UTY REVIEWER 😊 Volt or Voltage – is the electrical pressure that
causes the electrons to move through a conductor
ELECTRICITY - fundamental form of energy that is
observable in positive and negative forms that
occurs naturally or is produced and is expressed in
terms of the movement and interactions of
electrons.
Electric current is the flow of electric force in a
conductor.
Direct current flows in one direction the flow is
said to be negative to positive.
Alternating current constantly reverses its
direction of flow
SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Chemical energy. This is stored, or “potential,”
energy. Releasing chemical energy from in
carbonbased fuels generally requires combustion –
for example the burning of coal, oil, natural gas, or
biomass.
Thermal energy. Typical sources of thermal
energy are heat from underground hot springs,
combustion of fossil fuels and biomass.
Kinetic energy is movement which occurs when
water moves with tides or flows downstream, or
when air moves wind turbines in the wind.
Nuclear energy. This is the energy stored in the
bonds inside atoms and molecules. When nuclear
energy is released, it can emit radioactivity and
heat
Rotational energy. This is the energy of spinning,
typically produced by mechanical devices such as
flywheels.
Solar energy. Energy radiates from the sun and
the light rays can be captured with photovoltaics
and semiconductors. Mirrors can be used to
concentrate the power, and the sun’s heat is also a
thermal source.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Ion - Is the term applied to an atom or molecule
which is not electrically balanced. It is an atom
or molecule that is electrically charged. It simply
means there is a loss or gain of one or more
electrons.
(wire). In other words, voltage is the electromotive
force.
Circuit – refers to the wire installations that supply
current to light and convenient outlets
Ampere – is the standard unit used in measuring
the strength of an electric current, named after
Andre M. Ampere.
Watt – is the rate or measure of power used or
consumed. It represents the equivalent heat volts
and ampere consumed by lights, appliances, or
motors.
Resistance is the frictions or opposition to the flow
of current by the wires and transformers.
OHMS LAW
OHM - the SI unit of electrical resistance, equal to
the resistance of a conductor in which a potential
difference of one volt produces a current of one
ampere
OHM’S LAW that law that for any circuit the electric
current is directly proportional to the voltage and
inversely proportional to the resistance
I= V/R
Impedance the term for resistance in AC electricity
For AC electricity the Ohms law is expressed as
I=V/Z
V=IXR
R = V/I
I = V/R
POWER FORMULA
Under the principles of DC electricity. Power is the
product of voltage and current.
Watts = Volts x Amperes
Under the principle of AC electricity, the product of
volts and amperes is equal to the quantity called
volt ampere (v.a.) which is not the same as watts.
Thus.
Volt Amperes = Volt x Amperes
And to convert volt-ampere to watts or power, a
power factor (pf) is introduced. And to get power in
an AC circuit, we have the following formula.
Watts = Volts x Ampere x power factor
W= V x I x p
METHODS OF ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEM
CABLE – a group of wire inside a covering that is
used to convey electricity.
_________________________________________
CABLE WIRING METHODS
1. Armored Cable – plastic insulated
conductors in a metallic enclosure; called AC
or BX Cable; three stranded copper wires;
large appliances and indoor applications.
WIRE TYPES
• Hot wire – conveys electricity from the
supply to the load
• Neutral wire - conveys electricity from the
load back to supply
2. Metal Clad Cable - insulated with a PVC
jacket and enclosed in an interlocking,
metallic sheath, tape or in a corrugated
metallic tube
WIRE TYPES
• Hot wire – conveys electricity from the
supply to the load
• Neutral wire - conveys electricity from the
load back to supply
• Ground Wire - a wire that is used when there
is a ground fault or other problem in the
electrical system.
3. Mineral Insulated Metal / Metal Sheathed
Cable - one or more conductors insulated
with a refractory mineral which is highly
compressed, and it is enclosed in a gastight
and liquid tight continuous copper or steel
sheath.
- can be used for the most demanding
applications like instrumentation and
power in hazardous areas, feeders
and branch circuits, and nuclear
reactors.
4. Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable - it is a
flexible electric cable, having an assembly of
two or more insulated conductors that are
protected by an outer plastic
sheathing.
- usually used in interior residential wiring
inside walls, in the floor or in the ceiling.
