UTY REVIEWER

ELECTRICITY - fundamental form of energy that is observable in positive and negative forms
that occurs naturally or is produced and is expressed in terms of the movement and interactions
of electrons.
Electric current is the flow of electric force in a conductor.
Direct current flows in one direction the flow is said to be negative to positive.
Alternating current constantly reverses its direction of flow

SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Chemical energy. This is stored, or “potential,” energy. Releasing chemical energy from in
carbonbased fuels generally requires combustion – for example the burning of coal, oil, natural
gas, or biomass.
Thermal energy. Typical sources of thermal energy are heat from underground hot springs,
combustion of fossil fuels and biomass.
Kinetic energy is movement which occurs when water moves with tides or flows downstream,
or when air moves wind turbines in the wind.
Nuclear energy. This is the energy stored in the bonds inside atoms and molecules. When
nuclear energy is released, it can emit radioactivity and heat
Rotational energy. This is the energy of spinning, typically produced by mechanical devices
such as flywheels.
Solar energy. Energy radiates from the sun and the light rays can be captured with photovoltaics
and semiconductors. Mirrors can be used to concentrate the power, and the sun’s heat is also a
thermal source.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Ion - Is the term applied to an atom or molecule which is not electrically balanced. It is an atom
or molecule that is electrically charged. It simply means there is a loss or gain of one or more
electrons.
Volt or Voltage – is the electrical pressure that causes the electrons to move through a conductor
(wire). In other words, voltage is the electromotive force.
Circuit – refers to the wire installations that supply current to light and convenient outlets
Ampere – is the standard unit used in measuring the strength of an electric current, named after
Andre M. Ampere.
Watt – is the rate or measure of power used or consumed. It represents the equivalent heat volts
and ampere consumed by lights, appliances, or motors.
Resistance is the frictions or opposition to the flow of current by the wires and transformers.

OHMS LAW
OHM - the SI unit of electrical resistance, equal to the resistance of a conductor in which a
potential difference of one volt produces a current of one ampere
OHM’S LAW that law that for any circuit the electric current is directly proportional to the
voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance
I= V/R
Impedance the term for resistance in AC electricity
For AC electricity the Ohms law is expressed as I=V/Z
V=IXR
R = V/I
I = V/R

POWER FORMULA
Under the principles of DC electricity. Power is the product of voltage and current.
Watts = Volts x Amperes
Under the principle of AC electricity, the product of volts and amperes is equal to the quantity
called volt ampere (v.a.) which is not the same as watts. Thus.
Volt Amperes = Volt x Amperes
And to convert volt-ampere to watts or power, a power factor (pf) is introduced. And to get
power in an AC circuit, we have the following formula.
Watts = Volts x Ampere x power factor
W= V x I x p
METHODS OF ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEM
CABLE – a group of wire inside a covering that is used to convey electricity.
CABLE WIRING METHODS
1. Armored Cable – plastic insulated conductors in a metallic enclosure; called AC or BX
Cable; three stranded copper wires; large appliances and indoor applications.
WIRE TYPES
 Hot wire – conveys electricity from the supply to the load
 Neutral wire - conveys electricity from the load back to supply

2. Metal Clad Cable - insulated with a PVC jacket and enclosed in an interlocking,
metallic sheath, tape or in a corrugated metallic tube
WIRE TYPES
 Hot wire – conveys electricity from the supply to the load
 Neutral wire - conveys electricity from the load back to supply
 Ground Wire - a wire that is used when there is a ground fault or other problem in the
electrical system.

3. Mineral Insulated Metal / Metal Sheathed Cable - one or more conductors insulated
with a refractory mineral which is highly compressed, and it is enclosed in a gastight and
liquid tight continuous copper or steel sheath.
- can be used for the most demanding applications like instrumentation and power
in hazardous areas, feeders and branch circuits, and nuclear reactors.
4. Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable - it is a flexible electric cable, having an assembly of two
or more insulated conductors that are protected by an outer plastic
sheathing.
- usually used in interior residential wiring inside walls, in the floor or in the ceiling.
5. Shielded Nonmetallic Sheathed Cable - a group of two or more insulated conductors
covered with a moisture and flame-resistant nonmetallic material and wire shield,
jacketed with an extruded moisture, flame, oil, corrosion, fungus, and sunlight resistant
material.
- usually used in dry locations

