? Explain.
c. The potential difference across each
No, the 30-Ω resistors can be used in resistor in the circuit is the same.
parallel. Three 30-Ω resistors in parallel parallel
will give a 10-Ω resistance. Two 30-Ω
resistors in parallel will give a 15-Ω d. The potential difference across the
resistance. battery is proportional to the sum of the
resistances of the resistors.
100. If you have a 6-V battery and many 1.5-V series
bulbs, how could you connect them so that
e. Adding a resistor to the circuit
they light but do not have more than 1.5 V
decreases the total resistance.
across each bulb?
parallel
Connect four of the bulbs in series. The
voltage drop across each will be (6.0 f. Adding a resistor to the circuit increases
V)/4 = 1.5 V. the total resistance.
series
101. Two lamps have different resistances, one
larger than the other. Mixed Review
a. If the lamps are connected in parallel, 104. If a person has $5, how long could he or
which is brighter (uses more power)? she play a 200 W stereo if electricity costs
The lamp with the lower resistance: $0.15 per kWh? (Level 1)
P = I∆V and I = ∆V/R, so P = ∆V 2/R. Cost
Because the voltage drop is the = =
E Pt
Rate
same across both lamps, the smaller
R means larger P, and thus will be Cost
t=
brighter. (Rate)(P )
$5
b. When the lamps are connected in =
series, which lamp is brighter?  1 kW 
($0.15/kWh)(200 W)  
The lamp with the higher resistance;  1000 W 
P = I∆V and ∆V = IR, so P = I 2R. = 200 h
Because the current is the same in
both lamps, the larger R means 105. A current of 1.2 A is measured through a
larger P, and thus will be brighter. 50.0-Ω resistor for 5.0 min. How much
Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

energy is transformed by the resistor?

102. Household Fuses Why is it dangerous to (Level 1)
replace the 15-A fuse used to protect a
household circuit with a fuse that is rated at Q= E= I 2 Rt
30 A?  60 s 
= (1.2 A)2 (50.0 Ω )(5.0 min)  
The 30-A fuse allows more current to  min 
flow through the circuit, generating = 2.2 × 10 4 J
more heat in the wires, which can be
dangerous. 106. A 6.0-Ω resistor is connected to a 15-V
battery. (Level 1)
103. For each of the following, write the form of
a. What is the current in the circuit?
circuit that applies: series or parallel.
V = IR
a. The current is the same everywhere
throughout the entire circuit. =
I
V
=
15 V
= 2.5 A
series R 6.0 Ω

Inspire Physics 16 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

b. How much energy is transformed in 10.0 b. How efficient is the motor?

min? E W = mgd
Q= E= I 2 Rt
 1kg 
 60 s  = (1.0 × 10 4 L)  2
 (9.80 m/s )(8.0 m)
= (2.5 A) (6.0 Ω )(10.0 min) 
2
  1L 
 min 
= 8 × 105 J
= 2.3 × 10 4 J
E= = (5.0 A)(110 V)(3600 s)
IVt
107. Lightbulbs An incandescent lightbulb with
m

a resistance of 10.0 Ω when it is not lit and = 2.0 × 106 J

a resistance of 40.0 Ω when it is lit has 120 =
Efficiency
Ew
× 100
V placed across it. (Level 2) Em
a. What is the current draw when the bulb 8 × 105 J
is lit? = × 100
2.0 × 106 J
V 120 V = 40%
=
I = = 3.0 A
R 40.0 Ω
110. Appliances An electric heater is rated at
b. What is the current draw at the instant 500 W. (Level 3)
the bulb is turned on? a. How much energy is delivered to the
V 120 V heater in half an hour?
=
I = = 12 A
R 10.0 Ω E = Pt = (5 × 102 W)(1800 s)
c. When does the lightbulb use the most = 9×105 J
power? b. The heater is being used to warm a
the instant it is turned on room containing 50 kg of air. If the
specific heat of air is 1.10 kJ/kg g°C and
108. A 12-V electric motor’s speed is controlled
50 percent of the thermal energy warms
by a potentiometer. At the motor’s slowest
the air in the room, what is the change
setting, it uses 0.02 A. At its highest setting,
in air temperature in half an hour?
the motor uses 1.2 A. What is the range of
the potentiometer? (Level 2) =
Q mC ∆T
The slowest speed’s resistance is ∆T =
Q
R = V/I = 12 V/0.02 A = 600 Ω. The mC
fastest speed’s resistance is (0.5)(9 × 105 J)
R = V/I = 12 V/1.2 A = 1.0 × 101 Ω. The =
(50.0 kg)(1100 J/kg gC°)
range is 1.0 × 101 Ω to 600 Ω.
= 8°C
Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