5. Shielded Nonmetallic Sheathed Cable - a
group of two or more insulated conductors
covered with a moisture and flame-resistant
nonmetallic material and wire shield,
jacketed with an extruded moisture, flame,
oil, corrosion, fungus, and sunlight resistant
material.
- usually used in dry locations
RACEWAYS - act as protection for cables and wires
against different conditions such as heat, humidity,
water interference, corrosion, and all types of
physical threats. playing a critical role in electric
wiring.
RACEWAY METHODS
• Galvanized Steel - this type of raceway
system is primarily used for industrial and
commercial purposes. due to its supreme
strength, galvanized steel raceways help
protect wires that are in corrosive
environments.
• Non-metallic Conduit - non-metallic or
conduit raceway systems are typically used
in homes and underground. this type of
raceway is non-conductive and water
resistant. The most common types of
nonmetallic conduit are the following:
• Non-metallic Conduit
1. Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Conduit (PVC) –
most common type of nonmetallic
conduit, being lightweight and affordable,
while offering decent mechanical
 resistance for its low weight. In addition, therefore cheaper. it is of course but the money you
it is virtually unaffected by humidity and saved from buying cables will be used in buying joint
corrosion, and is also an electrical boxes, thus equation is balanced. this method is
insulator. suitable for temporary installations, and it is cheap.
2. High Density Polyethylene Conduit
(HDPE) - type of nonmetallic conduit for
applications where the circuit is buried or
encased in concrete. it is not approved
for indoor use or for exposed installation.
3. Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Conduit
(RTRC) - more commonly known as
fiberglass conduit. PVC can become
brittle when exposed to very cold
weather, while RTRC conserves its
mechanical properties. RTRC is suitable Loop-In or Looping System - this method of wiring
for exposed or buried installation, indoor is universally used in wiring. lamps and other
or outdoor use, and is unaffected by appliances are connected in parallel so that each of
humidity and corrosion. the appliances can be controlled individually. when
4. Liquidtight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit a connection is required at a light or switch, the feed
(LFNC) - self-explanatory name: it is a conductor is looped in by bringing it directly to the
type of nonmetallic conduit intended for terminal and then carrying it forward again to the
connections and cable runs with next point to be fed.
obstacles that are difficult to bypass with
rigid conduit. LFNC is a versatile option,
approved for various indoor and outdoor
applications.
5. Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing (ENT) -
ENT has similar applications to LFNC but
can be used for runs longer than 6 feet.
in indoor locations, ENT can be either
exposed or concealed. it resists moisture
and corrosion, but can only be used
outdoors if encased in concrete or
protected from sunlight ELECTRICAL WIRING - a process of connecting
6. Flexible Metal Conduit (FMC) - flexible cables and wires to the related devices such as fuse,
metal conduit raceway systems are ideal switches, sockets, lights, fans etc to the main
for wiring that needs to curve or turn in distribution board is a specific structure to the utility
different directions during its pathway. pole for continues power supply.
these are great for areas that experience
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL WIRING
high levels of vibrations as the flexibility
of the raceway protects the wires against Cleat Wiring - this system of wiring comprises of
sudden jolts and movements. ordinary VIR or PVC insulated wires b raided and
compounded held on walls or ceilings by means of
porcelain cleats, plastic, or wood.
INSTALLATION METHODS
Casing And Capping Wiring - casing and capping
Joint Box or Tee or Jointing System - in this wiring system was famous wiring system in the past
method of wiring, connections to appliances are but, it is considered obsolete these days because of
made through joints. these joints are made in joint conduit and sheathed wiring system. the cables
boxes by means of suitable connectors or joints used in this kind of wiring were either VIR or PVC or
cutouts. this method of wiring doesn’t consume too any other approved insulated cables.
much cables size. you might think because this
method of wiring doesn’t require too much cable it is
Batten Wiring - single core or double core or three
core TRS cables with a circular oval shape cables
are used in this kind of wiring. mostly, single core
cables are preferred. TRS cables are chemical
proof, waterproof, steam proof, but are slightly
affected by lubricating oil. the TRS cables are run on