RACEWAYS - act as protection for cables and wires against different conditions such as heat,
humidity, water interference, corrosion, and all types of physical threats. playing a critical role in
electric wiring.
RACEWAY METHODS
 Galvanized Steel - this type of raceway system is primarily used for industrial and
commercial purposes. due to its supreme strength, galvanized steel raceways help protect
wires that are in corrosive environments.
 Non-metallic Conduit - non-metallic or conduit raceway systems are typically used in
homes and underground. this type of raceway is non-conductive and water resistant. The
most common types of nonmetallic conduit are the following:

 Non-metallic Conduit
1. Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Conduit (PVC) – most common type of nonmetallic
conduit, being lightweight and affordable, while offering decent mechanical
resistance for its low weight. In addition, it is virtually unaffected by humidity and
corrosion, and is also an electrical insulator.
2. High Density Polyethylene Conduit (HDPE) - type of nonmetallic conduit for
applications where the circuit is buried or encased in concrete. it is not approved for
indoor use or for exposed installation.
3. Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Conduit (RTRC) - more commonly known as
fiberglass conduit. PVC can become brittle when exposed to very cold weather, while
RTRC conserves its mechanical properties. RTRC is suitable for exposed or buried
installation, indoor or outdoor use, and is unaffected by humidity and corrosion.
4. Liquidtight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit (LFNC) - self-explanatory name: it is a
type of nonmetallic conduit intended for connections and cable runs with obstacles
that are difficult to bypass with rigid conduit. LFNC is a versatile option, approved
for various indoor and outdoor applications.
5. Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing (ENT) - ENT has similar applications to LFNC but can
be used for runs longer than 6 feet. in indoor locations, ENT can be either exposed or
concealed. it resists moisture and corrosion, but can only be used outdoors if encased
in concrete or protected from sunlight
6. Flexible Metal Conduit (FMC) - flexible metal conduit raceway systems are ideal for
wiring that needs to curve or turn in different directions during its pathway. these are
great for areas that experience high levels of vibrations as the flexibility of the
raceway protects the wires against sudden jolts and movements.
INSTALLATION METHODS
Joint Box or Tee or Jointing System - in this method of wiring, connections to appliances are
made through joints. these joints are made in joint boxes by means of suitable connectors or
joints cutouts. this method of wiring doesn’t consume too much cables size. you might think
because this method of wiring doesn’t require too much cable it is therefore cheaper. it is of
course but the money you saved from buying cables will be used in buying joint boxes, thus
equation is balanced. this method is suitable for temporary installations, and it is cheap.

Loop-In or Looping System - this method of wiring is universally used in wiring. lamps and
other appliances are connected in parallel so that each of the appliances can be controlled
individually. when a connection is required at a light or switch, the feed conductor is looped in
by bringing it directly to the terminal and then carrying it forward again to the next point to be
fed.