109. An electric motor operates a pump that c. At $0.08 per kWh, how much does it
irrigates a farmer’s crop by pumping 1.0×104 cost to run the heater 6.0 h per day for
L of water a vertical distance of 8.0 m into a 30 days?
field each hour. The motor has an
 500 J   6.0 h   3600 s 
operating resistance of 22.0 Ω and is Cost =    
connected across a 110-V source. (Level 3)  s   day   h 
a. What current does the motor draw?  1 kWh   $0.08 
(30 days)   
 3.6 × 10 J   kWh 
6
V = IR
= $7
V 110 V
=
I = = 5.0 A
R 22.0 Ω 111. A voltage divider consists of two 47-kΩ
resistors connected across a 12-V battery.
Determine the measured output for the
following. (Level 2)

Inspire Physics 17 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

a. an ideal voltmeter Current is constant in a series circuit, so

∆VR2 the largest resistor will develop the
∆V2 = most power.
R1 + R2
P = I 2R
( 12 V )( 47 kΩ )
= P 5.0 W
47 kΩ + 47 kΩ =I = = 0.151 A
R 220 Ω
= 6.0 V
The total resistance is now needed.
b. a voltmeter with a resistance of 85 kΩ RTotal = 92 Ω + 150 Ω + 220 Ω
The voltmeter resistance acts in = 462 Ω
parallel: Use Ohm’s law to find the voltage.
1 1 1 ∆V = IR
= + = (0.151 A)(462 Ω)
R R1 R2
= 7.0×101 Ω
1 1
= +
47 kΩ 85 kΩ 113. Determine the maximum safe total power
1 1 for the circuit in the previous problem.
=
R 3.3 × 10 −2 kΩ (Level 3)
R = 3.0×101 kΩ
( 7.0 × 10 V=
)
1 2
∆V 2
∆VR2 =P = 11 W
∆V2 = R 462 Ω
R1 + R2
( 12 V ) ( 3.0 × 101 kΩ ) 114. Determine the maximum safe voltage that
=
47 kΩ + 3.0 × 101 kΩ can be applied across three parallel
= 4.7 V resistors of 92 Ω, 150 Ω, and 220 Ω, as
shown in the circuit diagram, if all three are
c. a voltmeter with a resistance of 10×106 rated at 5.0 W. (Level 3)
Ω
The voltmeter resistance acts in
parallel:
1 1 1
= +
R R1 R2
1 1
= +
47 × 103 Ω 10 × 106 Ω
The 92-Ω resistor will develop the most
1
= power because it will conduct the most
2.1× 10 −5 Ω current.
Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

R = 47 kΩ ∆V 2
∆VR2 P=
∆V2 = R
R1 + R2
∆=
V =
PR ( 5.0 W )( 92 Ω=
) 21 V
(12 V)(47 kΩ )
=
47 kΩ + 47 kΩ
Thinking Critically
= 6.0 V
The meter approaches the ideal 115. Apply Concepts An artist’s drawing of an
voltmeter. electric circuit is shown. Draw a schematic
of the electric circuit using the correct
112. Determine the maximum safe voltage that symbols. Indicate the direction of the
can be applied across the three series conventional current in your drawing.
resistors in the circuit diagram if all three
are rated at 5.0 W. (Level 3)

Inspire Physics 18 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

No. Graphically, total change times final

potential difference is exactly twice the
area under the curve. Physically, it
means that each coulomb would require
the same maximum amount of energy
to place it on the capacitor. Actually,
the amount of energy needed to add
each charge increases as charge
accumulates on the capacitor.