well-seasoned and straight teak wood batten with at
least a thickness of 10mm
Conduit Wiring - there are two additional types of
conduits wiring according to pipe installation:
1. Surface conduit wiring
2. Concealed conduit wiring
TYPES OF SWITCHES
Mechanical Switches - are physical switches,
which must be activated physically, by moving,
pressing, releasing, or touching their contacts.
- can be classified into different types based on
several factors such as the method of actuation
(manual, limit, and process switches), number of
contacts (single contact and multi-contact switches),
number of poles and throws (SPST, DPDT, SPDT,
etc.), operation and construction (push button,
toggle, rotary, joystick, etc.), based on state
(momentary and locked switches), etc
Electrical Switches - the electrical and electronic
systems use at least one switch to control the on and
off operations of the device. in simple words, a
switch is used to control the circuit operation by
activating or deactivating the whole or certain parts
or processes of a connected circuit.
One-Way (Single Pole) SPST - a one-way or single-
pole electrical switch is the most common one in
use. they are used to control lights, fans, or other
devices from a single location.
Two-Way (Double-Pole) DPST - two-way or
double-pole electrical switch is generally used in
industrial applications but can also be found in some
home wiring systems. like the single-pole switch, a
two-way or a double-pole electrical switch may also
have the on and off markings on them. These
switches control a device or equipment from more
than one location.
Do Not Disturb Switch - entirely different from the
regular switches available in the market, this soft
touch operating switch is generally used in places
like hospitals and hotels. do not disturb switch is
generally used to ensure privacy and silence.
Light Dimmer / Stepless Regulator - a light
dimmer/stepless regulator is used to control or
change the speed of a fan or sometimes to change
the intensity of a light between bright and dim. the
regulators available earlier used to rotate in steps,
each step representing a definite level of fan speed,
but the light dimmer/stepless regulator allows you to
rotate it freely without any steps or levels.
Bell Push Switch - a bell push switch is connected
to a doorbell. so, when the switch is pushed, it rings
the bell connected to it. it can be used at homes,
offices or at any other place wherever required. a
bell push switch always maintains a broken circuit
unless the button is pressed.
PLUGS
OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES
OVERCURRENT - An overcurrent is a condition that
exists in an electrical circuit when the normal load
current is exceeded. An overcurrent condition can be
caused by a short circuit and overload situation.
SHORT CIRCUIT - When an electric current flows
down the wrong or unintended path with little to no
electrical resistance. It can cause serious damage,
fire, and even small-scale explosions. In fact, short
circuits are one of the leading causes of structural
fires around the world.
CAUSES OF SHORT CIRCUIT
✓ The wiring encounters water or some other
liquid.
✓ Faulty insulation or loose connections can
result in the live and neutral wires coming in
contact with each other.
✓ Nail and screw punctures that cause the wire
casings to deteriorate.
✓ An abnormal buildup of electrical currents
within your home's electrical wiring system.
✓ Common pests, like rats, mice, and squirrels,
chew the wires.
OVERLOAD - All electrical circuits are designed to
handle a limited amount of electricity. When you
draw more electricity than what a circuit can handle,
a circuit overload will occur.
SIGNS FOR CIRCUIT OVERLOAD
✓ Dimming lights.
✓ Buzzing outlets or switches.
✓ Warm outlets or switch covers.
✓ Burning smells from or marks on outlet
covers/switches.
✓ Power tools, appliances, or electronics aren’t
as powerful as they once were.
OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES (OCPD)
✓ An overcurrent protection device (OCPD) is
a piece of electrical equipment used to
protect service, feeder, and branch circuits
and equipment from excess current by
interrupting the flow of current.
✓ To have a properly operating circuit, current
flow should be confined to a safe level. This
safe level of current is determined by the
current handling capability of the load,
conductors, switches, and other system
components. Under normal operating
conditions, the current in a circuit should be
equal to or less than the normal current level.
CIRCUIT BREAKER - A circuit breaker is an
automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by
overload of electricity or short circuit. A circuit
breakers function is to detect a fault condition and,
by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue
