AE BOARD EXAM REVIEWER

AGRICULTURAL
ELECTRIFICATION AND
INSTRUMENTATION
by

Engr. Alexis T. Belonio

Department of Agricultural Engineering and
Environmental Management
College of Agriculture
Central Philipppine University
Iloilo City

TGIM Review Center

Institute of Agricultural Engineering
Arellano University
Taft Avenue, Manila

2004
OUTLINE
Units of Conversion
Introduction
Conductors and Wiring Accessories
Branch Circuit
Electric Bill
Electricity for Farm Residence
Farm Distribution Centers
Electrical Controls
Farm Electric Motors
Additional Notes

COVERSION
1 hp = 746 watts 1 kw = 1000 watts
Square mil = square inch x 0.000001 = Circular mil x 0.7854
Square inch = square mil x 1,000,000 Circular mil = square mil x 1.273
Square mm = Circular mil x 0.0005067 1 mm = inch / 25.4
1 kg = 2.2 lb 1 BTU/sec = 1055 W
1 in = 2.54 cm 1m = 3.28 ft
1 cal = 4.189 J 1 kwhr = 3.6 MJ
1 lb mass = 0.45359 kg 1 BTU = 1055 Joule
1 ton ref = 3.52 kW 1 lb force = 4.4482 kN
1 atm = 101.3 kPa 1 ton = 1000 kg
1 psi = 0.0703 kg/cm2 1 gal = 3.784 liters
1 km/hr = 0.2778 m/s

Chapter I - INTRODUCTION
Electricity
1. form of energy generated by friction, induction, or chemical change, having magnetic,
chemical and radiant effect.
2. electron in motion.
3. It is made of atom consisting of electron, proton, and neutron.
Sources of Electricity
1. Friction – by the action of friction between two materials
2. Chemical Action – through batteries which generates a different or potential means of
chemical reaction
3. Heat Action - tow dissimilar metal bonded together in a junction when heated exhibits a
difference in potential, eg thermocouple wire
4. Light action – photo cells
5. Pressure – a difference of potential across the faces of certain crystals such as quartz
6. Mechanical action on rotating machine using a certain magnet
Theory
1. All matters are made up of molecules.
2. Molecules are made up of atoms
3. Atom contains neutron, electron, and proton
4. Neutrons are neutral. It is either positive or negatively charge.
5. Electron of an atom of any substance could be transformed into another atom.

Basic Concepts and Information

1. Electron – a negative charge of electricity
2. Volt – causes electron movement
3. Electric current – the movement of electrons (flow or passing)
4. Amperes = the measure of electric current; 63 x 107 electrons passing a given point in 1
sec = 1 amp
5. Ohms Law = (1825 by Simon ohm) – the electric current flowing in a circuit varies directly
with the electrical pressure and inversely with the opposition.
6. Cesium – the best known conductor of electricity, but reacts with air and water (disintegrate)
and make them useless for making connections in an electric circuit. The choice is based on
lowest resistance per unit length.
7. Silver – best conductor to use but high cost prevents it from being commonly used except for
switch contacts.
8. Copper – the usual choice for conductor on commercial scale.
9. Aluminum – the next best choice by manufacturers of electric wire and cable. Lighter in
weight than copper.
10. Insulators – all non conductors of electricity, Examples include glass, mica, porcelain,
bakelite, paper, air
11. Power – rate of converting energy. It is the product of voltage and amperes and is measured
in watts
12. Power factor – it is that factor by which the volt-ampere product must be multiplied in order
to obtain the actual power. It is never greater than 1. The value depends on the kind of
opposition offered.
13. Energy = power x time = volts x amperes x hours
Difinition of Terms
1. Ion - an atom or molecule which is not electrically balance but electrically charged. (there is
loss or gain of one or more electrons.
2. Volt or voltage – electrical pressure that causes the electron to move through a conductor
(wire)
3. Ampere – amount of current flow. It is the standard unit in measuring the strength of an
electron.
4. Watt – rate of measure of power used or consumed.
5. Circuit – wire installation that supplies current to lights and convenient outlet
6. Resistance – opposition to the flow of current by the wires and transformers.

