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PHYSICS - VOL 1 UNIT - 3

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NAME :

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STANDARD : 12 SECTION :

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SCHOOL :

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R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed.,

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PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502

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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
PART - II 2 MARK QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
1. Define magnetism. Give its applications.
 The property of attracting iron is called magnetism.
 In olden days, magnets were used as magnetic
compass for navigation, magnetic therapy for
treatment and magic shows.
 In modern days most of the things we use in daily
7.
Define magnetic inclination or dip.
 The angle subtended by the Earth’s total magnetic
field 𝐵⃗ with the horizontal direction in the
magnetic meridian is called dip or magnetic
inclination (I)
 For Chennai, angle of dip is 14°16
8. Define horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic
field.
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2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
13. What are the types of magnet?
 Magnets are classified in to natural magnets and
artificial magnets.
 Iron, cobalt, nickel etc are natural magnets.
Strength of natural magnets are very weak and the
shape of the magnet are irregular.
 Artificial magnets are made our desired shape and
strength. Bar magnets, cylindrical magnets, horse

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life contains magnets. For example loud speaker,  The componenet of Earth’s magnetic field along the shoe magnets are some examples for artificial

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motors, dynamo, cell phones, pendrive, CD, hard horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian is magnets.
disc in laptop etc called horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic 14. Define magnetic flux. Give its unit.
2. Define Giomagnetism or Terrestrial magnetism. field (𝐵𝐻 )  the number of magnetic field lines crossing per unit
 The branch of physics which deals with the Earth’s 9. Calculate the tangent of magnetic inclination or area is called magnetic flux (Φ𝐵 )

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magnetic field is called Geomagnetism . angle of dip. 𝚽𝑩 = 𝑩 ⃗⃗ . 𝑨
⃗⃗ = 𝑩 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
3. What are the elements of the Earth’s magnetic field?  Let 𝐵𝐸 be the net Earth’s magnetic field at a point  The S.I unit of magnetc flux is weber (Wb) and C.G.S
 To specify the Earth’s magnetic field, three ‘P’ and ‘I’ be the angle of dip, then unit is maxwell (1 Wb = 108 maxwell)

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quantities must be requied. They are Horizontal component ; 𝐵𝐻 = 𝐵𝐸 cos 𝐼  Its dimentional formula is [ML2T-2A-1]
(i) Magnetic declination (D) Vertical componenet ; 𝐵𝑉 = 𝐵𝐸 s𝑖𝑛 𝐼 15. Define magnetic flux density.

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(ii) Magnetic dip or inclination (I) 𝐵𝐸 s𝑖𝑛 𝐼 𝐵𝐻  The magnetic flux density can be defined as the
(iii) The horizontal component of the Earth’s ∴ =
𝐵𝐸 cos 𝐼 𝐵𝑉 number of magnetic field lines crossing unit area
magnetic field (BH) 𝑩𝑯 kept normal to the direction of line of force.

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4. Define geographic meridian and magnetic 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑰 =  Its S.I unit is tesla or 𝑾𝒃 𝒎−𝟐
𝑩𝑽
meridian. 16. Distinguish between uniform and non-uniform

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 A vertical plane passing through the geographic  Also, 𝑩𝑬 = √𝑩𝑯𝟐 + 𝑩𝑽𝟐 magnetic field.
axis is called geographic meridian and a great circle Non-uniform magnetic
10. Define pol strength of the magnet. Uniform magnetic field
perpendicular to Earth’s geographic axis is called field

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 The attracting property of the magnet is
geographic equator.
concentrated at its poles only and this property is 1) Magnetic field is said to 1) Magnetic field is said to
 A vertical plane passing throuth magnetic axis is be uniorm If it has the be non-uniform If the
called magnetic meridian and a great circle
perdicular to Earth’s magnetic axis is called
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called pole strength (𝑞𝑚 ).
 The S.I unit of pole strength is 𝑨 𝒎
11. Define magnetic dipole moment.
same magnitude and
direction at all the
magnitude or direction
or both varies at all its
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magnetic equator. points in a given region. points.
 Manetic dipole moment ( 𝒑𝒎 ) is defined as the
5. Define magnetic declination. 2) (e.g) Locally Earth’s 2) (e.g) Magnetic field of a
product of the pole strength ( 𝑞𝑚 ) and magnetic
 The angle between magnetic meridian at a point magnetic field is bar magnet
length (2 𝑙). i.e 𝒑𝒎 = 𝒒𝒎 𝟐 𝒍
s:

and geographical meridian is called the magnetic uniform

declination (D).  In vector notation ; ⃗⃗⃗𝒑𝒎 = 𝒒𝒎 ⃗⃗⃗𝒅 [∵ |⃗⃗⃗𝑑 | = 2 𝑙]
𝟐 17. Discuss the types of force between two magnetic
 At higher latitudes, the declination is greater  Its S.I unit is 𝐴 𝒎 . Its direction is from South pole
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pole strength.
whereas near the equator, the declination is to North poke.
smaller. 12. Define magnetic field.
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6. For Chennai, the magnetic declination angle is  The magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 at a point is defined as a force
− 𝟏°𝟖. Why it is negative? experienced by the bar magnet of unit pole
 The negative sign indicates, that the magnetic strength.
meridian lies west to the geographic meridian. ⃗𝑭
⃗⃗⃗𝑩 =  When north pole (N) of magnet A and north pole
𝒒𝒎 (N) of magnet B or south pole (S) of magnet A and
 Its S.I unit is 𝑵 𝑨−𝟏 𝒎−𝟏 south pole (S) of magnet B are brought close
together, they repels each other.
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
 On the other hand, when north pole of magnet A
and south pole of magnet B or south pole of magnet
A and north pole of magnet B are brought close
together they attracts each other.
 Thus like poles repels and unlike poles attracts.
18. State Coulomb’s inverse square law of magnetism.
 The force of attraction or repulsion between two
magnetic poles is directly proportional to the
product of their pole strengths and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between
them.
19. What happens when a bar magnet is freely
suspended in uniform and non-uniform magnetic
field?
 Even though Earth has non- uniform magnetic field,
it is locally (at particular place) taken as uniform.
So bar magnet suspended freely in unifom magnetic
field experience only torque (rotational motion)
 When a bar magnet is freely suspended in non-
uniform magnetic field, it undergo translator
motion due to net force and rotational motion due
to torque.
20. State tangent law.
 When a magnetic needle or magnet is freely
suspended in two mutually perpendicular uniform
magnetic fields, it will come to rest in the direction
of the resultant of the two fields.
21. Define magnetizing field.
 The magnetic field which is used to magnetize a
sample or specimen is called the magnetizing field
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(𝐻⃗ ). Its unit is 𝑨 𝒎−𝟏
22. Define magnetic permeability.
 Magnetic permeability is defined as the measure of
s:
ability of the material to allow the passage of
magnetic lines through it or measure of the capacity
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of the substance to take magnetization or the
degree of penetration of magnetic field through the
substance.
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23. Define relative permeability.
 The relative permeability ( 𝝁𝒓 ) is defined as the
ratio between absolute permeability ( 𝝁 ) of the
medium to the permeability of free space (𝝁𝒐 ).
𝝁 𝑻
𝝁𝒓 =
𝝁𝒐
 It has no unit and it is dimensionless quantity.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed
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2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
24. Define intensity of magnetization. 30. Define curie temperature.
 The net magnetic moment per unit volume of the  As temperature increases, the ferromagnetism
material or is known as intensity of magnetization decreases due to the inceased thermal agitation of
or magnetization vector or magnetization. the atomic dipoles.
 For magnet the intensity of magnetization can be  At a particular temperature, ferromagnetic
defined as the pole strength per unit area material becomes paramagnetic. This temperature
𝑝𝑚 𝑞𝑚 is known as Curie temperature (𝑇𝐶 ).
𝑀= =
𝑉 𝐴 31. State Curie - Weiss law.
 Its unit 𝑨 𝒎−𝟏 . It is a vector quantity
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 The susceptibility of the material above the Curie
25. Define magnetic induction or total magnetic field.
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temperature is given by
 The magnetic induction (⃗⃗⃗𝐵 ) inside the specimen is 𝐶
⃗𝑜 ) 𝜒𝑚 =
equal to the sum of the magnetic field ( 𝐵 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜
produced in vacuum due to magnetizing field and where, C  Curie law ; T  Kelvin temperature
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the magnetic field ( 𝐵 ⃗ 𝑚 ) due to the induce  This relation is called Curie - Weiss law.
magnetization of the substance, [⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = 𝐵 ⃗𝑜 +𝐵
⃗ 𝑚] 32. What is Hysteresis?
 Hysterisis means ‘lagging behind’
26. Define magnetic susceptibility.
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 The phenomenon of lagging of magnetic induction
 Magnetic susceptibility (𝜒𝑚 ) is defined as the ratio
(B) behind the magnetizing field (H) is called
of the intensity of magnetization (𝑀 ⃗⃗ ) induced in the
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hysteresis.
material due to the magnetizing field (𝐻 ⃗)
33. Define hysteresis loss.
 It is a dimensionless quantity.  During the magnetization of the specimen through
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27. What are the classification of magnetic materials? a cycle, there is loss of energy in the form of heat.
 Magnetic materials are generally classified in to This is known as hysteresis loss.
three types. They are
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 The energy lost per unit volume of the material
(i) Diamagnetic material when it is carried through one cycle of
(e.g.) bismuth, copper, water magnetization is equal to the area of the hysteresis
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(ii) Paramagnetic material loop.
(e.g.) Aluminum, platinum, chromium 34. What are the types of ferromagnetic materials?
al (iii) Ferro magnetic material
(e.g.) Iron, nickel, cobalt
 Based on the shape and size of the bysterisis loop,
ferromagnetic materials are classified as two types.
28. Define Meissner effect. They are
 Super conductors are perfect diamagnetic (i) Hard magnetic material - (e.g) steel
materials. (ii) Soft magnetic material - (e.g) soft irom
 The exclusion of magnetic flux from a super
35. State right hand thumb rule.
conductor during its transition to the  If we hold the current carrying conductor in our
superconducting state is known as Meisnner effect
right hand such that the thumb points in the
29. Define Curie’s law. direction of current flow, then the fingers encircling
 The susceptibility of the material is inversely the wire points in the direction of the magnetic field
proportional to its kelvin temperature. (i.e.)the lines produced.
magnetic susceptibility decreases with increase in 36. State Maxwell’s right hand cork screw rule.
temperature.  This rule is used to determine the direction of the
𝟏 𝑪
𝝌𝒎 ∝ (𝒐𝒓) 𝝌𝒎 = magnetic field.
𝑻  If we advance a right handed screw along the
 Where C  curie constant. This is called Curie law
direction of current, then the direction of rotation
of the screw gives the direction of the magnetic
field.
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
37. Define magnetic dipole moment of current loop. 45. Write a note on fast-neutron cancer therapy. 52. Define voltage sensitivity of the galvanometer.
 The magnetic dipole moment of any current loop is  When a deuteron is bombarded with a beryllium  It is defined as the deflection produced per unit
equal to the product of the current and area of the target, a beam of high energy neutrons are voltage applied across it.
loop. [⃗⃗⃗𝑝𝑚 = 𝐼 ⃗⃗⃗𝐴] produced. 𝜽 𝑵𝑩𝑨 𝟏
𝑰𝑺 = = =
38. State right hand thumb rule.  These high energy neutrons are sent into the 𝑰 𝑲 𝑮
 This rule is used to determine the direction of patient’s cancerous region to break the bonds in the 53. How galvanometer can be converted in to ammeter?
magnetic moment. DNA of the cancer cells.  A galvanometer is converted in to an ammeter by
 If we curl the fingers of right hand in the direction  This is used in treatment of fast-neutron cancer connecting a low resistance (shunt) in parallel with
the galvanometer.

