ENGINEERING UTILITIES Lecture 1  Electric Energy

- Electric energy is a form of energy used to run

 Electric charge
or operate various electrical devices.
- Is carried by the electrons and proton within an
- Standard unit of electrical energy is joule or
atom.
kilojoule
- Electrons carry negative charge, while protons
- The other common units are kilowatt-hour and
carry positive charge
megawatt-hour
- SI unit is coulomb.
 Electric Power
- One electron of proton has a charge of 1.6
- Is the rate of consuming the electric energy.
x10^-19 coulomb
- Standard unit of electrical power is watt
Note: Copper is used as a universal reference (bigger units are kilowatt and megawatt)
conductor. 1 cubic centimeters of copper has 8.5 x
10^22 free electrons
 Electric Resistance
- Property of a material to oppose or resist the
electron flow.
- The SI unit is ohm

 Free Electrons
- Are electrons which are not attached to a
specific atom and its free to move. It is Resistance Resistivity Length Area
sometime called as conduction electrons ohm Ohm-m m m^2
ohm Ohm-Cm/ft ft CM

 Specific Resistance or resistivity

- Of a material is the resistance offered by 1m
length of the material having a cross sectional
area of 1 m^2
 Circular Mil (CM)
- Is an old unit in specifying the cross section
area of a wire. IT is equal to the area of a circle
having a dimeter of 1 mil
 Electric Current
- Rate of electron movement or electron flow in
a given material.
- The SI units of current is coulomb per second
or commonly called ampere
-

 Electromotive Force (emf or voltage)

- The energy provided by a cell or battery or a Relation between a Circular Mil and a Square Mil
generator per coulomb of charge passing
through it.
- The SI unit of emf is joule per coulomb or
commonly called volt

 Electric Circuit
- Is a continuous and closed path of an electric
current an electric consist of electric devices, a
Electric Energy and Power source of electricity and wires that are
connected with the help of a switch
  Wire stripper
 Ohm’s Law
- It states that the current drawn by an electric
load is directly proportional to the voltage
across the load an inversely proportional to the
electrical resistance of the load

 Electric Power Efficiency

- Is defined as the ratio of the output power
divided by the input power  Needle-nose pliers