electrical flow.
COMPONENTS OF CIRCUIT BREAKER
Molded Frame - Protects internal parts of the circuit
breaker from outside materials
Operating Mechanism - Provides a means of
opening and closing the circuit breaker
Arc Extinguisher - Extinguishes an arc when the
circuit breaker interrupts a fault.
Contacts - Allows the current to flow through the
circuit breaker when closed.
Trip Unit - Opens the operating mechanism in the
event of a prolonged overload or short circuit
BASIC TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS
TYPE: STANDARD CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Single-Pole Circuit Breakers - Single-pole circuit
breakers are the type most often found in homes
today. They're named single pole because they're
designed to monitor the current of a single wire and
trip in the event of a short or electrical overload.
Single-pole breakers are intended to accommodate
between 15 and 30 amps and deliver 120 volts to the
circuit.
Double-Pole Circuit Breakers - monitor the flow of
electricity through two wires simultaneously. They're
easily recognized as a single breaker with two
interlinked, side-by-side switches. This type of
breaker will trip if one or both of the wires short out
or becomes overloaded. Double-pole circuit
breakers deliver either 240 volts or 120/240 volts to
an electrical circuit and can accommodate anywhere
from 15 amps to 200 amps
TYPE: GFCI CIRCUIT BREAKERS
GFCI circuit breakers - are designed to protect
against a line-to-ground fault. This is when a
dangerous electrical path occurs between a
grounded element and an electrical current. GFCI
breakers also offer protection against an electrical
short or overloaded current.
TYPE: AFCI CIRCUIT BREAKERS
AFCI circuit breakers - are designed to trip when
arcing is detected within electrical wiring. This
occurs when an electrical cord become damaged, or
its coating becomes too thin, and it presents a
serious risk of a fire. Standard single-pole and
double-pole circuit breakers won't always detect
electrical arcs because they're only tripped by
excessive heat.
FUSE - A safety device consisting of a strip of wire
that melts and breaks an electric circuit if the current
exceeds a safe level.
- is a part of the circuit which consists of
conductor which melts easily and breaks the
connection when current exceeds the
predetermine value. An electrical fuse is a
weakest part of an electrical circuit which
breaks when more than predetermined
current flows through it.
FUSE WIRE - to carry the normal current without
excessive heating but more than normal current
when pass through fuse wire, it rapidly heats and
melts. The materials used for fuse wire are mainly
tin, lead, copper, aluminum, etc.
TYPES OF FUSES
Fuses can be divided into two major categories, AC
fuses, and DC fuses.
DC FUSES:
1. CARTRIGE FUSES - most common type of fuse.
The fuse element is encased in a glass envelope
that is terminated by metal caps. The fuse is placed
in an appropriate holder. Since the glass envelope is
clear, it is easy to visually determine if the fuse is
blown.
2. AUTOMOTIVE FUSES - These fuses are
specifically designed for automotive systems that
run up to 32V and occasionally 42V. They come in
‘blade’ form (a transparent plastic envelope with flat
contacts) and are color coded according to rated
current. Some of these types are also used in other
high-power circuits.
3. RESETTABLE FUSES/POLYFUSE - Like their
name suggests, these fuses are self-resetting. They
contain carbon black particles embedded in organic
polymers. Normally, the carbon black makes the
mixture conductive. When a large current flows, heat
is generated which expands the organic polymer.
4. SEMICONDUCTOR FUSES - The power
dissipated by a semiconductor increases
exponentially with current flow, and hence
semiconductors are used for ultrafast fuses. These
fuses are usually used to protect semiconductor
switching devices that are sensitive to even small
current spikes.
5. OVERVOLTAGE SUPPRESSION - Sometimes
voltage spikes can be harmful to circuits too, and
often an overvoltage protection device is used with a
fuse to protect against both voltage and current
spikes.
AC FUSES:
1. HIGH VOLTAGE FUSES - These fuses are
used in high voltage AC transmission lines
where voltages can exceed several
hundreds of kilovolts.
2. HRC (High Rupture Current) fuses - HRC
fuses are cartridge type fuses consisting of a
transparent envelope made of steatite
(magnesium silicate). The fuse is filled with
quartz powder (and in the case of a liquid
filled HRC fuses, a non-conducting liquid like
mineral oil) that acts as an arc extinguishing
agent.
3. Expulsion Fuses - These fuses are filled with
chemicals like boric acid that produce gases
on heating. These gases extinguish the arc
and are expelled from the ends of the fuse.