ELECTRICAL WIRING - a process of connecting cables and wires to the related devices such
as fuse, switches, sockets, lights, fans etc to the main distribution board is a specific structure to
the utility pole for continues power supply.
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL WIRING
Cleat Wiring - this system of wiring comprises of ordinary VIR or PVC insulated wires b raided
and compounded held on walls or ceilings by means of porcelain cleats, plastic, or wood.
Casing And Capping Wiring - casing and capping wiring system was famous wiring system in
the past but, it is considered obsolete these days because of conduit and sheathed wiring system.
the cables used in this kind of wiring were either VIR or PVC or any other approved insulated
cables.
Batten Wiring - single core or double core or three core TRS cables with a circular oval shape
cables are used in this kind of wiring. mostly, single core cables are preferred. TRS cables are
chemical proof, waterproof, steam proof, but are slightly affected by lubricating oil. the TRS
cables are run on well-seasoned and straight teak wood batten with at least a thickness of 10mm
Conduit Wiring - there are two additional types of conduits wiring according to pipe
installation:
1. Surface conduit wiring
2. Concealed conduit wiring
TYPES OF SWITCHES
Mechanical Switches - are physical switches, which must be activated physically, by moving,
pressing, releasing, or touching their contacts.
- can be classified into different types based on several factors such as the method of actuation
(manual, limit, and process switches), number of contacts (single contact and multi-contact
switches), number of poles and throws (SPST, DPDT, SPDT, etc.), operation and construction
(push button, toggle, rotary, joystick, etc.), based on state (momentary and locked switches), etc
Electrical Switches - the electrical and electronic systems use at least one switch to control the
on and off operations of the device. in simple words, a switch is used to control the circuit
operation by activating or deactivating the whole or certain parts or processes of a connected
circuit.
One-Way (Single Pole) SPST - a one-way or single-pole electrical switch is the most common
one in use. they are used to control lights, fans, or other devices from a single location.
Two-Way (Double-Pole) DPST - two-way or double-pole electrical switch is generally used in
industrial applications but can also be found in some home wiring systems. like the single-pole
switch, a two-way or a double-pole electrical switch may also have the on and off markings on
them. These switches control a device or equipment from more than one location.
Do Not Disturb Switch - entirely different from the regular switches available in the market,
this soft touch operating switch is generally used in places like hospitals and hotels. do not
disturb switch is generally used to ensure privacy and silence.
Light Dimmer / Stepless Regulator - a light dimmer/stepless regulator is used to control or
change the speed of a fan or sometimes to change the intensity of a light between bright and dim.
the regulators available earlier used to rotate in steps, each step representing a definite level of
fan speed, but the light dimmer/stepless regulator allows you to rotate it freely without any steps
or levels.
Bell Push Switch - a bell push switch is connected to a doorbell. so, when the switch is pushed,
it rings the bell connected to it. it can be used at homes, offices or at any other place wherever
required. a bell push switch always maintains a broken circuit unless the button is pressed.
OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES
OVERCURRENT - An overcurrent is a condition that exists in an electrical circuit when the
normal load current is exceeded. An overcurrent condition can be caused by a short circuit and
overload situation.
SHORT CIRCUIT - When an electric current flows down the wrong or unintended path with
little to no electrical resistance. It can cause serious damage, fire, and even small-scale
explosions. In fact, short circuits are one of the leading causes of structural fires around the
world.
CAUSES OF SHORT CIRCUIT
 The wiring encounters water or some other liquid.
 Faulty insulation or loose connections can result in the live and neutral wires coming in
contact with each other.
 Nail and screw punctures that cause the wire casings to deteriorate.
 An abnormal buildup of electrical currents within your home's electrical wiring system.
 Common pests, like rats, mice, and squirrels, chew the wires.
OVERLOAD - All electrical circuits are designed to handle a limited amount of electricity.
When you draw more electricity than what a circuit can handle, a circuit overload will occur.
SIGNS FOR CIRCUIT OVERLOAD
 Dimming lights.
 Buzzing outlets or switches.
 Warm outlets or switch covers.
 Burning smells from or marks on outlet covers/switches.
 Power tools, appliances, or electronics aren’t as powerful as they once were.
OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES (OCPD)
 An overcurrent protection device (OCPD) is a piece of electrical equipment used to
protect service, feeder, and branch circuits and equipment from excess current by
interrupting the flow of current.
 To have a properly operating circuit, current flow should be confined to a safe level. This
safe level of current is determined by the current handling capability of the load,
 conductors, switches, and other system components. Under normal operating conditions,
the current in a circuit should be equal to or less than the normal current level.
CIRCUIT BREAKER - A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed
to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload of electricity or short circuit. A
circuit breakers function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to
immediately discontinue electrical flow.
COMPONENTS OF CIRCUIT BREAKER
Molded Frame - Protects internal parts of the circuit breaker from outside materials
Operating Mechanism - Provides a means of opening and closing the circuit breaker
Arc Extinguisher - Extinguishes an arc when the circuit breaker interrupts a fault.
Contacts - Allows the current to flow through the circuit breaker when closed.
Trip Unit - Opens the operating mechanism in the event of a prolonged overload or short circuit