117. Ranking Task Rank the following resistors

according to the current through each,
from greatest to least. Specifically indicate
any ties.
A: 10-MΩ resistor with a potential
116. Formulate Models The energy needed to difference across it of 1.5 V
increase the potential difference of a
B: 10-MΩ resistor with a potential
charge (q) is represented by E = q ∆V . But difference across it of 3.0 V
in a capacitor, ∆V = q/C. Thus, as charge is
added, the potential difference increases. C: 15-MΩ resistor with a potential
As more charge is added, however, it takes difference across it of 1.5 V
more energy to add the additional charge. D: 15-MΩ resistor with a potential
Consider a 1.0-F “supercap” used as an difference across it of 0.75 V
energy storage device in a personal E: 20-kΩ resistor with a potential
computer. Plot a graph of ∆V as the difference across it of 9.0 V
capacitor is charged by adding 5.0 C to it.
B>C>A>D>E
What is the voltage across the capacitor?
The area under the curve is the energy
118. Reverse Problem Write a physics problem
stored in the capacitor. Find the energy in
with real-life objects for which the following
joules. Is it equal to the total charge times
equation would be part of the solution:
the final potential difference? Explain.
60 W
I=
110 V
Answers will vary, but a correct form of
the answer is, “A 60-W lightbulb is
connected to a 110-V outlet. When the
bulb is turned on, how much current
Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

flows through it?”

119. Problem Posing Complete this problem

so that it must be solved using Ohm’s law:
“An Ohmic resistor is connected to a 9-V
battery…”
Answers will vary. A possible form of
Voltage V=
q 5.0 C
= = 5.0 V the correct answer would be, “… and
C 1.0 F the current through it is 250 mA. What
Energy E = area under curve is its resistance?”
1
= (5.0 V)(5.0 C)
2
= 13 J

Inspire Physics 19 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

120. Apply Concepts The sizes of 10-Ω

resistors range from a pinhead to a soup
can. Why should they be different?
The physical size of a resistor is
determined by its power rating.
Resistors rated at 100 W are much
larger than those rated at 1 W.

121. Make and Use Graphs The diode graph is

more useful than a similar graph for a
resistor that obeys Ohm’s law. Explain.

123. Apply Concepts Design a circuit that will

light one dozen 12-V bulbs, all to the
correct (same) intensity, from a 48-V
battery.
The volt–ampere graph for a resistor a. Design A requires that should one bulb
obeying Ohm’s law is a straight line and burn out, all other bulbs continue to
is seldom necessary. produce light.

122. Make and Use Graphs Based on what

you have learned in this chapter, identify
and prepare two parabolic graphs.
voltage–power and current–power

b. Design B requires that should one bulb

Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

burn out, those bulbs that continue

working must produce the correct
intensity.

Inspire Physics 20 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

c. Design C requires that should one bulb equivalent resistance is 22.4 Ω. The
burn out, one other bulb also will go out. current is
∆V
I=
R
2 ( 1.50 ) V
=
( 2 ( 0.200 Ω ) + 22.0 Ω )
= 0.137 A
b. How much power does the bulb use?
The power dissipated is
P = I 2R
= (0.134 A)2(22.0 Ω)
= 0.395 W
c. How much greater would the power be
d. Design D requires that should one bulb if the batteries had no internal
burn out, either two others will go out or resistance?
no others will go out. ∆V 2 ( 3.0 V )
2