Factors that Influence Resistance

1. Composition of the conductor – refers to a conductor having free electrons that has low
resistance.
2. Length of wire – the longer the wire, the higher is the resistance.
3. Cross sectional area of the wire – the bigger the cross sectional area of the wire the lower its
resistance.
4. Temperature – metals offers high resistance to high temperatures.

Component Parts of Electric Circuits

1. Source of voltage – power input
2. a close loop of wiring - line
3. an electric load - appliances
4. a means of opening and closing the circuit (switch)

Classification of Electric Current

1. Direct current – flow in one direction; from negative to positive; and supplied through dry
cell or storage battery.
2. Alternating current – constant reverses in direction of flow; produced by a generator.
Advantages are:
a. easily produced
b. cheaper to maintain
c. can be transformed to higher or lower voltage
d. distribution to far distance with low voltage drop
e. more efficient compared with the direct current
Note: “AC electricity is dangerous because it involves high voltage transmission line.
However, it can be reduce to desired voltage as it passes the distribution line”

Three Sources of Electrical Pressure

1. Battery - electrochemical device
2. Thermocouple - used in measurement of temperatures
3. Generators - uses electromagnetic induction principles to produce electricity

Resistance
Flow of current in a circuit is impeded or resisted by the wire or transformer and other devices. For AC the
friction is impedance while for DC is resistance with both having the same units in ohms.
Principles:
1. The higher the voltage, the larger the current
2. The higher the resistance, the lower the current
Formula:
DC I = V / R R - resistance
AC I = V / Z Z - impedance

Comparison of AC and DC Electricity

1. Power for DC
watts = volts x amperes
2. Power for AC
volt-ampere = volt x ampere
watts = volts x ampere x power factor
Ohm’s Law
The higher the voltage, the larger the current and the higher the resistance, the lower the current
I = V/R
V =IR
R =V/I
The current is inversely proportional to the resistance. As the resistance decreases, the current
increases.

Advantages of Using 240 Volts Over 120 Volts Current Supply

1. Economy through the use f smaller wires
2. Low power loss
3. Smaller percentage of power drops
Series and Parallel Circuits
1. Series Connection – single path exist for current flow; elements are arranged in series one
after the other; no branches; Current is the same but the voltage differ
Voltage: Vt = V1 + V2 + V3 …
Resistance : Rt = R1 = R2 = R3 …
2. Parallel Connection – multiple connection; standard arrangement for house wiring
connections; voltage is the same but current differs.
Voltage: Vt = V1 = V2 = V3 …
Resistance: Rt = R1 + R2 + T3 …
Voltage Transformation
1. Transformer - simple static device consisting of magnetic core wherein the primary and
secondary windings are made.
2. Voltage is directly proportional to the number of windings in turns.
3. Input side is the primary while the output side is the secondary winding.
4. Transformer can be reversible. The same unit that is used to step down can be used to step up
voltage.
Power and Energy
Power is the rate in which energy is used, watt
Energy is equal to power x time; kw-hr
Formula
P =VxI
=I2xR
E = P x time
Voltage and Voltage Drop
The sum of voltage drop around a circuit is equal to the supply voltage.
Voltage drop in wire = carried current x resistance of wire
Power Loss =I2 xR
Note: A smaller diameter wire on a 240 volt current can safely carry more current in proportion
with its weight than a larger diameter wire on a 120 volt supply current.

Advantages of 240 volt over 120 volt current supply

1. small wire is required which means lower cost
2. less power loss
3. smaller percentage of voltage drop

Power Factor Definition

1. cosine of angle between voltage and current (Cos θ)
2. the ratio of the resistance to impedance Cos θ = R / Z
3. the ratio of the real power to apparent power
Cos θ = Real Power / Apparent Power
= (VI Cos θ) / (VI)
Note:
1. apparent power is expressed in volt-ampere (VA), kilovolt-ampere (KVA), or mega volt
ampere (MVA)
2. real power occurs because of the phase difference between voltage and current in Ac circuit.
Real power is always less than the apparent power

Chapter II - CONDUCTORS AND WIRING ACCESSORIES

Electric conductors are substances or materials used to convey or allow the flow of electric current.
Examples: (Silver, Copper, Aluminum, etc.)
Electric Insulators – substance that resist the flow of electric current.
Examples: (Rubber, Porcelain, etc)

Wire and Cables

Wires are smaller electrical conductors 8 mm (AWG No 8) and below.
Cables are larger than wires

Classified into as:

1. Solid – single wire
2. Stranded – group of smaller wires twisted to form a metallic string
Circular mill are of stranded wire is determined by multiplying the circular mill of each
strand by the total number of strand.