BASIC TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS

TYPE: STANDARD CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Single-Pole Circuit Breakers - Single-pole circuit breakers are the type most often found in
homes today. They're named single pole because they're designed to monitor the current of a
single wire and trip in the event of a short or electrical overload. Single-pole breakers are
intended to accommodate between 15 and 30 amps and deliver 120 volts to the circuit.
Double-Pole Circuit Breakers - monitor the flow of electricity through two wires
simultaneously. They're easily recognized as a single breaker with two interlinked, side-by-side
switches. This type of breaker will trip if one or both of the wires short out or becomes
overloaded. Double-pole circuit breakers deliver either 240 volts or 120/240 volts to an electrical
circuit and can accommodate anywhere from 15 amps to 200 amps
TYPE: GFCI CIRCUIT BREAKERS
GFCI circuit breakers - are designed to protect against a line-to-ground fault. This is when a
dangerous electrical path occurs between a grounded element and an electrical current. GFCI
breakers also offer protection against an electrical short or overloaded current.
TYPE: AFCI CIRCUIT BREAKERS
AFCI circuit breakers - are designed to trip when arcing is detected within electrical wiring.
This occurs when an electrical cord become damaged, or its coating becomes too thin, and it
presents a serious risk of a fire. Standard single-pole and double-pole circuit breakers won't
always detect electrical arcs because they're only tripped by excessive heat.
FUSE - A safety device consisting of a strip of wire that melts and breaks an electric circuit if the
current exceeds a safe level.
- is a part of the circuit which consists of conductor which melts easily and breaks the
connection when current exceeds the predetermine value. An electrical fuse is a weakest
part of an electrical circuit which breaks when more than predetermined current flows
through it.
FUSE WIRE - to carry the normal current without excessive heating but more than normal
current when pass through fuse wire, it rapidly heats and melts. The materials used for fuse wire
are mainly tin, lead, copper, aluminum, etc.
TYPES OF FUSES
Fuses can be divided into two major categories, AC fuses, and DC fuses.
DC FUSES:
1. CARTRIGE FUSES - most common type of fuse. The fuse element is encased in a glass
envelope that is terminated by metal caps. The fuse is placed in an appropriate holder. Since the
glass envelope is clear, it is easy to visually determine if the fuse is blown.
2. AUTOMOTIVE FUSES - These fuses are specifically designed for automotive systems that
run up to 32V and occasionally 42V. They come in ‘blade’ form (a transparent plastic envelope
with flat contacts) and are color coded according to rated current. Some of these types are also
used in other high-power circuits.
3. RESETTABLE FUSES/POLYFUSE - Like their name suggests, these fuses are self-resetting.
They contain carbon black particles embedded in organic polymers. Normally, the carbon black
makes the mixture conductive. When a large current flows, heat is generated which expands the
organic polymer.
4. SEMICONDUCTOR FUSES - The power dissipated by a semiconductor increases
exponentially with current flow, and hence semiconductors are used for ultrafast fuses. These
fuses are usually used to protect semiconductor switching devices that are sensitive to even small
current spikes.
5. OVERVOLTAGE SUPPRESSION - Sometimes voltage spikes can be harmful to circuits too,
and often an overvoltage protection device is used with a fuse to protect against both voltage and
current spikes.
AC FUSES:
1. HIGH VOLTAGE FUSES - These fuses are used in high voltage AC transmission lines
where voltages can exceed several hundreds of kilovolts.
2. HRC (High Rupture Current) fuses - HRC fuses are cartridge type fuses consisting of a
transparent envelope made of steatite (magnesium silicate). The fuse is filled with quartz
 powder (and in the case of a liquid filled HRC fuses, a non-conducting liquid like mineral
oil) that acts as an arc extinguishing agent.
3. Expulsion Fuses - These fuses are filled with chemicals like boric acid that produce gases
on heating. These gases extinguish the arc and are expelled from the ends of the fuse. The
fuse element is made of copper, tin or silver.
4. LOW VOLTAGE FUSES - These fuses are used in the relatively low voltage distribution
networks.
5. Cartridge fuses - They are very similar to cartridge DC fuses. They consist of a
transparent envelope surrounding the fuse element. They can be plugged in (blade type)
or screwed into a fixture (bolt type).
6. Drop out fuses - They contain a spring-loaded lever arm that retracts when a fault occurs
and must be rewired and put back in place to resume normal operation. They are a type of
expulsion fuse.
7. Rewireable fuses - They are a simple reusable fuse used in homes and offices. They
consist of a carrier and a socket. When the fuse is blown, the carrier is taken out, rewired
and put back in the socket to resume normal operation. They are somewhat less reliable
than HRC fuses.
8. Striker fuse - These fuses are provided with a spring-loaded striker that can act as a visual
indicator that the fuse has blown and activate other switchgear.
9. Switch fuse - A handle that is manually operated can connect or disconnect high current
fuses.
GROUND FLOOR CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER
GROUND FAULT - an unintentional electrical path between a power source and a grounded
surface.
-most often occur when equipment is damaged or defective.
-can lead to disastrous results such as electrical shock, fire, or burns.
GROUND FLOOR CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER - called a GFCI or GFI, is an inexpensive
electrical device that can either be installed in your electrical system or built into a power cord to
protect you from severe electrical shocks.
- are designed to shut power off if there is a very small leak of electricity (a ground fault).
- installed where electrical circuits may accidentally encounter water.
HOW GFCI WORKS?
A GFCI constantly monitors current flowing through a circuit. If the current flowing into the
circuit differs by a very small amount (as little as 0.006 amperes) from the returning current, the
GFCI interrupts power faster than a blink of an eye to prevent a lethal dose of electricity.
GFCIs are designed to operate before the electricity can affect your heartbeat.
HOW TO TEST GFCI?
You can test the GFCI to ensure it’s working correctly.
● Pushing the “TEST” button will mimic an incorrect circuit, and the outlet should shut the
power off.
● Plug in a nightlight.
● Push the “TEST” button and see if the light goes off.
● If it does, the outlet is working correctly.
● Push the “RESET” button to reinstate the power to the outlet.
THREE TYPES OF GFCI
CIRCUIT BREAKER - A circuit breaker with a built-in GFCI may be installed in a panel box to
add protection to the circuits it supplies.
RECEPTACLE - Fits into a standard outlet box and protects against ground-faults for whatever
is plugged into the outlet and other electrical outlets further "downstream" in the branch circuit.
PORTABLE - One type contains the GFCI circuitry in a plastic enclosure with plug blades in the
back and receptacle slots in the front. It can be plugged into a receptacle, then the electrical
product is plugged into the GFCI.
WIRING DEVICES AND OTHER ELECTRICAL MATERIALS
WIRING DEVICES - Equipment that provide connection
- They cover devices
CONVENIENCE OUTLET - It is a common in wall electrical receptacle
COVER PLATES - -switch plates
- cover your home's outlets and light switches
SWITCHES AND DIMMERS - -used to turn electric circuits ON and OFF and to switch electric
circuits
- is a switch that allows you to gradually change the brightness of an electric light
LAMPHOLDERS - -support lamps and connect them to electrical circuits
LIGHT CONTROL DEVICE - -an intelligent network-based lighting control solution that
incorporates communication between various system inputs and outputs related to lighting
control with the use of one or more central computing devices
MOTION SENSING DEVICES - device that uses a sensor to detect nearby people or objects
PLUGS - a small plastic object with two or three metal pins that fit into the holes of an electric
outlet, allowing the equipment to connect to the electricity supply