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of current in the loop, then the stretched thumb therapy.

gives the direction of the magnetic moment
associated with the loop.
39. Define gyro-magnetic ratio.
 The ratio of magnetic moment (𝜇𝐿 ) of the electron
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46. State Flemming’s left hand rule (FLHR).
 Stretch fore finger, the middle finger and the
thrumb of the left hand in mutully perpendicular
directions. If,
54. How galvanometer can be converted in to voltmeter?
 A galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by
connecting high reistance in series with
galvanometer.

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to its angular momentum (L) is called gyro- (i) fore finger points the direction of magnetic 55. Why ammeter should always connected in series to
magnetic ratio. field, the circuit?
𝜇𝐿 𝑒 (ii) the middle finger points the direction of the  The ammeter must offer low resistance such that it
= = 8.78 𝑋 1010 𝐶 𝑘𝑔−1

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𝐿 2𝑚 electric current, then will not change the current passing through it. So
40. Define Bohr magneton. (iii) thumb will point the direction of the force ammeter is connected in series to measure the
circuit current.

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 It is the unit of atomic magnetic moment. experienced by the conductor.
 The minimum value of atomic magnetic moment is 47. Define one ampere.  An ideal ammeter has zero resistance.
called Bohr magneton.  One ampere is defined as that current when it is 56. Why voltmeter should always connected in parallel

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𝒆𝒉 passed through each of the two infinitely long to the circuit?
𝟏 𝒃𝒐𝒉𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒏 = 𝝁𝑩 = = 𝟗. 𝟐𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟒 𝑨 𝒎𝟐  The voltmeter must offer high resistance so that it
𝟒𝝅𝒎 parallel straight conductors kept at a distance of
41. State Ampere’s circuital law. will not draw appreciable current. So voltmeter is

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one metre apart in vacuum caused each conductor
 It state that the line integral of magnetic field over to experience a force of 2 𝑋 10−7 newton per connected in paralle to measure the potential
a closed loop is 𝝁𝒐 times net current enclosed by metre length of conductor. difference.

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the loop. 48. Define figure of merit of a galvanometer.  An ideal voltmeter has infinite resistance.
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮ ⃗𝑩 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝒐  It is defined as the current which produces a

42. Define Lorentz force.

al deflection of one scale division in the galvanometer.
49. Define current sensitivity of a galvanometer.
//k
 If the charge is moving in the electric field (𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗ ) and  It is defined as the deflection produced per unit
magnetic field (𝐵⃗ ), the total force experienced by current flowing through it.
𝜽 𝑵𝑩𝑨 𝟏
the charge is given by ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 = 𝒒 [⃗⃗⃗𝑬 + (⃗⃗⃗𝒗 𝑿 ⃗⃗⃗𝑩)] 𝑰𝑺 = = =
s:

 It is known as Lorentz forec. 𝑰 𝑲 𝑮

50. How the current sensitivity of galvanometer can be
43. Define one tesla.
increased?
tp

 The strength of the magnetic field is one tesla if unit

 By increasing the number of turns N
charge moving in it with unit velocity experiences
 By increasing the magnetic induction B
unit force.
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 By increasing the area of the coil A

44. What are the limitations of cyclotron?
 By decreasing the couple per unit twist of the
 The speed of the ion is limited.
suspension wire
 Electron cannot be accelerated.
51. Why Phosphor - bronze is used as suspension wire?
 Uncharged particles cannot be accelerated.
 Because, for phosphor - bronze wire, the couple per
unit twist is very small.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
 The tangent drawn at any point on the magnetic
PART - III 3 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS field lines gives the direction of magnetic field at
1.ANSWERS
What are the properties of bar magnet? that point.
Properties of magnet:  They never intersect each other.
(i) A freely suspended bar magnet wil always point  The degree of closeness of the field lines
along the north - south direction. determines the relative strength of the magnetic
(ii) The attractive property of the magnet is maximum field. The magnetic field is strong where magnetic
near its end or pole. This is called pole strength. field lines crowd and weak where magnetic field

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(iii) Two poles of a magnet have pole strength equal to lines thin out.

one another.
(iv) When a magnet is broken into pieces, each piece
behave like a magnet with poles at its ends.
(v) The length of the bar magnet is called geometrical
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4. Explain Coulomb’s inverse square law in
magnetism.  Force experienced by the North pole along the
Coulomb’ inverse square law in magnetism : direction of the field ; ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑁 = 𝑞𝑚 𝐵 ⃗
 Force experienced by the South pole opposite to the

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length and length between two magnetic poles in a direction of the field ; ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑆 = − 𝑞𝑚 𝐵 ⃗
bar magnet is called magnetic length. The magnetic  Hence total force ; ⃗⃗⃗𝐹 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑁 + ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑆 = 0 ⃗
length is always slightly smaller than geometrical  So that there is no translator motion.

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length. (i.e.)  But these two forces constitute a couple, which
magnetic length : geometrical length = 5 ∶ 6  Consider two bar magnets A and B as shown. tends to rotate the magnet along the direction of the

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2. Write a note on pole strength.  Let , Pole strength of A = 𝑄𝑚𝐴 field ⃗⃗⃗𝐵.
Pole strength : Pole strength of B = 𝑄𝑚𝐵  Hence moment of force or torque about ‘O’ is
 The attracting property of the magnet is Distance between A and B = 𝑟 ⃗⃗𝜏 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑁 𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑁 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑆 𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑆

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concentrated at its poles only and this property is  Then by Coulomb’s law, the force of attraction or
called pole strength (𝑞𝑚 ). ⃗⃗𝜏 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑁 𝑋 𝑞𝑚 𝐵 ⃗ + 𝑂𝑆 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 (−𝑞𝑚 𝐵 ⃗)
repulsion between two mannetic poles is directly ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗|
 Here, |𝑂𝑁| = |𝑂𝑆| = 𝑙 and |𝑞𝑚 𝐵| = |−𝑞𝑚 𝐵

 It is a scalar quantity with dimension [𝐿 𝐴].
S.I unit is 𝑨 𝒎 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑵 𝑻 −𝟏
 North pole of the magnet experiences a force in the
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Its proportional to the product of their pole strengths
 Hence the magnitude of the torque,
and inversely proportional to the square of the
𝜏 = 𝑙 𝑞𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃 + 𝑙 𝑞𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃

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distance between them. Hence
direction of the magnetic field and south pole 𝑄𝑚𝐴 𝑄𝑚𝐴 𝑄𝑚𝐴 𝑄𝑚𝐴 𝜏 = 2 𝑙 𝑞𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃 [𝑞𝑚 2𝑙 = 𝑝𝑚 ]
experiences force opposite to the magnetic field. ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 ∝ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟̂ (𝑜𝑟) 𝐹 = 𝑘 𝑟̂ 𝝉 = 𝒑𝒎 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
 Pole strength depends on the nature of materials of
the magnet, area of cross-section and the state of
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 In magnitude,
𝑟2

𝑄𝑚 𝑄𝑚
𝑟2
 In vector notation, ⃗⃗𝝉 = 𝒑 ⃗ 𝒎 𝑿 ⃗𝑩 ⃗
6. Obtain an expression for potential energy of a bar
//k
magnetization. 𝐹 =𝑘 𝐴2 𝐴 magnet placed in an uniform magnetic field.
𝑟
 If a magnet is cut in to two equal halves along the  where, 𝑘 → proportionality constant. Potential energy of a bar magnet :
length, then pole strength is reduced to half.  In S. I unit, the value of 𝑘 is
s:

 If the magnet is cut into two equal halves 𝜇𝑜

𝑘= ≅ 10−7 𝐻 𝑚−1
perperdicular to the length, then pole strength 4𝜋
 Then the force,
tp

remains same.
 If we cut the magnet in to two pieces, we will not 𝝁𝒐 𝑸 𝒎𝑨 𝑸𝒎𝑨
𝑭 =
separate north and south poles. Instead we get two 𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
ht

magnets. (i.e) isolated mono pole does not exist in  where, 𝜇𝑜 → permiability of free space or vacuum  Let a bar magnet of dipole moment ⃗⃗⃗𝑝𝑚 is placed in
nature [𝜇𝑜 = 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝐻 𝑚−1 ]
a uniform magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 at an angle 𝜃
3. Give the properties of magnetic field lines. 5. Calculate the torque acting on a bar magnet in
 The magnitude of the torque acting on the dipole is
Properties of magnetic field lines: uniform magnetic field.
; 𝝉 = 𝒑𝒎 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
 They are continuous closed lines. Their direction is Torque acting on a bar magnet :
 So work done bt external torque (𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑡 ) for a small
from North pole to South pole outside the magnet  Consider a mannet of length ‘2𝑙’ of pole strength
angular displacement against the torque (𝝉) is
and South pole to North pole inside the magnet. ‘𝑞𝑚 ’ kept in uniform magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 . 𝑑𝑊 = 𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜏 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
 Hence the total work done to rotate the bar magnet 9. What are called dia, para and ferro magnetic  But due to random orientation of these moments,
from 𝜃 to 𝜃 is , material? the net magnetic moment of the material is zero.
𝜃 𝜃  Materials which exhibit weak magnetim in the  In the presence of external magnetic field, the
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 direction opposite to the applied field are known as torque acting on the atomic dipoles will align them
𝜽 𝜽
𝑊 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 [− cos 𝜃]𝜃𝜽 = − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 [cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 ] diamagnetic materials. They are repelled by the in the field direction.
magnet.  Thus a net magnetic dipole moment induced in the
 This workdone is stored as potential energy of the
bar magnet. Hence 𝑼 = − 𝒑𝒎 𝑩 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ] (e.g.) Bismuth, Copper, Water direction of the applied field.
 Materials which exhibit weak magnetim in the  The induced dipole moment is present as long as
 If initial angle be  = 90 then,∶ 𝑼 = − 𝒑𝒎 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

