(044) PHYSICS

A PROJECT REPORT ON
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

CBSE 2023 Examination

[As a part of the Chemistry Course (043)]

SUBMITTED BY

ANTONIO ROGER.P

GRADE XII

Under the guidance of

[Link] Joseph.S.D
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project entitled Electromagnetic Induction is

a bonafide work done by [Link] Roger of class XII Session 2022-
23 in partial fulfilment of CBSE's Examination 2023 and has been
carried out under my direct supervision and guidance. This report or a
similar report on the topic has not been submitted for any other
examination and does not from a part of any other course undergone
by the candidate.

Signature of External Examiner. Signature of Internal Examiner

Signature of Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, would like to thank almighty and my parents for

giving me all the knowledge to do this project. I also thank my
Physics teacher [Link] Joseph.S.D for guidance and
support. I would also like to thank my principal
[Link].T.R. And finally, I would like to thank CBSE
for giving me this opportunity to overtake this project.
1. INTRODUCTION

2. DISCOVERY OF EMF

3. WORKING & CONSTRUCTION

4. APPLICATIONS

5. ELECTRICAL GENERATOR

6. ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER

7. MAGNETIC FLOW METER

8. EMF INDUCED DUE TO CHANGE IN MAGNETIC FLUX IN A SOLENOID

(a) AIM

(b) MATERIALS REQUIRED

(c) PROCEDURE

(d) OBSERVATION

(e) RESULT

9. BIBILIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
The main aim of the project is to study the phenomenon of electromagnetic
induction and its applications & to experimentally study the EMF induced
due to change in magnetic flux in a solenoid

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
The Phenomenon where an EMF Is Induced When the Magnetic Flux
associated with a Conductor Changes

PRINCIPLE
Electromagnetic induction is a process where a magnetic flux associated
with a conductor changes relatively that causes the production of a potential
difference across the conductor. This process of electromagnetic induction
in turn, causes an electrical current when closed - it is said to induce the
current

DISCOVERY OF EMF
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in
1831 though it may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco
Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a similar
discovery

EXPERIMENT
Consider two coils as shown in Figure 1 Coil A is connected to a
galvanometer and coil B is connected to a battery and has direct current
flowing through it. Coil A is within the magnetic field produced by B and
an E.M.F. can be produced in A by
1. Moving the coils relative to each other
2. By changing the current in b using rheostat switching the current
on or off
3. Using an A.C. supply for B.
4. an E.M.F. could also be produced in coil a by replacing coil b
with a magnet and moving them relative to each other
WORKING AND CONSTRUCTION
Current is produced in a conductor, when it is moved through a magnetic
field because the magnetic lines of force are applying a force on the free
electrons in the conductor and causing them to move to induce EMF. This
process of generating current in a conductor by placing the conductor in a
changing magnetic field is called induction. This is called induction because
there is no physical connection between the conductor and the magnet. The
current is said to be induced in the conductor by the magnetic field. One
requirement for this electromagnetic induction to take place is that the
conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must be perpendicular to the
magnetic lines of force in order to produce the maximum force on the free
electrons. The direction that the induced current flows is determined by the
direction of the lines of force and by the direction the wire is moving in the
field.
CONCLUSION
If magnetic flux associated with a coil is altered then an E.M.F. will be
generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and explained by
Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered that an
E.M.F. could be generated either by,
(a) Relative Motion between the coils & the source of flux
(b) Changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in some way
Ultimately the EMF induced depends on the rate of change in flux associated
with the coil

The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many

devices and systems, including:

1. Electrical generators
2. Induction motors
3. Induction sealing
4. Inductive charging
5. Transformers
6. Wireless energy transfer …
Working of Some Applications of EMF
ELECTRICAL GENERATOR:
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative
movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon
underlying electrical generators. When a permanent magnet is moved
relative to a conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force is
created. If the wire is connected through an electrical load, current
will flow, and thus electrical energy is generated, converting the
mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy

ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for electrical
transformers. When the electric current in a loop of wire changes,
the changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A second
wire in reach of this magnetic field will experience this change in
magnetic field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux, d ΦB / d t.
Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the second loop called
the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop
are connected through an electrical load, current will flow.
 Eb E

MAGNETIC FLOW METER:

Faraday's law is used for measuring the flow of
electrically conductive liquids and slurries. Such
instruments are called magnetic flow meters. The induced
voltage ℇ generated in the magnetic field B due to a
conductive liquid moving at velocity v is thus given by:

Where ℓ is the distance between electrodes in the magnetic flow

meter.
 EMF Induced Due To Change in Magnetic Flux in a
Solenoid

AIM
To study the EMF induced in a solenoid due to change in magnetic flux

MATERIALS REQUIRED
A solenoid, moving coil galvanometer, connecting wires & a magnet

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the solenoid with less number of turns to the moving coil
galvanometer using connecting wires
2. Now take the north pole of the magnet and move slowly into the
solenoid and note the deflection in the galvanometer
3. Now move the magnet to and fro rapidly and observe the
deflection in the galvanometer
4. Do same using the South pole of the magnet and not there
direction of induced current in the galvanometer
5. Take a solenoid with more turns and connect it to the
galvanometer using connecting wires
6. Then move magnet to and fro rapidly with both north and south
poles facing the solenoid and observe the galvanometer reading
Magnet moved slowly to & fro – low Voltage Magnet moved fast to & fro – high Voltage
induced is induced

Magnet moved at the same rate in solenoid with more coils – high Voltage is induced

OBSERVATION
We can observe that when the magnet is moved causing some change in
magnetic flux currents induced as a result of induced EMF When the
Speed of motion of the magnet is increased the galvanometer shows
greater deflection when the same experiment is done with a solenoid with
greater number of turns the induced current is more from which we can
say that the potential difference or the EMF
Induced is greater
FIELD LINES DUE TO A SOLENOID

RESULT
The induced EMF depends on the rate of change of magnetic flux and
number of turns in the solenoid (N)
 Keep yourself safe from high voltage.
 Use & handle lab instruments with care.
 Do not scratch insulated copper wire while
making loop.
 Do not use digital voltmeter for above
demonstration.
Wikipedia

NCERT text book

[Link]’s New Simplified Physics

Comprehensive Physics Lab Manual

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]