INTRODUCTION:
Electricity is a flow that contains an electric charge and is related to physical phenomena. Until
now, electricity had various purpose in supporting daily activities. In using electricity for your
daily life, you need a device to measure electric voltage.
What is an electrical measuring instrument?
Electrical instruments are instruments that use the mechanical movement of electromagnetic
meter to measure electrical quantities which include:
1. Current magnitude - is the amount of charge flowing at a particular point.
2. Endurance - number of cycles until relay failure, with specified electrical loading of the
output circuit(s) and under specified operating conditions.
3. Electrical power - is the rate at which work is done or energy is transformed into an
electrical circuit. Simply put, it is a measure of how much energy is used in a span of
time.
4. Light power - is a form of energy, and can be measured in energy units
5. Voltage - also called electromotive force describes the “pressure” that pushes electricity.
6. Frequency - is the rate at which current changes direction per second.
Electrical technicians require electrical measurement equipment to check the electrical activity
and to detect the presence of voltage or current. By using this instrument we can measure
electrical parameters such as voltage, frequency, current, power factor, and resistance. Electrical
measurements are depended upon either current or voltage while measuring the frequency we
will be measuring the frequency of a current signal or a voltage signal.
In Electronics, there are different types of electrical and electronic instruments that can indicate
or records some physical values that are said to be called meters.
A Meter is an instrument or a device that measures voltage, current, resistance, power,
capacitance, temperature, frequency, etc. Many types of electronic instruments measure these
electrical quantities accurately. Electronic Industries and Research labs use different measuring
instruments to design, diagnose errors and faults in the electrical system, and also to rectify it.
measurement, the process of associating numbers with physical quantities and phenomena.
Originates from the latin mensural and the verb metiri through the middle French measure.
Measuring these quantities is important to determine the various aspects of the system. For
example, to measure the potential difference across the element, we use a voltmeter and the
amount of current flowing in the circuit ammeter measures the current.
Classification of measuring instruments:
 Indicating instruments will give instantaneous values of the quantity to be measured.
The scale and pointer mechanisms are invalid. PMMC, MI, dynamometer wattmeter,
frequency meter, and power factor meter are examples.
 Recording instruments record the value to be measured or observed. Recorded over
graph paper with a lightweight pen. These are used to observe load variation
continuously. Examples are recording voltmeter, recording wattmeter, and storage
oscilloscope.
 Integrating instruments add the measured value to the existing value. These instruments
will give the total electricity consumed over a period. Energy meter or KWhr
meter,kVARh meter, and ampere-hour meter.
 What is the Loading Effect?
The electrical measuring instruments draw power from the measurement circuit. This power
enables the circuit to operate in the correct manner. Depending on the power consumption, the
circuit condition may change, and the loading effect takes place. In AC circuits, the instrument
impedance changes with the frequency and changes the loading effect.
This problem occurs in the voltmeter and shows error readings. To eliminate or reduce the
loading effect, use a voltmeter with higher sensitivity.
The types of electric tools and their functions:
1. Ohm Meter - Ohm meter is a device that functions to measure the amount of electricity
from a switch. According to ohm’s law, the circuit of electric current is directly
proportional to the voltage. This device focuses more on resistance only.
Ohm meters are divided into two, one of them is analog ohm meters. It is a simpler device
because it measures with a needle, so you must be more precise in seeing where the number is
located.
Digital ohm meter is an ohm meter that provides more accurate and detailed results. The
disadvantage of this digital ohm meter is that it is difficult to monitor when the voltage
fluctuates. This ohm meter also has the function of knowing the damage to an electrical circuit,
so it can help your work faster.
2. Frequency Meter - this device has a function to measure the repetition of periodic
movements per second. The frequency meter also consists of analog and digital, where
the analog meter frequency works by manual needle, and digital frequency meters use
more detailed numbers.