The fuse element is made of copper, tin or
silver.
4. LOW VOLTAGE FUSES - These fuses are
used in the relatively low voltage distribution
networks.
5. Cartridge fuses - They are very similar to
cartridge DC fuses. They consist of a
transparent envelope surrounding the fuse
element. They can be plugged in (blade type)
or screwed into a fixture (bolt type).
6. Drop out fuses - They contain a spring-
loaded lever arm that retracts when a fault
occurs and must be rewired and put back in
place to resume normal operation. They are
a type of expulsion fuse.
7. Rewireable fuses - They are a simple
reusable fuse used in homes and offices.
They consist of a carrier and a socket. When
the fuse is blown, the carrier is taken out,
rewired and put back in the socket to resume
normal operation. They are somewhat less
reliable than HRC fuses.
8. Striker fuse - These fuses are provided with
a spring-loaded striker that can act as a
visual indicator that the fuse has blown and
activate other switchgear.
9. Switch fuse - A handle that is manually
operated can connect or disconnect high
current fuses.
GROUND FLOOR CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER
GROUND FAULT - an unintentional electrical path
between a power source and a grounded surface.
-most often occur when equipment is damaged or
defective.
-can lead to disastrous results such as electrical
shock, fire, or burns.
GROUND FLOOR CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER -
called a GFCI or GFI, is an inexpensive electrical
device that can either be installed in your electrical
system or built into a power cord to protect you from
severe electrical shocks.
- are designed to shut power off if there is a
very small leak of electricity (a ground fault).
- installed where electrical circuits may
accidentally encounter water.
HOW GFCI WORKS?
A GFCI constantly monitors current flowing through
a circuit. If the current flowing into the circuit differs
by a very small amount (as little as 0.006 amperes)
from the returning current, the GFCI interrupts power
faster than a blink of an eye to prevent a lethal dose
of electricity.
GFCIs are designed to operate before the electricity
can affect your heartbeat.
HOW TO TEST GFCI?
You can test the GFCI to ensure it’s working
correctly.
● Pushing the “TEST” button will mimic an
incorrect circuit, and the outlet should shut
the power off.
● Plug in a nightlight.
● Push the “TEST” button and see if the light
goes off.
● If it does, the outlet is working correctly.
● Push the “RESET” button to reinstate the
power to the outlet.
THREE TYPES OF GFCI
CIRCUIT BREAKER - A circuit breaker with a built-
in GFCI may be installed in a panel box to add
protection to the circuits it supplies.
RECEPTACLE - Fits into a standard outlet box and
protects against ground-faults for whatever is
plugged into the outlet and other electrical outlets
further "downstream" in the branch circuit.
PORTABLE - One type contains the GFCI circuitry
in a plastic enclosure with plug blades in the back
and receptacle slots in the front. It can be plugged
into a receptacle, then the electrical product is
plugged into the GFCI.
WIRING DEVICES AND OTHER ELECTRICAL
MATERIALS
WIRING DEVICES - Equipment that provide
connection
- They cover devices
CONVENIENCE OUTLET - It is a common in wall
electrical receptacle
COVER PLATES - -switch plates
- cover your home's outlets and light switches
SWITCHES AND DIMMERS - -used to turn electric
circuits ON and OFF and to switch electric circuits
- is a switch that allows you to gradually
change the brightness of an electric light
LAMPHOLDERS - -support lamps and connect them
to electrical circuits
LIGHT CONTROL DEVICE - -an intelligent network-
based lighting control solution that incorporates
communication between various system inputs and
outputs related to lighting control with the use of one
or more central computing devices
MOTION SENSING DEVICES - device that uses a
sensor to detect nearby people or objects
PLUGS - a small plastic object with two or three
metal pins that fit into the holes of an electric outlet,
allowing the equipment to connect to the electricity
supply
OTHER ELECTRICAL MATERIALS
• TAPE MEASURE
• MULTIMETER
• WIRE STRIPPER
• FISH TAPE
• NON-CONTACT VOLTAGE DETECTOR
• PLIER
• LEVEL
• FLASHLIGHT
• WIRE CRIMPER
• SCREWDRIVERS
INTRODUCTION:
Electricity is a flow that contains an electric charge
and is related to physical phenomena. Until now,
electricity had various purpose in supporting daily
activities. In using electricity for your daily life, you
need a device to measure electric voltage.
What is an electrical measuring instrument?
Electrical instruments are instruments that use the
mechanical movement of electromagnetic meter to
measure electrical quantities which include:
1. Current magnitude - is the amount of charge