Cord – is an insulated stranded wire

Mil – is equal to 1/1000 of an inch that measures the diameter of round wire. Wire with one mill has the
cross sectional area of one circular mill.
Circular mill =d2 Square mill =πd2/4
Types of Cable
1. Armored cable (AC)– used for both in exposed and concealed work.
2. Metal Clad Cable (MC) – used for service feeders, branch circuit, and indoor or outdoor work
3. Mineral Insulated Cable (MI) – used for dry, wet or continuously moist location as service
feeders or branch circuit.
4. Non metallic Sheath Cable (NM) – used specifically for one or two family dwelling not
exceeding 3 story buildings.
 5. Shielded Non-Metallic Sheathed Cable (SNM) – used for hazardous location or in cable tray
or in raceways.
6. Underground Feeder and branch Circuit Cable (UF) - used for underground connections
including direct burial in the ground or feeder or branch circuit.
7. Service Entrance Cable – primarily used for service wire.
8. Power and Control Tray Cable (TC) – used for installation in cable trays, raceways, or where
it is supported by messenger wire.
9. Flat Cable Assembly (FC) - for field installation in metal surface or raceways.
10. Flat Conductor Cable (FCC) – used for general purposes such as appliance branch circuit, and
for individual branch circuits especially in hard smooth continuous floor surface.
11. Medium Voltage Cable (MV)used for power system up to 3,000 volts.

Ampacity of Electrical Conductors - It is the ability of the wire or conductor to carry current without
overheating

Conductor resistance to current flow generate not only heat but also contribute to the voltage drop.

Voltage drop in wire = circuit current x resistance of wire

Power loss in wire = circuit current x voltage drop

Power loss is equal to the component resistance times the current

squared (P = R x I 2 )

Note: “Current size and rating shall have sufficient ampacity to carry load. They shall have adequate
mechanical strength and shall not be less than the rating of the branch circuit and not less than the
maximum load to be served”

Raceway - The channels or wiring accessories so designed for holding wires, cables, or busbars that are
either made of metal, plastics, or any insulating mediums. Conduit Pipe is the most common electrical
raceways used in all types of construction.

Connector - A metal sleeve usually made of copper that is slipped over and secured to the butted ends of
conductors in making a joint. Sometimes called splicing sleeve

Other Receptacles
1. Convenience outlet or attachment cap - a device that by insertion into a receptacles.
2. Wall Outlet – same as CO for attachment on wire coming from a lamps and other appliances.
3. Lighting outlet – outlet intended for direct connection with a lamp holder, lighting fixtures,
etc.
4. Receptacle Outlet – Outlet where one or more receptacles are installed.
5. Junction Box – an extension of the box wiring.
6. Receptacles are contact device installed at the outlet for connection of a single attachment
plug.
7. Switch – a device that open or closed the circuits in an electric circuit.

Selection of Wire Size

Characteristics of Wire Sizes.
Wire Size Current Area Resistance Current Carrying
AWG Carrying Circuit Ω/1000 ft Capacity, Amp
Capacity (Amp) Mills Single Wire
14 15 4,107 2.58 20
12 20 6,530 1.62 25
10 30 10,380 1.02 40
8 40 16,510 0.641 55
6 55 26,250 0.410 80
4 70 41,740 0.257 105

The turning effort of a motor varies with square of applied voltage

The amount of heat produced by a water heater also varies as the square of voltage

Energy lost in line

KW-HR = [Volts lost in line x current flowing x hr of operation] / 1000

For a 24 hr basis
KW-HR = [8.256 x 8 x 24]/1000
= 1.59 kw-hr x P5/kw-hr x 30 days
= P238.5 monthly energy cost
Factors determining wire size
1. Length
2. Cross-sectional area
3. Material

