MODULE 1 ● dB (Decibel) - 1/10 unit of Bell (B); represents gain in voltage, current, or power.

Lesson 1: Electric Current and Electrical Unit of Measurements ● Θ (Phase Angle) - difference in degrees between the voltage waveform and the
Electric Current - rate of charge flow past a given point in an electric circuit. current waveform having the same periodic time.
Current flow in a circuit is normally designated by the letter ‘I’, and this letter is ● ω (Angular Frequency) - represents the Phasor relationship between two or more
used in equations like Ohms law where V=I*R waveforms.
Electrons (-) - minute particles that exist as a part of the molecular structure of ● T (Time Constant) - time it takes for the output to reach 63.7% of its maximum or
materials. minimum output value when subjected to a Step Response input.
Electromotive Force (EMF) - force that acts on electrons; its quantity is voltage and Lesson 2: Resistance, Ohm’s Law, and Power
measured in volts. Resistance - hindrance to the flow of electrons in material.
Conductor - material that allows electric current. Resistors - elements that resist the flow of current; insulators.
- Types of Conductors: silver, copper, gold, aluminum, iron, steel, brass, Resistance Notation - Ohms basic unit (Ω)
bronze, mercury, graphite, dirty water, concrete.
Insulator - material that does not allow electric current. Resistance Analogy – In a simple circuit comprising of a battery or voltage source and a
- Types of Insulator: glass, rubber, oil, asphalt, fiberglass, porcelain, resistor, then assuming the connecting wires have no resistance, then the higher the resistance,
ceramic, quartz, (dry) cotton, (dry) paper, (dry) wood, plastic, air, the less the current that will flow.
diamond, pure water. Resistivity - depends upon the material’s electronic structure and its temperature;
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) - vacuum tube that contains one or more electron guns and resistivity increases with increasing temperature.
a phosphorescent screen and is used to display images. Ohm’s Law - Fundamental relationship between resistance, voltage, and current.
Effects of Current: Ohm’s Law and Power - discovered by Georg Ohm; He found that at constant temperature,
● Heat is dissipated. the electrical current flowing through a fixed linear resistance is directly proportional to the
● Magnetic Effect voltage applied across it, and inversely proportional to the resistance.
Electrical Units of Measurements:
● 1 kV = 1 kilo-volt – which
is equal to 1,000 volts.
● 1 mA - 1 milli-amp – which Electrical Power (P) - rate at which
is equal to one thousandth (1/1000) of energy is absorbed within a circuit.
an Ampere. Electrical Power Rating - watts that
● 47kΩ = 47 kilo-ohms – indicates the maximum rate at which
which is equal to 47 thousand ohms. component converts the electrical power
● 100uF = 100 micro-farads – into other forms of energy.
which is equal to 100 millionths Electrical Energy - capacity to do work.
(100/1,000,000) of a Farad. (Joule - J); product or power x length of
time consumed.
● 1kW = 1 kilo-watt – which
Kilowatt-hours (kWhr) - standard units
is equal to 1,000 watts.
of energy.
● 1MHz = 1 mega-hertz –
which is equal to 1 million hertz.
● Wh (Watt-Hour) - amount
of electrical energy consumed by a
circuit over a period of time.
Lesson 3: Capacitance, Indurance, and Decibel
➢ Capacitance - ability to store charge; consists of two parallel plates.
➢ Capacitors - used for storing electrical energy; will always discharge through a
resistance. (Farad - F)
➢ ε0 (Epsilon) - value of permittivity air.
➢ εr - Permittivity of the dielectric medium.
Units of Capacitance
How to Find the Capacitance
Capacitor with
a Solid as its
dielectric:
Sub-units of the Farad
➢ Inductance (H) - coined by Oliver
Heaviside in 1886; ability of an inductor to store
energy and it does this in the magnetic field that is
created by the flow of electrical current.
➢ Self-Inductance - property of a circuit
where a change in current causes a change in voltage
in that circuit due to the magnetic effect caused by
the current flow.
➢ One henry (H) is equal to 1 Wb/A.