flowing at a particular point.
2. Endurance - number of cycles until relay
failure, with specified electrical loading of the
output circuit(s) and under specified
operating conditions.
3. Electrical power - is the rate at which work is
done or energy is transformed into an
electrical circuit. Simply put, it is a measure
of how much energy is used in a span of time.
4. Light power - is a form of energy, and can be
measured in energy units
5. Voltage - also called electromotive force
describes the “pressure” that pushes
electricity.
6. Frequency - is the rate at which current
changes direction per second.
Electrical technicians require electrical
measurement equipment to check the electrical
activity and to detect the presence of voltage or
current. By using this instrument we can measure
electrical parameters such as voltage, frequency,
current, power factor, and resistance. Electrical
measurements are depended upon either current or
voltage while measuring the frequency we will be
measuring the frequency of a current signal or a
voltage signal.
In Electronics, there are different types of electrical
and electronic instruments that can indicate or
records some physical values that are said to be
called meters.
A Meter is an instrument or a device that measures
voltage, current, resistance, power, capacitance,
temperature, frequency, etc. Many types of
electronic instruments measure these electrical
quantities accurately. Electronic Industries and
Research labs use different measuring instruments
to design, diagnose errors and faults in the electrical
system, and also to rectify it.
measurement, the process of associating numbers
with physical quantities and phenomena. Originates
from the latin mensural and the verb metiri through
the middle French measure.
Measuring these quantities is important to
determine the various aspects of the system. For
example, to measure the potential difference across
the element, we use a voltmeter and the amount of
current flowing in the circuit ammeter measures the
current.
Classification of measuring instruments:
• Indicating instruments will give
instantaneous values of the quantity to be
measured. The scale and pointer
mechanisms are invalid. PMMC, MI,
dynamometer wattmeter, frequency meter,
and power factor meter are examples.
• Recording instruments record the value to
be measured or observed. Recorded over
graph paper with a lightweight pen. These
are used to observe load variation
continuously. Examples are recording
voltmeter, recording wattmeter, and storage
oscilloscope.
• Integrating instruments add the measured
value to the existing value. These
instruments will give the total electricity
consumed over a period. Energy meter or
KWhr meter,kVARh meter, and ampere-hour
meter.
• What is the Loading Effect?
The electrical measuring instruments draw power
from the measurement circuit. This power enables
the circuit to operate in the correct manner.
Depending on the power consumption, the circuit
condition may change, and the loading effect takes
place. In AC circuits, the instrument impedance
changes with the frequency and changes the loading
effect.
This problem occurs in the voltmeter and shows
error readings. To eliminate or reduce the loading
effect, use a voltmeter with higher sensitivity.
The types of electric tools and their functions:
1. Ohm Meter - Ohm meter is a device that
functions to measure the amount of
electricity from a switch. According to ohm’s
law, the circuit of electric current is directly
proportional to the voltage. This device
focuses more on resistance only.
Ohm meters are divided into two, one of them is
analog ohm meters. It is a simpler device because it
measures with a needle, so you must be more
precise in seeing where the number is located.
Digital ohm meter is an ohm meter that provides You only need to attach this ampere meter to
more accurate and detailed results. The the circuit of electric current you want to
disadvantage of this digital measure.
ohm meter is that it is
difficult to monitor
when the voltage
fluctuates. This ohm meter
also has the function of
knowing the damage to
an electrical circuit, so it
can help your work faster.
5. Watt Meter - The watt meter has a function
to measure direct current power. This electric
2. Frequency Meter - this device has a function measuring device is a combination of an
to measure the repetition of periodic ampere meter and a volt meter. Besides
movements per second. The frequency being able to measure direct current power,
meter also consists of analog and digital, the watt meter can also measure the power
where the analog meter frequency works by of a single phase alternating current and
manual needle, and digital frequency meters measure the power of a three-phase
use more detailed numbers. alternating current.