Circular mil – area of a circle which has a diameter of 1 mil

1 mil = 1 / 1000 inch = 0.001 in
Area of a circle = [π D2 / 4 ] square units

Area of circle 1 mil in diameter = π (1 mil)2

= π / 4 square mils
1 circular mil = π / 4 square mils = 0.7854 square mils
Circular mil is a smaller unit of area than a square mil
Area, sq. mils
Area, cir mils = Area, sq mill / π/4

Area, cir mils = [π D2] / [π/4]

= D2
Therefore to find the circular-mil area of any circle, just know the diameter in mils and then square this
value. Hence, Area, cir mils = (diameter, mils)2

Resistance of wire
Conductivity constant for Cu = 10-8 and for Al = 17
R = 10.8 L / A
Where: R - wire resitiance, ohms
L - length of wire, ft
A - area of wire, cir mils

Wire Size and Voltage Drop

1% used for branch circuit wires and loads involving constant V
2% adequate design for practically all conditions
3% average design figure
5% used only if the economy of wire cost desired

Chapter III - BRANCH CIRCUITS

Electric Circuit – a complete path traversed by an electric current. Basically refers to the entire house
connection.

Branch circuit is the circuit conductors between the final over current protective device and the outlet. It is
the wiring installed between the circuit over current protective device i.e. fuse or circuit breaker, and the
outlets.

Components of Branch Circuit

1. Source of voltage
2. Wiring
3. Load
4. Switch and fuse
Consideration in Design of branch Circuit
1. Flexibility of the circuit
2. Reliability and efficiency of service
3. Safety of circuitry
4. Economy as to cost
5. Energy consideration
6. Space allocation

Effect of Acquiring Low Cost Equipment

1. High energy cost
2. Higher maintenance cost
3. Shorter life

Classification of Branch Circuit

1. General Purpose branch circuit – supplies outlets for lighting and small appliances including
convenience receptacles.
2. Appliance branch circuit – supplies outlets intended for feeding appliances
3. Individual branch circuit – intended to supply a single specific item.

Protection of Branch Circuit

Branch circuit should be protected from over current. It should always be connected at its hot line
and to the voltage source and its load end to the circuit wiring.

Cause of Over Current

1. Overload in the equipment or conductors
2. Short circuit or ground fault.

Over current is any current in excess of the rated capacity of the equipment or the rated capacity
of the conductor.

Fuse – an over all current protection device with a circuit opening fusible element which opens (break)
when there is an over current in the circuit.
Circuit Breaker – an over current protective device designed to function as a switch. It is equipped with
automatic tripping device to protect the branch circuit from over load and ground fault.

Trip or Tripping – refers to the cutting-off or disconnection of the current supply.

Chapter IV - ELECTRIC BILL

1. KWhr meter – device used to measure electric energy
2. Determining watts and Kwhr
A. Nameplate data:
B. Use of Meter
- wattmeter or (use of one line when measuring)
- voltmeter (use of two lines when measuring)
3. Meter disk revolution
Kh factor of meter = printed on nameplate (Range: 0.5 – 5.0)
= # of watthours per revolution of disc.
Watthours = Kh x no. of revolutions
Watthours per hr = (Watthours x 60) / (minutes of count x 1000)

Chapter V – ELECTRICITY FOR FARM RESIDENCE

Steps in Planning
1. Plan the no. of outlets
2. Choose the no. of branch switch
3. Choose the service entrance switch
4. Select proper wiring supplies

Planning the Outlets: Minimum number required by code

Small load : 12 kw range is a small appliance load – use 2-2 wire 20 Amp circuits

Code: National Electric Code

1. One overhead light – wall switch controlled for each hall, bedroom, dining room, living room,
kitchen, and recreation room. Bathroom must have overhead light. Outside light at each entrance.
= one outlet for each 20 ft of floor perimeter

Symbols for Switches:

1. S = single pole wall switch
2. S2 = duplex switch, 2 single pole switches one gang switch place
3. S3 = Triplex switch
4. S2P = double pole switch
5. S3P = Three pole switch
6. S3W = 3 way switch
7. S4W = 4 way switch

Bathroom should have one outlet for small appliance (e.g. razor, blower)
Attached cord for most appliances is 6 ft long thus; the distance between convenience outlets must be
adjusted to consider the normal length of cord.