= ∆V
P I= = = 0.409 W
R 22.0 Ω
∆P = 0.409 W − 0.395 W = 0.014 W
Power would be 3.5 percent greater.
125. Apply Concepts An ohmmeter is made by
connecting a 6.0-V battery in series with an
adjustable resistor and an ideal ammeter.
The ammeter deflects full-scale with a
current of 1.0 mA. The two leads are
124. Apply Concepts A battery consists of an touched together and the resistance is
ideal source of potential difference in adjusted so that 1.0 mA flows.
series with a small resistance. The electric
a. What is the resistance of the adjustable
energy of the battery is produced by
resistor?
chemical reactions that occur in the battery.
However, these reactions also result in a ∆V = IR
small resistance that, unfortunately, cannot ∆V 6.0 V
=
R = = 6.0 kΩ
be completely eliminated. A flashlight I 1.0 × 10 −3 A
contains two batteries in series, as shown
in the circuit diagram. Each has a potential b. The leads are now connected to an
Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

difference of 1.50 V and an internal unknown resistance. What resistance

would produce a current of half-scale
resistance of 0.200 Ω. The bulb has a
(0.50 mA)? Quarter-scale (0.25 mA)?
resistance of 22.0 Ω
Three-quarters-scale (0.75 mA)?
∆V 6.0 V
=
R = = 12 kΩ
I 0.50 × 10 −3 A
and RT = R1 + Re, so
Re = RT − R1
= 12 kΩ − 6.0 kΩ
= 6.0 kΩ
∆V 6.0 V
=
R = = 24 kΩ and
I 0.25 × 10 −3 A
a. What is the current through the bulb? Re = RT − R1
The circuit has two 1.50-V batteries = 24 kΩ − 6.0 kΩ
in series with three resistors: 0.200 = 18 kΩ
Ω, 0.200 Ω, and 22.0 Ω. The

Inspire Physics 21 Physics Problems

 Module 19 continued

∆V 6.0 V 129. Recall that you learned that matter expands

=
R = = 8.0 kΩ and when it is heated. Research the
I 0.75 × 10 −3 A
Re = RT − R1 relationship between thermal expansion
and high-voltage transmission lines.
= 8.0 kΩ − 6.0 kΩ
= 2.0 kΩ Answers will vary, but students should
determine that transmission lines can
126. Reverse Problem Write a physics problem become hot enough to expand and sag
with real-life objects for which the following when they have high currents. Sagging
equations would be part of the solution: lines can be dangerous if they touch
6.0 V = I1(500 Ω) objects beneath them, such as trees or
other power lines.
6.0 V = I2(100 Ω + 200 Ω)
Answers will vary, but a correct form of 130. Research Gustav Kirchhoff and his laws.
the answer is, “A 6.0-V battery is Write a one-page summary of how they
connected to two parallel branches. apply to the three types of circuits
One branch contains a 500-Ω resistor, presented in this chapter.
while the other has a 100-Ω resistor in Key ideas are:
series with a 200-Ω resistor. Find the (1) Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) is
current in each branch of the circuit.” conservation of energy applied to
electric circuits.
127. Problem Posing Complete this problem (2) Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) is
so that it can be solved using Ohm’s law: conservation of charge applied to
“You are constructing a circuit and have a electric circuits.
4-kW resistor....” (3) KVL states that the algebraic sum of
Answers will vary. A possible form of voltage drops around a closed loop
the correct answer would be, “If you is zero. In a series circuit there is
connected it to a 12-V battery, what one closed loop, and the sum of
current would the battery produce?” voltage drops in the resistances
equals the source voltage. In a
Writing in Physics parallel circuit, there is a closed loop
for each branch, and KVL implies
128. There are three kinds of equations that the voltage drop in each branch
encountered in science: (1) definitions, is the same.
(2) laws, and (3) derivations. Examples of (4) KCL states that the algebraic sum of
these are: (1) an ampere is equal to one currents at a node is zero. In a series
coulomb per second, (2) force is equal to circuit, at every point the current in
mass times acceleration, (3) power is equal equals current out; therefore, the
Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education

to voltage squared divided by resistance. current is the same everywhere. In a

Write a one-page explanation of where parallel circuit, there is a common
“resistance is equal to voltage divided by node at each end of the branches.
current” fits. Before you begin to write, first KCL implies that the sum of the
research the three categories given above. branch currents equals the source
The student’s answer should include current.
the idea (1) that, for devices obeying
Ohm’s law, the voltage drop is
proportional to current through the
device and (2) that the formula R = V/I,
the definition of resistance, is a
derivation from Ohm’s law.

Inspire Physics 22 Physics Problems