/
direction of the applied field are known as the external field exists.
 The potential energy stored in a bar magnet placed

in a uniform magnetic field is, 𝑼 = − ⃗⃗⃗𝒑𝒎 . ⃗⃗⃗𝑩
(i) If  = 0 then, ∶ 𝑼 = − 𝒑𝒎 𝑩 = minimum
(ii) If  = 180 then, ∶ 𝑼 = 𝒑𝒎 𝑩 = maximum
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paramagnetic materials. They are feebly attracted
by the magnets
(e.g.) Alluminium, Platinum, Chromium
 Materials which exhibit strong magnetim in the
 When placed in a non-magntic field, these materials
will have a tendency to move from weaker to
stronger part of the field.
 Materials which exhibit weak magnetim in the

l.c
 Thus the potential energy of a bar magnet is direction of the applied field are known as direction of the applied field are known as
minimum when it is align along the external field feromagnetic materials. They are strongly attracted paramagnetic materials.
and maximum when it align anti parallel with the by the magnets (e.g.) Aluminium, Platinum, Chromium

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external field. (e.g.) Iron, Cobalt, Nickel 12. Explain ferro magnetism.
7. What are the precausions taken wile using tangent 10. Explain dia magnetism. Ferromangntic material:

er
galvanometer (TG) Diamagnetic material :
Precausions:  The orbital motion of electron produce a magnetic
 All the neaby magnets and magnetic materials are field perpendicular to the plane of the orbit.

at
kept away from the instrument.  Thus each electron orbit has finite orbital magnetic
 Using sprit level, the levelling screws at the base are dipole moment. But the resultant magnetic moment

adjusted so that the small magnetic needle is
exactly horizontal and also the circular coil is
exactly vertical.
m
for each atom is zero.
 In the presence of an external magnetic moment,
some electrons are speeded up and some are  Ferro magnetic material also possesses net

vi
slowed down. magnetic dipole moment as paramagnetic material.
 The plane of the coil is kept along the magnetic  A ferro magnetic material is made up of smaller
meridian.  According to Lenz’s law, the electrons whose
 The pointer in the compass box should read 0° − 0°
8. Using the relation 𝑩 ⃗⃗ = 𝝁𝒐 (𝑯
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑴⃗⃗⃗ ) , show that
al moments were anti-parallel are speeded up which
produces induced magnetic moment in a direction 
rigions called ferromagnetic domain.
Within each domain, the magnetic moments are
//k
opposite to the field. aligned in same direction due to strong interaction
𝝌𝒎 = 𝝁𝒓 − 𝟏  The induced moment disappears as soon as the arising from electron spin. So each domain has net
Proof : The total magnetic induction, external field is removed. magnetization in a direction.
𝐵⃗ = 𝜇𝑜 (𝐻 ⃗ + 𝑀⃗⃗ ) − − − − − (1)
s:

 When placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, it has  But the direction of magnetization is different for
 By definition, tendency to move the material from stronger to different domains. Hence the net magnetization of
⃗⃗
𝑀 weaker part of the field. the specimen is zero.
tp

𝜒𝑚 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑀 ⃗⃗ = 𝜒𝑚 𝐻 ⃗  In the presence of external magnetic field, the

𝐻⃗  This action is called diamagnetic action and such
⃗ = 𝜇𝐻 ⃗ materials are known as diamagnetic materials. domain having magnetic moments parallel to the
& 𝐵
ht

(e.g.) Bismuth, Copper, Water field grow in size and the other domains are aligned
 Put this in equation (1),
11. Explain paramagnetism. with the field.
𝜇𝐻 ⃗ = 𝜇𝑜 (𝐻 ⃗ + 𝜒𝑚 𝐻 ⃗)
Paramagnetic material :  It results, a strong net magnetization of the material
𝜇𝐻 ⃗ = 𝜇𝑜 𝐻⃗ (1 + 𝜒𝑚 ) in the direction of the applied field is produced.
𝜇  In some magnetic material, each atom or molecule
= 1 + 𝜒𝑚 has net dipole magnetic moment which is vector  Materials which exhibit strong magnetism in the
𝜇𝑜 sum of orbital and spin magnetic moments of direction of the applied field is called ferro
(𝑜𝑟) 𝜇𝑟 = 1 + 𝜒𝑚 magnetic materials.
electrons.
∴ 𝝌 𝒎 = 𝝁𝒓 − 𝟏 (e.g.) Iron, Nickel, Cobalt
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
13. List the properties of Diamagnetic materials.  The materials (Soft irom) with high initial  It may be either clockwise or anticlock wise
Properties of Diamagnetic materials : permeability, large mangnetic induction and thin depending on the direction of current in the
 Magnetic susceptibility is negative. hysteresis loop with smaller area are needed to conductor.
 Relative permeability is slightly less than one desigh transformer cores.  If strength of the current is increased, then the
 The magnetic field lines are excluded by 17. What are the differences between soft and hard density of the magnetic field will also increases.
diamagnetic materials when placed in a magnetic ferromagnetic materials?  The strength of the magnetic field decreases at the
fields. Soft ferromagnetic materials : distance from the conductor increases.
 Susceptibility is nearly temperature independent.  When external field is removes, its magnetization 19. Explain the magnetic field around the current

/
14. List the properties of Paramagnetic materials. will disappears. carrying circular loop.

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Properties of Paramagnetic materials :  Area of the loop is small Circular coil carrying current :
 Magnetic susceptibility is small positive value.  Low retentivity
 Relative permeability is greater than one  Low coercivity
 The magnetic field lines are attracted in to  High susceptibility and magnetic permeability

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paramagnetic materials when placed in a magnetic  Less hysteresis loss
field.  Used as solenoid core, transformer core and
 Susceptibility is inversely proportional to electromagnets

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temperature. (e.g.) Soft iron, Mumetal, Stalloy
15. List the properties of Ferromagnetic materials. Hard ferromagnetic materials :

er
Properties of Ferromangnetic materials :  When external field is removes, its magnetization
 Magnetic susceptibility is positive and large will persists.
 Relative permeability is very very greater than one  Area of the loop is large

at
 The magnetic fleld lines are stronglyattracted in to  High retentivity  If we keep a magnetic compass near a current
the ferromagnetic materials when placed in a  High coercivity carrying circular conductor, then the magnetic

m
magnetic field.  Low susceptibility and magnetic permeability needle deflects which indicates the existence of
 Susceptibility is inversely proportional to  More hysteresis loss magnetic field.
temperature.  Used as permanent magnets  Tracing the direction of the deflection, it shows the

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16. Explain the applications of hysteresis loop. (e.g.) Steel, Alnico, Lodestone magnetic lines are circular near A and B and nearly
Applications of hysteresis loop : 18. Explain the magnetic field around a straight current parallel to each other near the centre of the loop.
 The main significance of hysteresis loop is that it
provides the following information.
al
carrying conductor.
Current carrying straight conductor :
 Thus the field present near the centre of the coil is
almost uniform.
//k
(i) Retentivity  The strength of the magnetic field is increased if
(ii) Coercivity either the current in the coil or the number of turns
(iii) Permiability or both are increased.
s:

(iv) Susceptibility  The polarity (north pole or south pole) depends on

(v) Energy loss during on cycle of magnetization the direction of current in the loop.
 These information will help us in selecting proper
tp

20. State and explain Biot-Savart law.

and suitable material for a given purpose. Biot - Savart law :
 For example, the materials (Steel and Alnico) with
ht

high retentivity, high coercivity and high  When a magnetic compass is kept near a current
permeability are suitable for making permanent carrying straight conductor, the magnetic needle
magnets. deflects which indicates there exists a magnetic
 The materials (Soft iron and Mumetal) with high field.
initial permeability, low retentivity, low coercivity  If we trace the direction shown by the magnetic
and thin hysteresis loop with smaller area are needle, we can draw the magnetic field lines which
preferred to make electro mangnet. are concentric circles having their centre at the axis
of the conductor.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
 According to Biot - Savart law, the magnitude of Current loop as a magnetic dipole :  The direction of magnetic field is given by right
magnetic field 𝑑𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ at a point ‘P’ at a distance ‘r’  The magnetic field from the centre of a currnt loop hand palm rule. (i.e.) if the current carrying
from the small elemental length ‘dl’ of the current of radius ‘R’ along the axis solenoid is held in right hand such that the fingers
2
‘I’ carrying conductor varies, 𝜇 𝑜 𝐼 𝑅 curl in the direction of current, then extended
⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = 3 𝑘̂ thumb gives the direction of magnetic field.
(i) 𝑑𝐵 ∝ 𝐼
2 (𝑅2 + 𝑧 2 )2  Hence magnetic field of a solenoid looks like the
(ii) 𝑑𝐵 ∝ 𝑑𝑙
 At larger distance, 𝑧 ≫ 𝑅 and hence 𝑅2 + 𝑧 2 ≈ 𝑧 2 magnetic field of a bar magnet.
(iii) 𝑑𝐵 ∝ sin 𝜃
𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝑅 2 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝜋 𝑅 2 Uses :
(iv) 𝑑𝐵 ∝ 2
1 ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = ̂
𝑘 = ̂
𝑘
2 𝑧3 2 𝜋 𝑧3

/
𝑟  Solenoid can be used as electromagnets which
 Hence, Here, 𝜋 𝑅2 → area of the loop