Living Room and Bedroom

- one ceiling outlet – wall switched
- 2 outlets for rooms having a length more than twice of the width
- convenience outlets should be placed so that no point along the floor line in any usable wall space
is more than 6 ft from an outlet in that space
- wall spaces less than 3 ft in length at the flow lines are not considered usable
- wall switches on rooms placed on latch side of doorway

Rule “Plan switch locations so that one is able to turn on the light ahead of himself and turn out the light
behind himself as he walks through any particular room”
- except for kitchen no limit on height of c.o.

Dining Room, dinette, breakfast room

- one ceiling outlet
- same as above
- in dinette or breakfast room – one of outlets should be adjacent to the table and slightly above
table height.
- Use of toasters, coffee makers, waffle irons, etc.

Kitchen, kitchenette, pantry

- one ceiling outlet for general illumination
- one ceiling outlet at sink
- one ceiling outlet for every 4 ft (frontage) of kitchen work surfaces

Kitchen work surface – any work areas approximately 36” above the floor exclusive of cooking range
surface or sink surface
- one outlet for each divided workplace even if < 4 ft
- all outlets except for individual equipment should be located 44in above floor line
Laundry
- one ceiling outlet or wall outlet at laundry tubs or washing center
- one ceiling outlet at ironing center
- one special purpose outlet is required for each piece of equipment such as washer or drier, 2
duplex receptacle outlets should be conveniently located for miscellaneous uses. (3-prong
grounding outlets suggested)
Bathrooms
- one lighting outlet at each side of mirror
- one ceiling outlet for completely enclosed shower compartments and controlled by switch outside
of compartment
- bathroom having floor area of 60 ft2 or greater should have an additional wall switch controlled
ceiling outlet
- one ceiling outlet required near the mirror at a height of 3-4 ft above the floor line
- one special purpose outlet for an electric heater
Halls
- one ceiling wall lighting for every 15 ft of hall
- one duplex receptacle for every 15 ft of hall
Stairway and closets
- one lighting in each floor – one to illuminate head and other foot of stairway (3-way switch pair) at
- (head & foot of stairway)
- outlet for lighting for every closet 3 ft or more deep or having a floor area of 12 ft2
Exterior Entrances
- one ceiling outlet or one or 2 wall lighting outlets at each entrance
- single weatherproof ceiling outlet located near front entrance placed ≅ (8” above grade line
controlled by wall switch inside residence

Individual equipment branch circuit for special purpose outlet

Wire Size (AWG Wire rating (Ampere) Standard Size of Overcurrent
Number) Device (Amp)
14 15 15
12 20 20
10 30 30
8 40 40
6 55 50 or 60
4 70 70
2 95 100

Procedure: Count outlets then divide by 8

- all ceiling outlets in kitchen, laundry, pantry, dining room and breakfast room be on a 20-amp
branch circuit

Branch circuit wires

Branch Circuit Amp or Watt AWG No. Rating (Amp) Fuse
15-amp general purpose 15 A 14 15 15
20-amp small appliances 20 A 12 20 20
Individual range 16,000 W 6 55 50 or 60
Individual water heater 2,500 W 10 30 20 or 30
Individual freezer 200 W 12 20 15
Individual washing machine 400 W 12 20 15
Individual iron 1,250 W 12 20 15
Individual air conditioner 1,000 W 12 20 15
Service Entrance Cable
For a 30-amp service entrance switch 8 40 30
For a 60-amp service entrance switch 6 55 60
For a 70-amp service entrance switch 4 70 70
For a 100-amp serv. entrance switch 2 95 100
Over 100-amp, use rigid conduit & right wire size

15-amp General Purpose Circuit

- used for lighting fixtures, appliances such as radios, vacuum cleaner small fans, TV, floor lamp,
table lamps, sewing machine
- one branch circuit for each 500 ft2 of area or allow a maximum of 10 outlets per general purpose
circuit

Procedure: add the total no. of outlets for ceiling, wall, and exterior lights to the total no. of outlets for
duplex receptacle (except for laundry, kitchen, dining and pantry) divide by 10 and count any fraction
as a whole

Individual Equipment Branch Circuit:

- one for each special purpose outlet
 - one individual circuit be installed for all motor sizes of 1/6 hp

Water pump – special care - have a separate feeder lines.