➢ Direct Current - induces a voltage back into the coil itself, as would be expected
according to Lenz’s Law.
➢ Alternating Current - changing all the time; the inductor impedes the flow of the
alternating current through it as a result of the inductance.
➢ Decibel (dB) - convenient way of comparing two physical quantities; utilizes a
logarithmic scale based to compare two quantities.
Lesson 4: Voltage and Electronic Components
● Voltage - pressure that forces the charged electrons to flow in an electrical circuit;
the higher the voltage potential difference, the greater the attraction of electrons and
greater the flow.
● Alessandro Volta - volt was named after him; an Italian physicist who lived between
1745 and 1827; invented the first battery and advanced the understanding of
electricity.
● Potential Difference - measure of the electrical pressure available to force the current
around a circuit.
● Volt - formally defined to be the difference of electric potential between two points
of a conductor carrying a constant current of one ampere, when the power dissipated
between these points is equal to one watt.
MODULE 2
Lesson 5: Circuit Elements and Types of Circuit
➢ Active Elements - can generate energy; can deliver a non-zero average power
indefinitely.
➢ Independent Sources - ideal circuit elements that possess a voltage or current value
that is independent of the behavior of the circuits to which they belong.
a. Independent Voltage Source - characterized by a terminal voltage that is
completely independent of the current through it.
b. Independent Current Source - establishes a current which is independent
of the voltage across it; when connected to anything, will always push
current out of terminal 1 and pull is into terminal 2.
c. Dependent Voltage Source
d. Dependent Current Source
➢ Passive Circuit Elements - cannot deliver a non-zero average power indefinitely.
a. Resistor - opposes the flow of current through it.
b. Inductor - stores energy in form of an electromagnetic field.
c. Capacitor - stores energy in the form of electrostatic field.
Types of Circuits
1. Series Circuits - several passive elements are connected in series with an energy
source; the elements are connected in a line, if there is fault among them, complete
circuit acts as an open circuit.
2. Parallel Circuit - one terminal of all the elements is connected to the one terminal of
the source and the other terminal of all elements is connected to the oyster terminal
of the source; the voltage remains the same while the current changes.
3. AC Circuits - has variable current and voltage at regular intervals of time; used for
high power applications. (i=v/R; where R is constant)
● AC Circuit using pure inductance - a coil of thin wire wrapped on a
cylindrical core (Inductor); as alternating current flows through the
inductor, the magnetic field also changes.
● AC Circuit with a capacitor - the capacitor plates charge up to the voltage.
 ❖ Short Circuit - a low resistance connection between two conductors in a circuit.
❖ Open Circuit - caused due to an interruption in the electrical circuit.
❖ Circuit Protection - deliberate installation of a weak link within circuit; for
prevention of damage due to short circuit; can be a fuse, circuit breaker, thyristor or
switch.
Lesson 6: Resistor Circuits
★ Resistors - are in series whenever the current must flow through devices sequentially.
- V=V1+V2+V3
- qV1+qV2+qV3
- V = IR1+IR2+IR3 = I(R1+R2+R3)
- V=IRs
- Rs=R1+R2+R3
- Rs=R1+R2+R3+...,

Ex. Calculating resistance, current, voltage drop, and power dissipation: Analysis of a circuit

Suppose the voltage output of the battery is 12.0V and the resistances are R1=1.00Ω,
R2=6.00Ω, and R3=13.0Ω.

a. What is the total resistance?

b. Find the current.
c. Calculate the voltage drop in each resistor and show that these add to equal the
voltage output of the source.
d. Calculate the power dissipated by each resistor.
e. Find the power output of the source and show that it equals the total power
dissipated by the resistors.
The total resistance is simply the sum of the individual resistances, as given by the
equation
Rs = R1+R2+R3
Rs = 1.00 Ω+6.00 Ω+13.0 Ω
Rs = 20.0 Ω