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produces strong magnetic field that can be turned
𝐼 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃 𝜇 𝐼𝐴 𝜇𝑜 2 𝐼 𝐴
𝑑𝐵 ∝ ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = 𝑜 𝑘̂ = 𝑘̂ − − − −(1) ON or OFF.
𝑟2 2 𝜋 𝑧3 4 𝜋 𝑧3  The strength of the magnetic field can be increased
𝐼 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃  We know that, magnetic field at a distance ‘𝑧’ along
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝐵 = 𝑘 − − − − (1) by keeping iron bar inside the solenoid.
𝑟2 the axial line is

l.c
 They are useful in designing variety of electrical
 where, 𝑘 → constant 𝜇 2 ⃗⃗⃗𝑝𝑚
𝜇𝑜 ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = 𝑜 − − − − − −(2) appliences.
 In S. I. units, 𝑘 = 4 𝜋 𝑧3 24. Write a note in MRI.
4𝜋
 Compare equation (1) and (2)

ia
 Hence, MRI :
𝝁𝒐 𝑰 𝒅𝒍 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ⃗⃗⃗𝒑𝒎 = 𝑰 ⃗⃗⃗𝑨  MRI is Magnetic Resonance Imaging which helps the
𝒅𝑩 = − − − − (2) (𝑜𝑟) 𝒑 = 𝑰 𝑨

er
𝟒𝝅 𝒓 𝟐 𝒎 physicians to diagonise or monitor treatment for a
 In vector notation,  This implies that a current carrying circular loop variety of abnormal conditions happening within
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝝁𝒐 𝑰 𝒅𝒍 𝑿 𝒓̂ behaves as a magnetic dipole of dipole moment 𝒑 𝒎 the head, chest, abdomen and pelvis.

at
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑩 = − − − − (3)  So the magnetic dipole moment of any current  It is a non invasive medical test.
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐 loop is equal to the product of the current and
 Here ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑩 is perpendicular to both 𝑰⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒍 and 𝒓̂  The patient is placed in a circular opening and large
area of the loop.

m
 From superposition principole the total magnetic 23. Explain current carrying solenoid behaves like a current is sent through the superconduction wire
field due to entire conductor is, to produce a strong magnetic field.
bar magnet.  This magnetic field produces radio frequency
𝝁𝒐 𝑰 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

vi
𝒅𝒍 𝑿 𝒓̂ Current carrying conductor:
⃗⃗ = ∫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 𝒅𝑩 = ∫ pulses which are fed to a computer which produce
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐 pictures of organs which helps the physicians to
21. Give the difference between Coulomb’s law and
Biot-Savart’s law.
al examine various parts of the body
25. Define Lorentz force. Give the properties of Lorentz
//k
Coulomb’s law Biot-Savart’s law magnetic force.
1) Electric field is 1) Magnetic field is Lorentz force :
calculated calculated  When an electric charge ′𝑞′ moves in the magnetic
s:

2) Produced by a scalar 2) Produced be vector  A solenoid is a long coil of wire closely wound in the field 𝐵 ⃗ , it experience a force called Lorentz
source (i.e) charge ‘q’ source (i.e.) current form of helix. magnetic force.
⃗⃗⃗ ’  When current flows through the solenoid, magnetic
tp

element ‘𝐼 𝑑𝑙 𝑭𝒎 = 𝑩 𝒒 𝒗 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
3) It is directed along the 3) It is directed field is produced.  In vector notation,
position vector joining perpendicular to the  It is due to the superposition of magnetic fields of ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 = 𝒒 (𝒗
⃗ 𝑿 ⃗𝑩
⃗)
ht

the source and the position vector and the each turn of the solenoid. Properties of Lorentz magnetic force :
point at which the field current element  Inside the solenoid, the magnetic field is nearly
(i) ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 is directly proportional to the magnetic field (𝑩 ⃗⃗ )
is calculated. uniform and parallel to its axis.
⃗⃗⃗
(ii) 𝑭𝒎 is directlty proportional to the velocity (𝒗 ⃗)
4) Does not depends on 4) Depends on the angle  But outside the solenoid, the field is negligibly
small. (iii) ⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 is directly proportional to sine of the angle
angle between 𝐼 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 and 𝑟̂ 𝒎
 Depending on the direction of current, one end of between the velocity and magnetic field.
22. Explain the current loop acts as a magnetic dipole
and calculate its dipole moment. the solenoid behaves like North pole and the other (iv) ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 is directly proportional to the magnitude of the
end behaves like South pole. charge
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
(v) The direction of ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 is always perpendicular to (i) If 𝑣 > 𝑣𝑜 , then charged particle deflects in the  Let 𝑅𝑎 be the resistance of ammeter, then
⃗
⃗⃗⃗𝑣 and 𝐵 direction of Lorentz force. 1 1 1
= +
(ii) If 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑜 , then charged particle deflects in the 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝐺 𝑆
(vi) The direction of ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 on negative chanrge is
direction of Coulomb force. 𝑹𝑮 𝑺
opposite to the direction of ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 on positive charge (iii) If , then no deflection and the charged particle ⟹ 𝑹𝒂 =
(vii) If the of the charge is along the manetic field, then 𝑹𝑮 + 𝑺
moves in straight line.  Here, 𝑅𝐺 > 𝑆 > 𝑅𝑎
⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 is zero.  Thus by proper choice of electric and magnetic  Thus an ammeter is a low resistance instrument,
26. Write a note on velocity selector. fields, the particle with particular speed can be and it always connected in series to the circuit.
Velocity selector:

/
selected. Such an arrangement of fields is called a  An ideal ammeter has zero resistance.

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velocity selector. 28. How Galvanometer can be converted in to
 This principle is used in Bainbridge mass voltmeter?
spectrograph to separate the isotopes. Galvanometer to a voltmeter :
27. How Galvanometer can be converted in to Ammeter.

l.c
Galvanometer to an Ammeter :

ia
 Let an electric charge ‘q’ of mass ‘m’ enters in to a

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region of uniform magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗ with velocity ⃗⃗⃗𝑣  A voltmeter is an instrument used to measure
 Dut to Lorentz force, the charged particle moves in potential difference across any two points.
 A galvanometer is converted in to voltmeter by

at
helical path.
 By applying proper electric field 𝐸⃗ , the Lorentz connecting high resistance in series with the
force can be balanced by Coulomb force  Ammeter is an instrument used to measure current. galvanometer.

m
 Here Coulomb force acts along the direction of  A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by  The scale is calibrated in volts.
electric field, whereas the Lorentz force is connecting a low resistance called shunt in parallel  Galvanometer resistance = 𝑅𝐺

vi
perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field. with the galvanometer. High resistanc = 𝑅ℎ
 Therefore in order to balance these forces, both  The scale is calibrated in amperes. Current flows through galvanometer = 𝐼𝐺
electric and magnetic fields must be perpendicular to al
 Galvanometer resistance = 𝑅𝐺 Voltage to be measured = 𝑉
each other. Shunt resistance = 𝑆 Total resistance of this circuit = 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅ℎ
Current flows through galvanometer = 𝐼𝐺  Here the current in the electrical circuit is same as
//k
 Such an arrangement of perpendicular electric and
magnetic fields are known as cross fields. Current flows through shunt resistance = 𝐼𝑆 the current passing through the galvanometer. (i.e.)
 The force on electric charge due to these fields is, Current to be measured = 𝐼 𝐼𝐺 = 𝐼
The potential difference across galvanometer is 𝑽
s:

⃗⃗⃗𝐹 = 𝑞 [𝐸⃗ + (𝑣 𝑋 𝐵 ⃗ )] 𝑰𝑮 =
same as the potential difference shunt resistance. 𝑹𝑮 + 𝑹𝒉
 For a positive charge, the electric force on the (i.e.) 𝑉𝐺𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑉
charge acts in downward direction whereas the
tp

𝐼𝐺 𝑅𝐺 = 𝐼𝑆 𝑆 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅ℎ =
Lorentz force acts upwards. 𝐼𝐺
𝐼𝐺 𝑅𝐺 = (𝐼 − 𝐼𝐺 ) 𝑆 − − − −(1) 𝑽
When these two forces balance one another, the net 𝑰𝑮 ∴ 𝑹𝒉 = − 𝑹𝑮
ht