3. Volt Meter - The next measuring instrument is a volt meter; this device has a function to
measure the amount of voltage of an electric current flowing per second. This volt meter
can measure the electric voltage within a predetermined maximum limit. If the voltage
exceeds the limit it will cause damage to the device.
Volt meters also consist of two types, they are analog volt meters and digital volt meters.
Analog volt meter works by using a needle, while digital volt meter can show you the
number in detail.

4. Ampere Meter- This tool serves to measure the electric voltage current in a closed
circuit. You only need to attach this ampere meter to the circuit of electric current you
want to measure.

5. Watt Meter - The watt meter has a function to measure direct current power. This
electric measuring device is a combination of an ampere meter and a volt meter. Besides
being able to measure direct current power, the watt meter can also measure the power of
a single phase alternating current and measure the power of a three-phase alternating
current.
6. Megger- Megger stands for mega ohm meter. Megger is a measuring device to give you
information whether the conductor of the instances has a direct connection. Its general
function is to measure the insulation resistance of power tools. The minimum is 1000 x
working voltage.

7. Kwh Meter- Kwh meter works by using magnetic field induction that moves the
aluminum plate. Kwh meter is used to calculate electrical energy consumption.
Meanwhile, the induction of kwh meter is one of the type that is useful for calculating
household electrical power.
In general, this kWh meter is easy to find in every house, because this kWh meter is
required to know each electricity consumption in households and other buildings that use
this device. The usage will be a bill that must be paid every month.

8. Taco Meter- This device has a function to measure the engine rotation of vehicles, such
as cars and motorbikes. This device has a screen where it displays the speed of the
vehicle. In addition, the taco meter is also used to measure the safe point that shows the
vehicle rotation speed.
9. Oscilloscope- This device has a function to map the signal from electricity. This type of
electric measuring device consists of a physical frequency component. Oscilloscope has
measurement results based on digital as well as graphs that are easy to read. There are so
many benefits of this oscilloscope, such as differentiating AC and DC voltages in
electrical components, knowing noise and checking electronic circuit signals.

10. Avo Meter- stands for ampere, voltage and ohm meter. Avo meter is a multifunctional
electric measuring instrument for measuring electric current, voltage and resistance of
electronic components. Avo meter consists of analog and digital. The analog avo meter
uses a needle as a pointer to the result. Where the digital avo meter displays a more
accurate number behind the comma.