6. Megger- Megger stands for mega ohm

3. Volt Meter - The next measuring instrument
is a volt meter; this device has a function to
measure the amount of voltage of an electric
current flowing per second. This volt meter
can measure the electric voltage within a
predetermined maximum limit. If the voltage
exceeds the limit it will cause damage to the
device.
Volt meters also consist of two types, they
are analog volt meters and digital volt
meters. Analog volt meter works by using a
needle, while digital volt meter can show you
the number in detail.
4. Ampere Meter- This tool serves to measure
the electric voltage current in a closed circuit.
meter. Megger is a measuring device to give
you information whether the conductor of the
instances has a direct connection. Its general
function is to measure the insulation
resistance of power tools. The minimum is
1000 x working voltage.
7. Kwh Meter- Kwh meter works by using
magnetic field induction that moves the
aluminum plate. Kwh meter is used to
calculate electrical energy consumption.
Meanwhile, the induction of kwh meter is one
of the type that is useful for calculating
household electrical power.
In general, this kWh meter is easy to find in
every house, because this kWh meter is
required to know each electricity
consumption in households and other
 buildings that use this device. The usage will
be a bill that must be paid every month.
8. Taco Meter- This device has a function to
measure the engine rotation of vehicles,
such as cars and motorbikes. This device
has a screen where it displays the speed of
the vehicle. In addition, the taco meter is also
used to measure the safe point that shows
the vehicle rotation speed.
9. Oscilloscope- This device has a function to
map the signal from electricity. This type of
electric measuring device consists of a
physical frequency component. Oscilloscope
has measurement results based on digital as
well as graphs that are easy to read. There
are so many benefits of this oscilloscope,
such as differentiating AC and DC voltages
in electrical components, knowing noise and
checking electronic circuit signals.
10. Avo Meter- stands for ampere, voltage and
ohm meter. Avo meter is a multifunctional
electric measuring instrument for measuring
electric current, voltage and resistance of
electronic components. Avo meter consists
of analog and digital. The analog avo meter
uses a needle as a pointer to the result.
Where the digital avo meter displays a more
accurate number behind the comma.
11. A Multimeter - is a multi-function
measurement device. It can measure
voltage, current, and resistance. It is also
known as VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter).
two types of multimeters:
• Analog Multimeter is based on the
principle of moving coil meter.
• To read the numerical
measurements, Digital Multimeter
has a digital display on which we can
read different values. The rotary
switch points to particular electrical
quantities and shows the
corresponding readings with units.
12. LCR Meter or Q-Meter - measures the
Inductance, Capacitance, and resistance in a
circuit or device. It also measures the phase
angle when measuring the voltage and
current through the ‘Device Under Test’
(DUT). Finally, the impedance calculation is
taken from the phase angle.
Summary:
Electronic Measuring Instruments measures
parameters like voltage, current, resistance,
wattage, etc. They use moving coil and moving iron
mechanisms as their working principle. Different
torques are responsible for the operation of the
instrument.
The different types of electrical and electronic
instruments are a voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter,
ohmmeter, LCR meter, a multimeter, and etc. The
meter has a pointer which moves over a scale
whenever the quantity passes through the meter.
 INTRODUCTION:
An electrical symbol is a small image used to
represent an electrical or electronic device or
function. They are also known as circuit symbols or
5. Fuse - protects electrical circuits by stopping
schematic symbols as they are used in electrical
the flow of current when the intensity of
schematics and diagrams.
current exceed a set value. It does this by
Basic Electrical Symbols: melting a special wire.
1. Ground or Earth - A ground symbol identifies
a ground terminal. It can be used for a zero
potential reference point from where current 6. Antenna - Marks a device, rod, or wire
is measured. It is also for electrical shock designed to capture radio and
protection. There are a few different ground electromagnetic waves into electrical signals
symbols. The one we're showing here is and vice versa.
"Earth", but there's also a Chassis and
Digital/Common ground with slight variations