force ⃗⃗⃗𝐹 = 0. Hence 𝑞 𝐸 = 𝐵 𝑞 𝑣𝑜 𝑺= 𝑹 𝑰𝑮

𝑰 − 𝑰𝑮 𝑮  Let 𝑅𝑣 be the resistance of voltmeter, then
𝑬
∴ 𝒗𝒐 =  From equation (1), 𝑹𝒗 = 𝑹𝑮 + 𝑹𝒉
𝑩 𝐼𝐺 𝑅𝐺 = 𝑆 𝐼 − 𝐼𝐺 𝑆
 This means for a given magnitude of electric field  Here, 𝑅𝐺 < 𝑅ℎ < 𝑅𝑣
𝐼𝐺 (𝑆 + 𝑅𝐺 ) = 𝑆 𝐼  Thus an voltmeter is a highresistance instrument,
𝐸⃗ and magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗ , the forces act only for the 𝑺
𝑰𝑮 = 𝑰 and it always connected in parallel to the circuit
particle moving with particular speed 𝒗𝒐 . 𝑺 + 𝑹𝑮 element.
 This speed is independent of mass and charge,
 An ideal ammeter has zero resistance.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
29. Differentiate Scalar, Vector and Tensor.
Scalar :
 It has only one component.
 It has no direction (i.e) no unit vector
 Since it has no direction, its rank is zero.
Vector :
 It haIs resolved in to components.
 It has only one direction. (i.e.) has one unit vector
 Since each component have one direction, its rank
is one
Tensor :
 It has resolved into components.
 It has more than one direction (i.e) has more than
one unit vector
 If each component associated with two direction,
then its rank is two and if each component
associated with three direction, then its rank is
three.
 In general, if each component associated with ‘n’
direction, then it is called tensor of rank ‘n’
//k
s:
tp
ht
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed
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2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
 The angle between magnetic meridian at a point
PART - IV 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS and geographical meridian is called the magnetic
1.ANSWERS
Discuss Earth’s magnetic field in detail. declination (D).
Earth’s magnetic field :  The angle subtended by the Earth’s total magnetic
field wih the horizontal direction in the magnetic
meridian is called dip or magnetic inclination (I)
at that point.
 The component of Earth’s magnetic field along the
/
horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian is
om
called horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic
field (BH)
 Let BH be the net Earth’s magnetic field at a point
on the surface of the Earth, then
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Horizontal component ; 𝐵𝐻 = 𝐵𝐸 cos 𝐼 − − − (1)
Vertical component : 𝐵𝑉 = 𝐵𝐸 s𝑖𝑛 𝐼 − − − (2)
 A freely suspended magnet comes to rest (2) 𝐵𝑉
⟹ tan 𝐼 =
ia
approximately along the geographical north - south (1) 𝐵𝐻
direction. (i) At magnetic equator :
 To explain this, William Gilbert proposed that,
er
 At magnetic equator, 𝐼 = 0°, then
Earth itself like a gigantic powerful magnet, but this 𝐵𝐻 = 𝐵𝐸
theory was not accepted. 𝐵𝑉 = 0
at
 Gover suggested that the Earth’s magnetic field is (ii) At magnetic poles :
due to hot rays coming out from the Sun.  At magnetic poles, 𝐼 = 90° , then
 So many theories have been proposed, but none of
m
𝐵𝐻 = 0
the theory completely explains the cause for the 𝐵𝑉 = 𝐵𝐸
Earth’s magnetism. 2. Calculate the magnetic induction at a point on the
vi
 The north pole of magnetic compass needle is axial line of a bar magnet.
attracted towards the magnetic south pole of the ⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 ) :
al Magnetic field at axial line ( 𝐵
Earth which is near the geographic north pole.
 Simillarly the south pole of magnetic compass
needle is attracted towards the magnetic north
pole of the Earth which is near the the geographic
south pole.
 The branch of physics which deals with the Earth’s
magnetic field is called Geomagnetism (or)
Terrestrial magnetism.
 The Earth spins about an axis called geographic
axis and vertical line passing through the  Consider a bar magnet ‘NS’ of moment 𝑝𝑚 = 𝑞𝑚 2𝑙
geographic axis is called geographic meridian,  Let C be the point on its axis at a distance ‘r’ from
and a great circle perpendicular to Earth’s centre ‘O’
geographic axis is called geographic equator.  Let unit north pole (𝑞𝑚𝐶 = 1 𝐴 𝑚) is placed at ‘C’
 The straight line which connects magnetic poles of
 The repulsive force experienced by unit north pole
Earthis known as magnetic axis and the vertical lise
(i.e.) magnetic field at ‘C’ due to north pole
passing throuth magnetic axis is called magnetic
⃗⃗⃗𝐹 𝜇 𝑞𝑚
meridian and a great circle perpendicular to ⃗⃗⃗𝐵𝑁 = 𝑁 = 𝑜 𝑖̂ − − − − (1)
Earth’s magnetic axis is called magnetic equator. 𝑞𝑚𝐶 4 𝜋 (𝑟 − 𝑙)2
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
 The attractive force experienced by unit north pole  Let C be the point on its equatorial line at a distance 4. What is tangent law? Discuss in detail. Explain the
(i.e.) magnetic field at ‘C’ due to south pole ‘r’ from centre ‘O’ principle, construction and working of tangent
⃗⃗⃗𝐹 𝜇 𝑞𝑚  Let unit north pole (𝑞𝑚𝐶 = 1 𝐴 𝑚) is placed at ‘C’ galvanometer.
⃗⃗⃗𝐵𝑆 = 𝑆 = − 𝑜 𝑖̂ − − − − (2) Tangent Galvanometer :
𝑞𝑚𝐶 4 𝜋 (𝑟 + 𝑙)2  The repulsive force experienced by unit north pole
(i.e.) magnetic field at ‘C’ due to north pole  It is a device used to measure very small currents.
 Then total magnetic field at ‘C’ is
𝐹𝑁 𝜇𝑜 𝑞𝑚  It is a moving magnet type galvanometer.
⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐵𝑁 + ⃗⃗⃗𝐵𝑆
𝐵 𝐵𝑁 = = (𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝐶) − − − − (1)
𝑞𝑚𝐶 4 𝜋 𝑟 !𝟐  Its working is based on tangent law.
𝜇𝑜 𝑞𝑚 𝜇𝑜 𝑞𝑚
= 𝑖̂ + [− 𝑖̂ ]  The attractive force experienced by unit north pole Tangent law :
4 𝜋 (𝑟 − 𝑙)2 4 𝜋 (𝑟 + 𝑙)2

/
(i.e.) magnetic field at ‘C’ due to south pole  When a magnetic needle or magnet is freely
𝜇𝑜 1 1

om
= 𝑞𝑚 [ − ] 𝑖̂ 𝐹𝑆 𝜇𝑜 𝑞𝑚 suspended in two mutually perpendicular uniform
4𝜋 (𝑟 − 𝑙) 2 (𝑟 + 𝑙)2 𝐵𝑆 = = (𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑆) − − − − (2) magnetic fields, it will come to rest in the direction
𝑞𝑚𝐶 4 𝜋 𝑟 !𝟐
𝜇𝑜 (𝑟 + 𝑙)2 − (𝑟 − 𝑙)2 of the resultant of the two fields.
= 𝑞𝑚 [ ] 𝑖̂  Here, 𝑩𝑵 = 𝑩𝑺
4𝜋 (𝑟 − 𝑙)2 (𝑟 + 𝑙)2  Let B be the magnetic field produced by passing
 Resolve these two magnetic fields into their

l.c
𝜇𝑜 𝑟2 + 𝑙2 + 2 𝑟 𝑙 − 𝑟2 − 𝑙2 + 2 𝑟 𝑙 current through the coil of tangent galvanometer
components. Hence
= 𝑞𝑚 [ ] 𝑖̂ and BH be the horizontal component of Earth’s
4𝜋 {(𝑟 − 𝑙) (𝑟 + 𝑙)}2 ⃗⃗⃗𝐵𝑁 = − 𝐵𝑁 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂ + 𝐵𝑁 sin 𝜃 𝑗̂
magnetic field.
𝜇𝑜 4𝑟𝑙 ⃗ 𝑆 = − 𝐵𝑆 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂ − 𝐵𝑆 sin 𝜃 𝑗̂

ia
= 𝑞𝑚 2 𝑖̂ 𝐵  Under the action of two magnetic fields, the needle
4𝜋 (𝑟 − 𝑙 2 )2  Then the total magnetic field at ‘C’ is comes to rest at an angle  with 𝐵𝐻 , such that
𝜇𝑜 2 𝑟 (𝑞𝑚 2 𝑙) 𝐵⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐵𝑁 + 𝐵 ⃗𝑺

er
= 𝑖̂ 𝑩 = 𝑩𝑯 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽
4 𝜋 (𝑟 2 − 𝑙 2 )2 = − 𝐵𝑁 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂ + 𝐵𝑁 sin 𝜃 𝑗̂ Construction :
𝜇 2 𝑟 𝑝𝑚 − 𝐵𝑺 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂ − 𝐵𝑆 sin 𝜃 𝑗̂  It consists of copper coil wound on a non-magnetic
⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 𝑜
𝐵 𝑖̂ − − − − (3)

at
4 𝜋 (𝑟 2 − 𝑙 2 )2 ⃗𝐵𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 𝐵𝑁 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂ − 𝐵𝑺 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂ circular frame.
 where 𝑞𝑚 2 𝑙 = 𝑝𝑚 → magnetic dipole moment ⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 2 𝐵𝑁 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂  It is fixed vertically on a horizontal turn table
𝐵 [∵ 𝐵𝑁 = 𝐵𝑺 ]
 If 𝑟 ≫ 𝑙, then (𝑟 2 − 𝑙 2 )2 ≈ 𝑟 4 . So

m
𝜇𝑜 𝑞𝑚 providing with three levelling screws.
𝜇 2 𝑟 𝑝𝑚 = − 2 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂  At centre, a compass box is placed which consists
𝐵⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 𝑜 𝑖̂ 4 𝜋 𝑟 !𝟐
4𝜋 𝑟4 𝜇 2 𝑞𝑚 of a small magnetic needle which is pivoted at its

vi
𝜇 2 𝑝𝑚 ⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 𝑜
𝐵 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂ − − − (3) centre.
𝐵⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 𝑜 𝑖̂ [𝑝𝑚 𝑖̂ = 𝑝𝑚 ] 4 𝜋 (𝑟 2 + 𝑙 2 )
4 𝜋 𝑟3  A thin aluminium pointer is attached to the
⃗ 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 = 𝒐
⃗𝑩
𝝁 𝟐 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝟒𝝅
𝒑𝒎
𝒓𝟑
− − − − (𝟒)
al
 But in ∆ 𝑁𝑂𝐶,
cos 𝜃 =
𝑂𝑁
= !=
𝑙 𝑙
1
magnetic needle normally and moves over circular
scale.
//k
3. Obtain the magnetic induction at a point on the 𝐶𝑁 𝑟 (𝑟 2 + 𝑙 2 )2  The circular scale is divided in to four quadrants
equatorial line of a bar magnet.  Then equation (3) becomes, and graduated in degrees.
Magnetic field at equatorial line ( 𝑩 ⃗⃗ 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂 ): 𝜇 𝑞𝑚 𝑙  In order to avoid parallax error in measurement, a
𝐵⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 2 𝑜 1 𝑖̂
s:

4 𝜋 (𝑟 2 + 𝑙 2 ) (𝑟 2 mirror is placed below the aluminium pointer.

+ 𝑙 2 )2  Here the centre of magnetic needle will exactly
𝜇 𝑞𝑚 2 𝑙
⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 𝑜
tp

𝐵 coincide with the centre of the circular coil.

3 𝑖̂
4 𝜋 (𝑟 2  The coil has three sections of 2, 5 and 50 turns
+ 𝑙 2 )2
𝜇 𝑝𝑚 which are different thickness and are used to
⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 𝑜
ht

𝐵 3 𝑖̂
4 𝜋 (𝑟 2 measuring currents of different strengths.
+ 𝑙 2 )2
Theory :
 where 𝑞𝑚 2 𝑙 = 𝑝𝑚 → magnetic dipole moment
3  When no current is passed through the coil, the
 If 𝑟 ≫ 𝑙, then (𝑟 2 + 𝑙 2 )2 ≈ 𝑟 3 . So small magnetic needle lies along horizontal
𝜇 𝑝 component of Earth’s magnetic field
𝐵⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 𝑜 𝑚 𝑖̂ [𝑝𝑚 𝑖̂ = 𝑝𝑚 ]
4 𝜋 𝑟3  When current pass through the coil, it produces
 Consider a bar magnet ‘NS’ of moment 𝑝𝑚 = 𝑞𝑚 2𝑙 𝝁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒑 magnetic field in direction perpendicular to the
⃗ 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 = − 𝒐 𝒎
⃗𝑩 − − − −(𝟒)
𝟒 𝝅 𝒓𝟑 plane of the coil.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
 Now there are two fields, which are acting mutually  Let a ferro magnetic material (iron) is magnetized 6. Deduce the relation for magnetic induction at a
perpendicular to each other. slowly by a magnetizing field 𝐻 ⃗ point due to an infinitely long straight conductor
They are  The magnetic induction 𝐵 ⃗ is increases from point A carrying current.
(i) The magnetic field ‘B’ and attains saturated level at C. This is shown by Magnetic field due to long straight current carrying
due to current in the coil the path AC conductor :
(ii) Horizontal component of  The maximum point up to which the material cn be
Earth’s magnetic field magnetized by applying the magnetizing field is
‘BH’ called Saturation magnetization.