Service entrance switch – all electric energy consumed in the house must first pass through the service
entrance switch.
Octopus wiring – avoid
Switch – often called “main switch box”
Minimum size = 60 amp – 3-wire solid neutral; 50 amp if circuit breaker used
Fuse – an overcurrent protective device with a circuit opening fusible member which is heated and severed
by the passage of over current through it
Circuit breaker – a device designed to open and close a circuit by non-automatic means and to open the
circuit automatically on a predetermined overcurrent without injuring to itself when properly applied
within its rating

Chapter VI - THE FARMSTEAD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Electric load – means the number of watts required by an electrical equipment in use in the building
Total connected load – total of all watts
Actual loads – total for all watts which will be required at any overtime
Actual load value – this is also called maximum demand

Calculation for location of load center:

A. Residence = 12,000 watts
B. Poultry = 6,000 watts
C. Pump house = 2,000 watts

Electrical Load Design Values.

Min Value Design Value
Farm Shop 4,600 W 3 W/ft2 area + 3,000W if no welder: 3 W/ft2 area + 7,000W
if having a welder
Poultry brooding 1,150 W 4W/chick small flock: 3W/chick large flock (1000+):
4W/chick with infrared brooder
Poultry laying 2,300W 5W/bird + 1320 W/hp of feeder
Dairy barns 3,450 200W/cow for 1st 20 cows: 60W/cow for excess of 20:
+1320W/hp if with gutter cleaner
Milking room 2,300 900W/stall
Milk house 4,600 250 W/cow for 1st 20 cows: 100W/cow in excess of 20
Gen purpose barn 3,450 3 W/ft2 + 1320 W/hp motor
Pig farrowing 2,300 500 W/pen

Unit Left Axis Lower Axis

Residence 12,000 x 1 = 12,000 12,000 x 1 = 12,000
Poultry 6,000 x 3 = 18,000 6,000 x 4 = 24,000
Pump house 2,000 x 4 = 8,000 2,000 x 2 = 4,000
Total 20,000 38,000 20,000 40,000

Left axis distance = 38,000/ 20,000 Lower axis = 40,000 / 20,000

= 1.9 blocks = 2 blocks
These left and lower axis distances mark the load center

Chapter VII – FARM ELECTRIC MOTOR

Advantages
1. Reasonable initial cost
2. Low operating cost
3. Long life
4. Easy to operate
5. Capacble of withstanding temporary overload
6. Compact construction
7. Safe
8. Little affected by hot or cold weather
9. Quiet
10. Automatic and remote control
Motor Job
1. Must be able to drive the load at th e proper speed (1/2 hp, 2 hp, etc)
2. Must be able to start a load (split phase or capacitor start)
3. Must be able to withstand the abiuse of the sorrounding (choice of enclosure, beaings, base
overload protection, and type of drive)
Classifications
1. single phase or three phase
2. AC or DC
3. Based on items such as type of starting mechanisms, rotor style, frame, power output, etc.

Calculations
a. RPM = frequency of source x 120/ number of poles
 b. Efficiency = (output/input) x 100%
c. % Slip = 100 x (RPM of rotating field - RPM of rotor)/(RPM of rotating field)
d. Hp = 2 x π x N x Torque
e. Current Load, I = (Load in hp x 746 W/hp)/( k x E x PF x n)
where: k = 1.0 for 2 wire single phase DC E = voltage
= 1.73 for 3-wire, 3-phase AC PF = power factor
= 2.0 for 3-wire, single phase AC or DC n = efficiency
= 3.0 for 4-wires, 3-phase AC
f. Percent Regulation = 100 x (Vnl - Vfl)/Vfl
g. Locked Rotor Current: I = VA/hp x hp / Voltage

Motor Code Locked Rotor Motor Code Locked Rotor

(kVA/hp) (kVA/hp)
A 0 - 3.14 K 8 - 8.99
B 3.15 - 3.54 L 9 - 9.99
C 3.55 - 3.99 M 10 - 11.19
D 4.0 - 4.49 N 11.2 - 12.49
E 4.5 - 4.99 P 12.5 - 13.99
F 5.0 - 5.59 R 14 - 15.99
G 5.6 - 6.29 S 16 - 17.99
H 6.3 - 7.09 T 18 - 19.99
J 7.1 - 7.99 U 20 - 22.39