7. Inductor - is also called a coil or reactor. The

to this symbol.
2. Resistor - reduces current flow. In a
schematic, this is represented with a few zig
zag squiggles. We're showing the US/Japan
version of this symbol. The UK uses a simple
box over a straight line. There are also
symbols for variable and adjustable resistors
as well as thermal and preset resistors.
coils store energy in a magnetic field or flux.
An inductor symbol looks like a series of
looped coils.
8. transformer - is two or more coils coupled by
magnetic induction. It helps keep the
frequency and reduce tension in an AC
circuit.

3. Switch - Disconnects the current when open.

We're showing a simple SPST (single-pole
single-throw) toggle switch, but there are 9. motor - is a device that can transform electric
variations for SPDT, pushbutton, dip, relay, energy into mechanical energy.
and more. For a complete list of switch
symbols, check out SmartDraw's electrical
symbol library.
10. Source - Represents the power source for
your electronics. This symbol represent a
direct current (DC). To represent AC current,
you'd replace the plus and minus sign with a
4. Capacitor - symbol shows two terminals
wave.
running into plates. The curved plate
indicates that the capacitor is polarized. The
curved side has lower voltage. A small plus
sign can be added to the straight side
indicated the positive pin. 11. Batteries - are represented on a schematic
with a pair of disproportionate, parallel lines.
 The number of lines indicates the number of
series cells in the battery.

20. DPST - is double-pole, single-throw (DPDT)

switch.
12. diode - only allows current to flow in one
direction. It's always polarized with an anode
(A, positive) and cathode side (C, negative).

21. DPDT - is a double-pole, double-throw

(DPDT) switch.
13. diode LED - is a standard diode symbol with
two small arrows showing the emission of
light.

22. Ideal source - includes an ideal voltage

14. Wire - is used to connect the components in
a circuit.
15. Outward flow - means flowing outwardly.
source and ideal current source. An ideal
source is a theoretical concept of an
electrical current or voltage supply (such as
a battery) with no losses and a perfect
voltage or current supply. Ideal sources are
used for analytical purposes because they
cannot occur in nature.

23. Cell - is a device containing electrodes

16. Inward flow - means flowing inwardly.
immersed in an electrolyte, used for
generating current or for electrolysis.

17. Isolator - is a mechanical switch that isolates

a part of a circuit from the system as when
required. Electrical isolators separate a part
of the system from rest for safe maintenance 24. Lamp or Light Bulb - Generates Light with
works. Flow of Current

25. Electrical Switch box - Box to Install Switches

18. SPST - is a single-pole, single-throw (SPST)

switch.
Circuit Breaker - Trip to Break the Electric Circuit
and Stop Flow of Electricity

19. SPDT - is single-pole, double-throw (SPDT)

switch.