/
 Thus the magnetic needle deflects through an angle  If magnetizing field is now reduced, the magnetic

om
‘’. By tangent law, induction also decreases but in different path CA.
B = Bh tan θ − − − − − − − − (1)  When magnetizing field is zero, the magnetic
 When current ‘I’ passing through a circular coil of induction is not zero and it has positive value. (i.e.)
radius ‘R’ having ‘N’ turns, the magnitude of some magnetism is left in the material even when

l.c
magnetic field at the centre is, H=0.
μo N I  The ability of the material to retain the magnetism
B = − − − − − − − − (2)
2R in them even magnetizing field vanishes is called

ia
 Put equation (2) in (1) remanence or retentivity.
μo N I
= BH tan θ  To remove the remance, the magnetizing field is

er
2R gradually increased in the reverse direction, so that
μo N 𝐼
𝐁𝐇 = ( ) − − − (3) the magnetic induction decreases along DE and
2 R tan 𝜃 becomes zero at ‘E’

at
 Also the current is ,
𝟐 𝐑 𝐁𝑯  The magnitude of the reverse magnetizing field for  Consider a long straight wire YYI carrying a current I
𝐈 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 = 𝐊 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 − −(4) which the residual magnetism of the material  Let P be a point at a distance ‘a’ from ‘O’
𝛍𝐨 𝐍

m
vanishes is called its coercivity.  Consider an element of length ‘𝑑𝑙’ of the wire at a
 where, ⃗ in the reverse direction, the
𝟐 𝐑 𝐁𝑯  Further increase of 𝐻 distance ‘𝑙’ from point ‘O’
K= −→ Reduction factor of TG  Let ⃗⃗𝑟 be the vector joining the element ‘𝑑𝑙’ with

vi
𝛍𝐨 𝐍 mangetic indiuction increases along EF until it
5. Define Hysterisis. Explain it with help of diagram. reaches saturation at F in the reverese direction. the point ‘P’ and ‘𝜃’ be the angle between ⃗⃗𝑟 and
Hysterisis :  If magnetizing field is decreased and then
al ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙
 Hysterisis means ‘lagging behind’ increased with direction reversed, the magnetic  Then the magnetic field at ‘P’ due to the element is,
 The phenomenon of lagging of magnetic induction induction traces the path FGKC. 𝝁𝒐 𝑰 𝒅𝒍 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
//k
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑩 = 𝒏
̂ − − − −(1)
⃗ ), behind the magnetizing field ( 𝐻
(𝐵 ⃗ ) is called  This closed curve ACDEFGKC is called hysteresis 𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
hysteresis. loop and it represents a cycle of magnetization.  where, 𝒏 ̂ → points into the page
 In the entire cycle, the magnetic induction ‘B’ lags AC AC
 In ABC, sin θ = =
s:

Hysterisis loop : AB dl
behind the magnetizing field ‘H’.
AC = dl sin θ − − − − − − − (2)
 This phenomenon is called hysteresis
In 
tp

Hysterisis Loss :  ACP

 Due to hysterisis there is a loss of energy in the AC = r dφ − − − − − − − −(3)
 From equation (2) and (3)
ht

form of heat and It is found that the energy lost per

unit volume of the material when it is carried dl sin θ = r dφ − − − − − − − (4)
through one cycle of magnetization is equal to the  Put this in eqation (1)
μ0 I r dφ μ0 I dφ
area of the hysteresis loop. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 = 𝑛̂ = 𝑛̂ − − − (5)
4 π r 2 4 π r
 Thus the loss of energy for a complete cycle is,
 In OAP
∆𝑬 = ∮ ⃗𝑯 ⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑩 a a
cos φ = (or) r = − − − (6)
r cos φ

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
 Put this in equation (5)  Here, 𝑑𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ can be resolved in to two componenets.  Let an electron moves in circular motion around
μ0 I dφ μ0 I ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ the nucleus. The circulating electron in a loop is like
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑩 = 𝑛̂ = cos φ 𝑛̂ (i) 𝑑𝐵 cos ϕ − horizontal component (Y - axis)
a
4 π ( ⁄cos φ) 4π a current in a circular loop.
(ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 sin ϕ − vertical component (Z - axis)
 The total magnetic field at ‘P’ due to conductor YYI  The magnetic dipole moment due to current
 Here horizontal components of each element
φ2 φ2
μ0 I cancel each other. carrying circular loop is, ⃗⃗⃗𝝁𝑳 = 𝑰 ⃗𝑨
⃗
⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = ∫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝐵 = ∫ cos φ 𝑛̂  In magnitude, 𝝁𝑳 = 𝑰 𝑨 − − − − − − (𝟏)
−φ1 −φ1 4 π a  But vertical components alone contribute to total
magnetic field at the point ‘P’  If T is thetime period of an electron, the current due
μ I 𝑒
⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = 0 ⌊sin φ⌋φ −φ1 𝑛
2
̂ to revolving electron is, 𝐼 = −
4π a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ 𝑑𝐵 sin ϕ 𝑘̂
⃗ = ∫ 𝑑𝐵
B 𝑇

/
μ I where ‘- e’  charge of an electron.

om
⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = 0 ⌊sin φ1 + sin φ2 ⌋ 𝑛̂ − − − − (7) 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝑑𝑙
4π a ⃗ =
B ∫ 2 sin ϕ 𝑘̂ − − − − − (1)  If ‘R’ be the radius and ‘𝑣’ be the velocity of electron
 For infinitely long conductor, φ1 = φ2 = 90° 4𝜋 𝑟 in the circular orbit, then
μ I  Also from ∆𝐶𝑂𝑃, 2𝜋 2𝜋𝑅
⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = 0 [ 2 ] 𝑛̂ 𝑇= =
4π a 𝑅 𝑅 𝜔 𝑣

l.c
𝛍𝟎 𝐈 sin ϕ = = 1
⃗⃗⃗𝑩 = 𝒏
̂ 𝑟  Then equation (1) becomes,
(𝑅2 + 𝑧 2 )2 𝑒 𝑒
𝟐𝛑 𝐚 𝝁𝑳 = − 𝐴 = − 𝜋 𝑅2
7. Obtain a relation for the magnetic induction at a  But from equation (1) 2𝜋𝑅
𝑇

ia
𝜇 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 𝑅 [ ]
point along the axis of a circular coil carrying ⃗ = 𝑜 ∫
B ̂ 𝑣
(𝑅 + 𝑧 ) 2
2 2 1 𝑘 2
current. 4𝜋 (𝑅 + 𝑧 2 )2 where, 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑅 → area of the circular orbit

er
Magnetic field due to current carrying circular coil : 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝑅 𝒆𝒗𝑹
⃗B = ̂ ∴ 𝝁𝑳 = − − − − − (2)
 Consider a 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑙 𝑘 𝟐
circular coil of radius 4𝜋 (𝑅 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 2  By definition, angular momentum of the electron

at
‘R’ carrying a current ‘I’  where, ∫ 𝑑𝑙 = 2 𝜋 𝑅 → total length of the coil. about ‘O’ is ⃗⃗𝐿 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑅 𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗𝑝
in anticlock wise 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝑅  In magnitude, angular momentum is given by,
⃗ =
B [2 𝜋 𝑅] 𝑘̂

m
3
direction. 𝐿 =𝑅𝑝=𝑚𝑣𝑅 − − − − (3)
4 𝜋 (𝑅 + 𝑧 )2
2 2
 Let ‘P’ be the 𝝁 𝒐 𝑰 𝑹𝟐  Dividing equation (2) by (3),
⃗ =
𝐁 ̂ 𝜇𝐿 𝑒𝑣𝑅 𝑒
𝟑 𝒌

vi
point on the axis at a = − =−
distance ‘z’ from 𝟐 (𝑹 + 𝒛 )𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝐿 2𝑚𝑣𝑅 2𝑚
centre ‘O’  If the circular coil contains ‘N’ turns, then  In vector notation,
 Consider
diametrically opposite
two
al ⃗ =
𝐁
𝝁 𝒐 𝑵 𝑰 𝑹𝟐
𝟑 𝒌
̂ ⃗⃗⃗𝝁𝑳 = −
𝒆
𝟐𝒎
⃗
𝑳 − − − − (4)
//k
𝟐 (𝑹 + 𝒛 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐  Here negative sign indicates that the magnetic
line elements of the
 The magnetic field at the centre of the coil is, dipole moment and angular momentum are in
coil of each of length
𝛍 𝐍𝐈 opposite direction. In magnitude,
⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 at C and D. ⃗ = 𝟎
𝐁 ̂
𝒌 (𝒛 = 𝟎) 𝜇𝐿 𝑒
s:

𝟐𝐑 = = 8.78 𝑋 1010 𝐶 𝑘𝑔−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

 Let ⃗⃗𝑟 be the vector joining the current element 8. Compute the magnetic dipole moment of revolving 𝐿 2𝑚
(𝐼 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗⃗ ) at C to the point ‘P’ electron. And hence define bohr magneton.  This constant is called gyro-magnetic ratio.
tp

 From Pythogorous theorem, Magnetic dipole moment of revolving electron :  According to Bohr quantization rule, angular
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐷 = 𝑟 = √𝑅2 + 𝑧 2 momentum of an electron is,
ht

and ∠ 𝐶𝑂𝑃 = ∠𝐷𝑂𝑃 = ϕ ℎ

𝐿=𝑛ℏ=𝑛
 According to Biot - Savart law, the magnetic field at 2𝜋
‘P’ due to the current elements 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 are,  where, ℎ → Plank’s constant (ℎ = 6.63 𝑋 10−34 𝐽 𝑠)
𝜇 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 ⃗⃗𝑟 𝑛 → Positive integer (𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, … . ..)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑜
𝑑𝐵 𝑒 𝑒 ℎ
4𝜋 𝑟2 ∴ 𝜇𝐿 = 𝐿= 𝑛
 Their magnitudes are same and it is given by, 2𝑚 2 𝑚 2𝜋
𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 𝒆𝒉
𝑑𝐵 = [ ∵ 𝜃 = 90°] 𝝁𝑳 = 𝒏 − − − − (𝟓)
4 𝜋 𝑟2 𝟒𝝅𝒎
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
 The minimum magnetic moment can be obtained 10. Obtain an expression for magnetic field due to long N
B = μ0 I − − − − (4)
by substituting 𝑛 = 1 current carrying solenoid. 𝐿
𝒆𝒉 Mangnetic field due to current carrying solenoid :  Let ‘n’ be the number of turns per unit length, then
(𝝁𝑳 )𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝝁𝑩 = = 𝟗. 𝟐𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟒 𝑨 𝒎𝟐 𝐍
𝟒𝝅𝒎 = 𝒏 . Hence,
𝑳
 The minimum value of magnetic moment of 𝛍𝟎 𝐍 𝐈
revolving electron is called Bohr magneton (𝝁𝑩 ) 𝐁 = = 𝛍𝟎 𝐧 𝐈 − − − − (5)
𝑳
9. Using Ampere’s law, obtain an expression for  Since ‘n’ and μ0 are constants, for fixed current ‘I’
magnetic field due to the current carrying wire of the magnetic field ‘B’ inside the solenoid is also
infinite length.