BASIC ELECTRICAL DEVICES/EQUIPMENT

 Spudger - for lifting wires and aligning leads

 Screwdriver

 Surgical Scissors

 Nut drivers

 Tweezers

 Soldering Iron
 Manual desoldering tool
 Digital Voltmeter

 Low voltage pencil soldering iron

 Temperature controlled soldering station

 Desoldering bulb and soldering iron with hollow

 Component Lead former Tool

 Analog Voltmeter  Electric energy

 - Electric energy is a form of energy used to run
or operate various electrical devices. Standard
unit of electrical energy is joule or kilojoule
- The other common units are kilowatt-hour and
megawatt-hour
BUILDING SYSTEM VOLTAGE
The structure of electric power systems in the
Philippines
BUILDING SYSTEM VOLTAGE
ANSI C84. 1-2011 Electric Power Systems and
Equipment – Voltage Rating (60 Hertz)
System Voltage Classes
3.1 Low Voltage (LV): A class of nominal system
voltages 1000 volts or less
3.2 Medium Voltage (MV): A class of nominal
system voltages greater than 1000 volts and less than
100 kV
3.3 High Voltage (HV): A class of nominal system
voltages equal to or greater than 100 kV and equal to
or less than 230 kV
3.4 Extra-High Voltage (EHV): A class of nominal
system voltages greater than 230 kV but less than 1000
kV
3.5 Ultra-High Voltage (UHV): A class of nominal
system voltages equal to or greater than 1000 kV
In section 1.19.3.5(c) of the Philippine Electrical Code
(PEC), it is mentioned that:
Where the voltage exceeds 600 volts, nominal,
permanent and conspicuous warning signs shall be
provided, reading as follows:
DANGER – HIGH VOLTAGE – KEEP OUT
Power Distribution in Small Buildings
Small commercial or residential buildings have a very
simple power distribution system. The utility will own
the transformer, which will sit on a pad outside the
building or will be attached to a utility pole. The
transformer reduces the voltage from 13.8kV down to
120/240 or 120/208 volts and then passes the
electricity to a meter, which is owned by the utility and
keeps a record of power consumption
- After leaving the meter, the power is
transmitted into the building at which point all
wiring, panels, and devices are the property of
the building owner. Wires transfer the
electricity from the meter to a panel board,
which is generally located in the basement or
garage of a house. In small commercial
buildings, the panel may be in a utility closet.
The panel board will have a main service
breaker and a series of circuit breakers, which
control the flow of power to various circuits in
the building. Each branch circuit will serve a
device (some appliances require heavy loads)
or a number of devices like convenience outlets
or lights.
Power Distribution in large buildings
Large buildings have a much higher electrical load
than small buildings; therefore, the electrical
equipment must be larger and more robust. Large
building owners will also purchase electricity at high
voltages (in the US, 13.8kV) because it comes at a
cheaper rate. In this case, the owner will provide and
maintain their own step-down transformer, which - A distribution transformer or service
lowers the voltage to a more usable level (in the US, transformer is a transformer that provides the
480/277 volts). This transformer can be mounted on a final voltage transformation in the electric
pad outside the building or in a transformer room power distribution system, stepping down the
inside the building voltage used in the distribution lines to the
level used by the customer
- The distribution transformer is a main and
The electricity is then transmitted to switchgear. The largest equipment of distribution substation
role of the switchgear is to distribute electricity safely
and efficiently to the various electrical closets
throughout the building. The equipment has numerous
safety features including circuit breakers, which allow
power to be disrupted downstream – this may occur
due to a fault or problem, but it can also be done
intentionally to allow technicians to work on specific
branches of the power system
-
2. Circuit Breaker
- The circuit breaker is an equipment which
automatically cut off power supply of the
system when any fault or short circuit occurs in
the system. It detects and isolate faults within a
fraction of a second thereby minimizing the
damage at the point where the fault has
occurred
- The circuit breakers are specially designed to
interrupt the very high fault currents, which
may be ten or more times the normal operating
currents

It should be noted that very large buildings or

buildings with complex electrical systems may have
multiple transformers, which may feed multiple pieces
of switchgear
The electricity will leave the switchgear and travel
along a primary feeder or bus. The bus or feeder is a
heavy gauge conductor that is capable of carrying high
amperage current throughout a building safely and
3. Lightning Arrester
efficiently. The bus or feeder is tapped as needed and a
- Lightning arrester is a most important
conductor is run to an electric closet, which serves a
protective device of distribution substation to
zone or floor of a building
protect valuable equipment as well as working
Each electrical closet will have another step-down personnel. It arrests and discharges over
transformer – in the US, this will drop the power from voltage to earth during lightning strokes. These
470/277 volts to 120 volts for convenience outlets. are installed between line and earth near
That transformer will feed a branch panel, which equipment
controls a series of branch circuits that cover a portion
of the building. Each branch circuit covers a subset of
the electrical needs of the area – for instance, lighting,
convenience outlets to a series of rooms, or electricity
to a piece of equipment
DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT
1. Distribution Transformer
 -

6. Busbar
- - The busbar is a conductor used to connect two
and more equipment located side-by-side when
the currents are very high. These are usually
4. Air Break Switch/ Isolator rectangular, sometimes tubular, barre copper
- Air break switches are used to isolate bars supported on insulators. The outdoor
equipment for maintenance and also for busbars are either of the rigid type or of the
transfer of load from one bus to another. Lay- strain type
out of substation depends upon type of air - In the rigid type, pipes are used for making
break switches connections among the various equipment. The
- These switches are two types viz. vertical break strain type busbars are an overhead system of
type or horizontal break type. Horizontal break wires strung between two supporting and
type normally occupies more space than the supported strain type insulators. Since the
vertical break type busbars are rigid, the clearances remain
- constant

-
7. Capacitor Bank
- It is a series parallel combination of capacitors
required to improve power factor of the system.
5. Insulator They act as reactive power generators and
- The main function of an insulator is to insulate provide the needed reactive power to
live conductor or equipment at different accomplish active power in the circuit. This
voltages with reference to the ground structures reduces the amount of reactive power, and thus
as well as provide mechanical support total power (kVA) or the demand
- Provision of adequate insulation in a substation
is of primary importance from the point of view
of reliability of supply and safety personnel
-

8. Distribution Panel Board

- Distribution panel board consists of MCCBs,
control equipment, meters and relays are
housed in the control room. The panel frame
shall be connected to the earth grid by an
earthing conductor. A rubber mat of prescribed
size and quality shall lay in front of panel
-