11. A Multimeter - is a multi-function measurement device. It can measure voltage, current,

and resistance. It is also known as VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter).
two types of multimeters:
 Analog Multimeter is based on the principle of moving coil meter.
 To read the numerical measurements, Digital Multimeter has a digital display on
which we can read different values. The rotary switch points to particular
electrical quantities and shows the corresponding readings with units.

12. LCR Meter or Q-Meter - measures the Inductance, Capacitance, and resistance in a
circuit or device. It also measures the phase angle when measuring the voltage and
 current through the ‘Device Under Test’ (DUT). Finally, the impedance calculation is

taken from the phase angle.

Summary:
Electronic Measuring Instruments measures parameters like voltage, current, resistance, wattage,
etc. They use moving coil and moving iron mechanisms as their working principle. Different
torques are responsible for the operation of the instrument.
The different types of electrical and electronic instruments are a voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter,
ohmmeter, LCR meter, a multimeter, and etc. The meter has a pointer which moves over a scale
whenever the quantity passes through the meter.

INTRODUCTION:
An electrical symbol is a small image used to represent an electrical or electronic device or
function. They are also known as circuit symbols or schematic symbols as they are used in
electrical schematics and diagrams.
Basic Electrical Symbols:
1. Ground or Earth - A ground symbol identifies a ground terminal. It can be used for a zero
potential reference point from where current is measured. It is also for electrical shock
protection. There are a few different ground symbols. The one we're showing here is
"Earth", but there's also a Chassis and Digital/Common ground with slight variations to

this symbol.
2. Resistor - reduces current flow. In a schematic, this is represented with a few zig zag
squiggles. We're showing the US/Japan version of this symbol. The UK uses a simple
box over a straight line. There are also symbols for variable and adjustable resistors as
well as thermal and preset resistors.

3. Switch - Disconnects the current when open. We're showing a simple SPST (single-pole
single-throw) toggle switch, but there are variations for SPDT, pushbutton, dip, relay, and
 more. For a complete list of switch symbols, check out SmartDraw's electrical symbol
library.

4. Capacitor - symbol shows two terminals running into plates. The curved plate indicates
that the capacitor is polarized. The curved side has lower voltage. A small plus sign can
be added to the straight side indicated the positive pin.

5. Fuse - protects electrical circuits by stopping the flow of current when the intensity of
current exceed a set value. It does this by melting a special wire.

6. Antenna - Marks a device, rod, or wire designed to capture radio and electromagnetic
waves into electrical signals and vice versa.

7. Inductor - is also called a coil or reactor. The coils store energy in a magnetic field or
flux. An inductor symbol looks like a series of looped coils.

8. transformer - is two or more coils coupled by magnetic induction. It helps keep the
frequency and reduce tension in an AC circuit.

9. motor - is a device that can transform electric energy into mechanical energy.

10. Source - Represents the power source for your electronics. This symbol represent a direct
current (DC). To represent AC current, you'd replace the plus and minus sign with a
wave.
11. Batteries - are represented on a schematic with a pair of disproportionate, parallel lines.
The number of lines indicates the number of series cells in the battery.

12. diode - only allows current to flow in one direction. It's always polarized with an anode
(A, positive) and cathode side (C, negative).

13. diode LED - is a standard diode symbol with two small arrows showing the emission of
light.

14. Wire - is used to connect the components in a circuit.

15. Outward flow - means flowing outwardly.

16. Inward flow - means flowing inwardly.

17. Isolator - is a mechanical switch that isolates a part of a circuit from the system as when
required. Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe maintenance
works.

18. SPST - is a single-pole, single-throw (SPST) switch.

19. SPDT - is single-pole, double-throw (SPDT) switch.

20. DPST - is double-pole, single-throw (DPDT) switch.

21. DPDT - is a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) switch.

22. Ideal source - includes an ideal voltage source and ideal current source. An ideal source is
a theoretical concept of an electrical current or voltage supply (such as a battery) with no
losses and a perfect voltage or current supply. Ideal sources are used for analytical
purposes because they cannot occur in nature.

23. Cell - is a device containing electrodes immersed in an electrolyte, used for generating
current or for electrolysis.

24. Lamp or Light Bulb - Generates Light with Flow of Current

25. Electrical Switch box - Box to Install Switches

26. Circuit Breaker - Trip to Break the Electric Circuit and Stop Flow of Electricity