/
constant.

om
Magnetic field due to current carrying straight wire 11. Obtain the magnetic fields at various points on the
using Ampere’s law : toroid.
Toroid :
 A solenoid is bent in such a way

l.c
 Consider a solenoid of length ‘L’ having ‘N’ turns. its ends are joined together to
 To calculate the magnetic field at any point inside form a closed ring shape is
the solenoid, consider an Amperian loop ‘abcd’ called toroid.

ia
 From Ampere circuital law,
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑜 − − − − − (1)

er
 The LHS of equation (1) can be written as
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑎

at
⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ 𝐵
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙
∮𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗ + ∫ 𝐵
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗ + ∫ 𝐵
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗ + ∫ 𝐵
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙
 Consider a straight conductor of infinite length 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
carrying current ‘I’

m
 Here,
 Imagine an Amperian circular loop at a distance ‘r’ b
𝑏 𝑏

from the centre of the conductor. ⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 cos 0° = B ∫ 𝑑𝑙 = B 𝒉

⃗ . d𝒍
∫ B

vi
 From Ampere’s circuital law, a
𝑎 𝑎
𝑐
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 al c
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∫B d𝒍 = ∫ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 cos 90° = 0
 Here ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 is the line element along the tangent to the b Open space interior to the toroid (P) :
𝑏
 To calculate the magnetic field 𝐵𝑃 at ‘P’, consider
//k
Amperian loop. So the angle between 𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗ is
⃗ and 𝑑𝑙 d
∫ ⃗B. ⃗⃗⃗
d𝒍 = 0 [∵ B = 0] an Amperian loop (1) of radius 𝒓𝟏
zero (𝜃 = 0°). Thus, c
𝑐
 Then Amperian circuital law for loop 1 is
∮ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 a
s:

∫ ⃗B. ⃗⃗⃗
d𝒍 = ∫ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 cos 90° = 0 ⃗ 𝑃 . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑜
 Due to symmetry, the magnitude of the magnetic d
𝑏  Since the loop 1 encloses no current, 𝐼𝑜 = 0, then
tp

field is uniform over the Amperian loop and hence,  Here ab = h . If we take large loop such that it is
⃗ 𝑃 . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 0
𝐵 ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 equal to length of the solenoid, we have
ht

∮ ⃗B. ⃗⃗⃗
dl = B 𝑳 − − − − − − − (2) ∴ ⃗⃗ 𝑷 = 𝟎
𝑩
 For circular loop, ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 2 𝜋 𝑟
Open space exterior to the toroid (Q):
𝐵 (2 𝜋 𝑟) = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼  Let ‘I’ be the current passing through the solenoid
𝝁𝒐 𝑰  To calculate magnetic field 𝑩𝑸 at ‘Q’ construct
𝑩= of ‘N’ turns, then
Amperian loop (3) of radius 𝒓𝟑
𝟐𝝅𝒓 I0 = N I − − − − − − − − (3)
 In vector notation,  Then Amperian circuital law for loop 3 is
 Put equation (2) and (3) in (1)
𝝁 𝑰 B 𝐿 = μ0 N I ⃗ 𝑄 . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑜
⃗ = 𝒐 𝒏
⃗𝑩 ̂
𝟐𝝅𝒓

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
 Since in each turn of the toroid loop, current  Hence charged particle moves in a circular orbit  It is a device used to accelerate the charged
coming out of the plane of paper is cancelled by the and the necessary centripetal force is provided by particles to gain large kinetic energy. It is also
current going into plane of the paper. Thus 𝐼𝑜 = 0 Lorentz force. (i.e.) called as high energy accelerator.
⃗ 𝑄 . ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑚 𝑣2  It is invented by Lawrence and Livingston.
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 0 𝐵𝑞𝑣=
𝑟 Principle :
∴ ⃗𝑩
⃗𝑸=𝟎  The radius of the circular path is,  When a charged particle moves normal to the
𝑚𝑣 𝑝 magnetic field, it experience magnetic Lorentz
Inside the toroid (S) : 𝑟= = − − − − (1)
 To calculate magnetic field 𝑩𝑺 at ‘S’ construct 𝐵𝑞 𝐵𝑞 force.
where, 𝑚 𝑣 = 𝑝 → linear momentum

/
Amperian loop (2) of radius 𝒓𝟐 Construction :

om
 The length of the loop 2 ; 𝐿2 = 2 𝜋 𝑟2  Let ‘T’ be the time period, then
and the loop encloses the current ; 𝐼𝑜 = 𝑁 𝐼 2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑚𝑣
𝑇= =
 Then Amperian circuital law for loop 2 is 𝑣 𝑣𝐵𝑞
𝟐𝝅𝒎
⃗ 𝑆 . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝑻= − − − − (2)

l.c
𝑩𝒒
It is called cyclotron time period.
𝐵𝑆 ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑁 𝐼
 Let ‘f’ be the frequency, then

ia
𝐵𝑆 (2𝜋𝑟2 ) = 𝜇𝑜 𝑁 𝐼 𝟏 𝑩𝒒
𝝁𝒐 𝑵 𝑰 𝒇= = − − − − (𝟑)
𝑩𝑺 = 𝑻 𝟐𝝅𝒎

er
𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐  In terms of angular frequency,
 Let ‘n’ be the number of turns per unit length, then 𝑩𝒒
𝐍
𝝎=𝟐𝝅𝒇= − − − − (4)
= 𝒏. Hence 𝒎

at
𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐 It is called cyclotron frequency or gyro-frequency.
𝑩𝑺 = 𝛍𝟎 𝐧 𝐈  From equantion (2), (3) and (4), we infer that time
12. Obtain the expression for force on a moving charge

m
period (T), frequency (f) and angular frequency
in a magnetic field. ( 𝝎 ) depends only on specific charge, but not
Force on moving charge in a magnetic field : velocity or the radius of the circular path.  It consists two semi circular metal containers

vi
Special cases : called Dees.
 If a charged particle moves in uniform magnetic  The Dees are enclosed in an evacuated chamber
al field, such that its velocity is not perpendicular to
the magnetic field, then its velocity is resolved into
and it is kept in a region of uniform magnetic field
acts normal to the plane of the Dees.
//k
two components.  The two Dees are kept separated with a gap and the
 One component is parallel to the fjeld and the other source ‘S’ of charged particles to be accelerated is
component is perpendicular to the field. placed at the centre in the gap between the Dees.
s:

 Here parallel component remains unchanged and  Dees are connected to high frequency alternating
the perpendicular component keeps on changing potential difference.
 Consider a charged particle of charge ‘q’ having due to Lorentz force. Working :
tp

mass ‘m’ enters perpendicular to uniform magnetic  Hence the path of the paricle is not circle, it is helix  Let the positive ions are ejected from source ‘S’
field ‘B’ with velocity 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗ around the field.  It is accelerated towards a Dee-1 which has
ht

 So this charged particle experience Lorentz force negative potential at that instant.
which acts perpendicular to both 𝐵 ⃗ and 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗ and it is  Since the magnetic field is normal to the plane of
⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 = 𝑞 (𝑣 ⃗
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 𝐵 ) the Dees, the ion undergoes circular path.
 Since Lorentz force alone acts on the particle, the  After one semi-circular path in Dee-1, the ion
magnitude of this force is reaches the gap between Dees.
𝐹 =𝐵𝑞𝑣 [𝜃 = 90°] 13. Describe the principle, construction and working of  At this time the polarities of the Dees are reversed,
Cylotron. so that the ion is now accelerated towards Dee-2
Cylotron : with a greater velocity.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
 For this circular motion, the centripetal force of the  Consider a small segment of wire of length ‘𝑑𝑙’  Consider two straight parallel current carrying
charged particle is provided by Lorentz force, then  The free electorns drift opposite to the direction of conductors ‘A’ and ‘B’ separated by a distance ‘r’
𝑚 𝑣2 current with drift velocity 𝑣𝑑 kept in air.
=𝐵𝑞𝑣  The relation between current and drift velocity is,  Let I1 and I2 be the currents passing through the
𝑟
𝑚𝑣 𝐼 = 𝑛 𝐴 𝑒 𝑣𝑑 − − − − − (1) A and B in same direction (z-direction)
𝑟=
𝐵𝑞  If the wire is kept in a magnetic field, then average  The net magnetic field due to I1 at a distance ‘r’
∴ 𝒓 ∝𝒗 force experienced by the electron in the wire is 𝜇 𝐼 𝜇 𝐼
⃗ 1 = 𝑜 1 (− 𝑖̂) = − 𝑜 1 𝑖̂
𝐵
 Thus the increase in velocity increases the radius of 𝐹 = − 𝑒 (𝑣𝑑 𝑋 𝐵 ⃗) 2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑟
the circular path. Hence the particle undergoes ⃗ 1 acts perpendicular to plane of paper and