Locked Rotor Torque

a. Locked rotor torque - the motor torque at zero speed or the maximum torque available to start the
load.
b. Pull-up torque - the lowest value of torque produced by the motor between zero and full -load
speed.
c. Breakdown torque - the maximum value of torque produced by the motor during overload without
stalling
d. Full-load torque - torque output at rated speed.
Duty Cycle
a. Continuous cycle motors - the motor is operated at or near full load for more than 60 minutes at a
time
b. Intermittent duty - the load is only on for 10, 20 or 30 minutes at a time with a rest or cooling
period between operations.
Enclosures
a. Drip-proof - open type allows easy movement of air through slots in end shields.
b. Splash-proof - designed to keep water from splashing into the motors.
c. Totally enclosed - provide no openings for circulation of outside air.

Items in the Nameplate of Electric Motors

a. Name of Manufacturer.
b. Frame designation - NEMA designation for frame design
c. Horsepower - the full load horsepower rating
d. Motor code - letter designating starting current requirement
e. Cycles or Hertz - frequency of source
f. Phase - single or three phase
g. RPM - the speed of motor at full load
h. Voltage - voltage(s) at which the motor is designed to operate
i. Thermal protection - indicates if built in overload protection is provided
j. Amperes - rated current at full load
k. Duty - continuous or intermittent
l. Ambient temperature or temperature rise - maximum temperature at which the motor should be
operated, or temperature rise of the motor above ambient at full load
m. Service factor - amount of overload the motor can tolerate continuously at rated voltage and
frequency
n. Insulation class - designation of insulation class generally used for rewinding
o. Identification of bearings - for replacement of bearings.
Horsepower Rating
1/6, ¼, 1/3, ½, ¾, 1, 1-1/2, 2, 3, 5, and 7-1/2 hp
General Rules in Determining the size of Motor
1. When the electric motor replaces a man, the genral rule is that a ¼ hp is recommended to do
the job
2. To replace a 1 hp engine, selec a ¾ hp motor. To replace a 2 hp engine select 1-1/2 hp motor.
Formula: HPmotor = HPengine x 2/3
Most Common Electric Motor Speed
1725 to 1750 rpm
Motor Classification According to Type of Load
1. Split-Phase Motor – develops the lowest value of starting torque. Suitable for bench grinder,
small fan blade, centrifugal pumps, etc.
2. Capacitor Type and Squirrrel Cage Motors – develops high starting torque . suitable for meat
grinder, vacuum pump, air compressor, piston-type water pump, attic fan, etc.
 3. Repulsion Start Motor – develops more starting torque and is best adapted for hard-to-start
loads. Suitable for large air compressor, refrigerator compressor, small feed grinders,
conveyors, ec.
Three Phase Motor Characteristics
1. does not have high value starting torque per ampere compare with repulsion start motor
2. simple in construction (no centrifugal switch, no capacitor, no staring winding)
3. good efficiency
4. constant running speed
5. excellent motor for long and satisfactory service
6. direction of rotation is reverse by interchanging any two input line connection
7. three input terminal is required
8. not widely used in the farm due to the nonavailability of supply line
9. suitble for farm job when possible is highly recommended

Chapter VIII – ELECTRICAL CONTROLS

1. Manually Operated Controls
a. Switches – use to open and close the circuit
b. AC Relays –a type of switch having contact which are operated by magnitism
c. Pushbuttons – use as switch for electric motors. Its characteristics is that its contact is
remain oper or closed until the opposite buton is pressed.
d. Motor Starting Switch - it has a built in protection device to automatically trip off the
switch when the current flowing the motor istoo much.
e. Magnetic Starting Switch – used for 1 hp to large size motor which incorporates into one
unit the principle of relay coil, the overload heater strip, and the pushbutton control.
f. Reduce Voltage Starters – used to apply reduce voltage to the motor when the motor is
starting and then apply full voltage after the motor has gained sufficient speed.
g. Solenoid Valves – operated by electricity to control the flow of water, oil, or gas
2. Automatically Operated Controls
a. Thermostat –a special kind of switch which open and close its constact in respones to the
change in tempreature. Types are Bellows thermostat, Bimetallic thermostat, and Wafer
thermostat.
b. Time Switch – it is an electric clock that automatically operates switch contacts at definite
time intervals.
c. Float Switch – an automatic control that operates according to some predetermined level.
d. Pressure Switch – use to automatic control switch to limit the pressure of a gas or liquid.
e. Limit Switch – an electric switch which is operated mechancially by the movement of
some other piece of material or machine.