/
 Let ‘n’ be the number of free electrons per unit  Here 𝐵

om
spiral path of increasing radius. volume, then the total number of electrons in the inwards.
 Once it reaches near the edge, it is taken out with help small element of volume (𝑉 = 𝐴 𝑑𝑙) is 𝑁 = 𝑛 𝐴 𝑑𝑙  Then Lorentz force acts on the length element 𝑑𝑙 in
of deflector plate and allowed to hit the target T  Hence Lorentz force on the small element, conductor ‘B’ carrying current I2 due to this
 The important condition in cyclotron is the ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ) − − − (1) magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗1
𝑑𝐹 = −𝑒 𝑛 𝐴 𝑑𝑙 (𝑣𝑑 𝑋 𝐵

l.c
resonance condition. (i.e.) the frequency ‘𝑓’ of the 𝜇 𝐼
 Here length 𝑑𝑙 is along the length of the wire and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼2 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑙 𝑋 𝐵 ⃗ 1 = − 𝐼2 𝑑𝑙 𝑘̂ 𝑋 𝑜 1 𝑖̂
charged particle must be equal to the frequency of 2𝜋𝑟
hence the current element is
the electrical oscillator ‘𝑓𝑜𝑠𝑐 ’ . Hence 𝜇𝑜 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑑𝑙
I ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = − 𝑛 𝐴 𝑒 𝑑𝑙 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐹 = − ̂
(𝑘 𝑋 𝑖̂)

ia
𝑩𝒒 2𝜋𝑟
𝒇𝒐𝒔𝒄 =  Put this in equation (1),
𝟐𝝅𝒎 𝜇𝑜 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑙 𝑋 𝐵⃗ − − − (2) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −
𝑑𝐹 𝑗̂
 The time period of oscillation is ,

er
2𝜋𝑟
𝟐𝝅𝒎  Therefore, the force in a straight current carrying  By Flemming’s left hand rule, this force acts left
𝑻=
𝑩𝒒 conductor of length ‘𝒍’ placed in a uniform magnetic wards. The force per unit length of the conductor B

at
 The kinetic energy of the charged particle is, field ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
𝟏 𝑩𝟐 𝒒𝟐 𝒓𝟐 ⃗𝑭 = 𝐈 𝒍 𝑿 𝑩 ⃗⃗ − − − (3) = − 𝒋̂ − − − − − (𝟏)
𝑲𝑬 = 𝒎 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒍 𝟐𝝅𝒓

m
𝟐 𝟐𝒎  In magnitude,  Simillarly, net magnetic field due to 𝐼2 at a distance
Limitations of cyclotron : 𝑭 = 𝑩 𝐈 𝒍 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 − − − (4) ‘r’ is
(i) the speed of the ion is limited Special cases : 𝜇 𝐼

vi
⃗ 2 = 𝑜 2 𝑖̂
𝐵
(ii) electron cannot be accelerated (i) If the current carrying conductor placed along the 2𝜋𝑟
(iii) uncharged paricles cannot be accelerated. direction of magnetic field, then  = 0°  Here 𝐵 ⃗ 2 acts perpendicular to plane of paper and
14. Obtain an expression for the force on a current
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field.
al ∴ 𝑭=𝟎
(ii) If the current carrying conductor is placed 
outwards.
Then Lorentz force acts on the length element 𝑑𝑙 in
//k
Force on current carrying conductor in magnetic perpendicular to the magnetic field, then  = 90° conductor ‘A’ carrying current I1 due to this
field : ∴ 𝑭 = 𝑩 𝐈 𝒍 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗2
15. Obtain a force between two long parallel current 𝜇 𝐼
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐼1 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 𝐵⃗ 2 = 𝐼1 𝑑𝑙 𝑘̂ 𝑋 𝑜 2 𝑖̂
s:

carrying conductors. Hence define ampere. 𝑑𝐹

2𝜋𝑟
Force between two parallel conductors carrying 𝜇𝑜 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑑𝑙
current : ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐹 = ̂
(𝑘 𝑋 𝑖̂)
tp

2𝜋𝑟
𝜇𝑜 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐹 = 𝑗̂
2𝜋𝑟
ht

 By Flemming’s left hand rule, this force acts right

wards. The force per unit length of the conductor A
 When a current carrying conductor is placed in a ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
magnetic field, the force experienced by the wire is = 𝒋̂ − − − − − (𝟐)
𝒍 𝟐𝝅𝒓
equal to the sum of Lorentz forces on the individual  Thus the force experienced by two parallel current
chage carriers in the wire. carrying conductors is attractive if they carry
 Let a current ‘I’ flows through a conductor of lengh current in same direction.
‘L’ and area of cross-section ‘A’
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
 On the other hand, the force experienced by two
parallel current carrying conductors is repulsive if
they carry current in opposite direction.
Definition of ampere :
 One ampere is defined as that current when it is
passed through each of two infinitely long parallel
conductors kept a a distance of one metre apart in
vacuum causes each conductor experience a force
of 2 𝑋 10−7 newton per meter length of conductor.
16. Deduce an expression for torque on a current loop
placed in uniform magneitic field 𝑩 ⃗⃗ .
Torque on a current loop :
 Consider a rectangular current loop PQRS kept in
uniform magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 with its plane parallel to
the field
 Let 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑎 → Length of the loop
𝑄𝑅 = 𝑆𝑃 = 𝑏 → Breadth of the loop
 Let 𝒏 ̂ be the unit vector normal to the plane of the
current loop.
al
 Let the loop is divided in to four sections PQ, QR, RS
//k
and SP. The Lorentz force on each loop can be
calculated as follows.
 Magnitude of Force on section 𝑃𝑄
F𝑃𝑄 = B I (PQ) sin 90° = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐚
s:
From right hand cork screw rule, its direction is
vertically upwards.
tp
 Magnitude of Force on section 𝑄𝑅
F𝑄𝑅 = B I (QR) sin( 90 − ) = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
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Its direction is along the loop downwards
 Magnitude of Force on section 𝑅𝑆
F𝑅𝑆 = B I (RS) sin 90° = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐚
From right hand cork screw rule, its direction is
vertically downwards.
 Magnitude of Force on section 𝑆𝑃
F𝑆𝑃 = B I (SP) sin( 90 − ) = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
Its direction is along the loop upwards
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed
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2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
 Since the forces FQR and FSP are equal, opposite and Special cases:
collinear, they cancel each other. a) When θ = 90°or the plane of the loop is parallel to the
 But the forces FPQ and FRS, which are equal in magnetic field, the torque on the current loop is
magnitude and opposite in direction, are not acting
maximum. 𝛕 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝐍 𝐁 𝐈 𝐀
along same straight line. Therefore, FPQ and FRS
b) When θ = 0°/180° or the plane of the loop is
constitute a couple which exerts a torque on the
perpendicular to the magnetic field, the torque on
loop.
the current loop is zero.
17. Describe the principle, construction and working of
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moving coil galvanometer.
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Moving coil galvanometer :
 It is a device which is used to indicate the flow of
current.
Principle :
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 When a current carrying loop is placed in a uniform
magnetic field it experiences a torque.
 The magnitude of torque acting on the arm PQ Construction :
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about AB is  It consists of a rectangular coil PQRS of insulated
𝑏 𝑏 thin copper wire.
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τ𝑃𝑄 = FPQ [ sin 𝜃] = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐚 [ sin 𝜃]  A cylindrical soft-iron core is placed
2 2
It points in the direction of AB symmentrically inside the coil.
 This rectangular coil is suspended freely between
at
 The magnitude of torque acting on the arm RS
about AB is two pole pieces of a horse-shoe magnet by means of
𝑏 𝑏 phosphor - bronze wire.
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τ𝑅𝑆 = FRS [ sin 𝜃] = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐚 [ sin 𝜃]  Lower end of the coil is connected to a hair spring
2 2
It points in the direction of AB which is also made up of phosphor bronze.
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 The total torque acting on the entire loop about an  A small plane mirror is attached on the suspension
axis AB is given by wire to measure the deflection of the coil with help
𝑏 𝑏 of lamp and scale arrangement.
𝛕 = τ𝑃𝑄 + τ𝑅𝑆 = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐚 [ sin 𝜃] + 𝐁 𝐈 𝐚 [ sin 𝜃]  In order to pass electric current through the
2 2
𝛕 = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐚 𝐛 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 galvanometer, the suspension strip W and the
where, 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴 → area of the rectangular loop spring S are connectee to terminals.
 𝛕 is along the direction of AB Working :
 In vector form, ⃗⃗⃗𝝉 = 𝑰⃗⃗⃗𝑨 𝑿 𝑩 ⃗⃗
 In terms of magnetic dipole moment,
⃗ 𝒎 𝑿 ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗⃗𝝉 = 𝒑 ⃗
where, 𝒑 ⃗ 𝒎 = 𝑰⃗⃗⃗𝑨
 The tendency of the torque is to rotate the loop so as
to align its normal vector with the direction of the
magnetic field.
 If there are N turns in the rectangular loop, then the
 Consider a single turn of rectangular coil PQRS of
torque is given by
length 𝑙 and breadth 𝑏, such that
𝛕 = 𝐍 𝐁 𝐈 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧 
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑙 ; 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑆𝑃 = 𝑏
 Let ‘I’ be the electric current flowing through the
rectangular coil
PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
 The horse-shoe type magnet has hemi-spherical
magnetic poles which produces a radial magnetic
field.
 Due to this radial field, the sides QR and SP are
always parallel to the magnetic field ‘B’ and
experience no force.
 But the sides PQ and RS are always perpendicular
to the magnetic field ‘B’ and experience force and

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due to ths torque is produced.

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 For single turn, the deflecting couple is,
𝜏𝑑𝑒𝑓 = 𝐹 𝑏 = 𝐵 𝐼 𝑙 𝑏 = 𝐵 𝐼 𝐴
 For coil with N turns, we get
𝝉𝒅𝒆𝒇 = 𝑵 𝑩 𝑰 𝑨 − − − − (1)

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 Due to this deflecting torque, the coil get twisted
and restoring torque is developed.
 The magnitude of restoring torque is proportional

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to amount of twist and it is given by
𝝉𝒓𝒆𝒔 = 𝑲 𝜽 − − − − (2)

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where 𝐾 → restoring couple per unit twist (or)
torsional constant
 At equilibrium, 𝝉𝒅𝒆𝒇 = 𝝉𝒓𝒆𝒔

at
𝑁𝐵𝐼𝐴= 𝐾𝜃
𝑲
𝑰= 𝜽 = 𝑮 𝜽 − − − (𝟑)

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𝑵𝑩𝑨
𝑲
where, 𝐺 = → galvanometer constant (or)
𝑵𝑩𝑨

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current reduction factor

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//k
s:
tp
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victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Send Your Material &Question Answer Our Email ID -kalvimaterial@gmail.com