Chapter IX - ADDITIONAL NOTES

Basic
1. Electricity – electrons in motion (Electron, proton, newton)
2. William Gilbert – father of Electricity, English Physicist
3. Volt (after Allessandro Volta, Italian Scientist) emf carrying electrons to move
4. Ampere – (after Andre M Ampere) – measures the strength of an electric current – one volt
through a resistance of 1 Ω
5. Watt – measure power, volts + ampere (from James Watt Scottish inventor)
6. Resistance – opposition to flow of current; used for DC electricity
7. Impedance – used for AC electricity
8. Electric Current – rate of flow of electric force in a conductor. Current will flow in a circuit of the
following components all present:
a. source of voltage
b. closed loop of wiring
c. an electric load
d. means of opening and closing the circuit
9. Classification of Electric Current
a. Direct Current (DC) – electricity flow only in one direction, (from negative to positive)
common source - dry cell or storage battery
b. Alternating Current (AC) – electricity constantly reverses its direction of flow
10. Advantages of AC
a. It is easily produced
b. It is cheaper to maintain
c. It could be transformed into higher voltages
d. It could be distributed to farther distance with low voltage drop
e. It is more efficient compared with DC.
11. Proponents of AC & DC electricity
Thomas Edison – DC electricity
George Westinghouse – AC electricity
Edison: AC is dangerous because it involves high voltage transmission line
AC advocates – the high voltage in the transmission line could be reduced to desired voltage as it
passes the distribution line
12. Characteristics of AC
A circuit operating at increased voltage has lower power loss
13. Frequency - the number of times the AC current goes one positive loop and one negative loop to
form one complete cycle which continuously repeated. It is expressed in cycles per second or
Hertz (HZ, named after H.R. Hertz)
14. The frequency of a direct current is zero HZ. The voltage is constant and never changes in
polarity.
15. Impedance – is the electrical term for friction in AC electricity
16. Ohms Law:
h. For DC
I = V/R
where: I = current
V = voltage
R = resistance for DC electricity
b. For AC, the Ohm’s Law is expressed as
I=V/Z
where: Z = impedance
17. Comparison of AC & DC Electricity
DC principles:
Watts = volts x amperes
AC principles:
Watts = volts x amperes x power factor
W = V x I x pf
18. The Ohms Law (after George Simon Ohm, a German Scientist) in 1926
“The higher the voltage, the larger the current, the higher the resistance the lower the current.
I= V/R
where: I = current flow (A)
V = electromotive force (V)
R = resistance (ohms)
19. Advantages of using 240V over 120V
a. economy is attained by using smaller wires
b. lower power loss
c. smaller percentage of power drop
20. Series & Parallel Circuit
Series: Voltage total VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + . . .
Resistance RT = R1 + R2 + R3
Parallel: Voltage VT = V1 = V2 = V3
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + . . .
21. Volt Transformation
Transformer – a simple static device consisting of a magnetic core wherein a primary and
secondary windings are made to supply different voltages.
Input side = classified as the primary
Outlet side = the secondary
The voltages are in direct proportion to the number of windings or turns. Thus, if a 120 AC will
be connected to the left side containing 100 turns, 240V would be on the right side containing 200
turns. (i.e. 120/240 V step-up transformer)
22. Power & Energy
Energy or Work = Power x Time, kW-hr
Watt = I2 R , A2 Ω =W
Watt = VxI , VxA =W
23. Energy Calculations
Determine the monthly energy consumption for the following:
Appliances Load Daily Use
1. Electric iron 1200W 2 hrs
2. Water heater 1000W 3 hrs
3. Toaster 2300W 30 minutes
Solution:
Electric iron 1,2000W = 1.2 kW x 2 hrs = 2.4 kW hr
Water heater 1000W = 1.0 kW x 3 hrs = 3.0 kW hr
Toaster 1,3000W = 1.3 kW x 0.5 hrs= 0.65 kW hr
Total = 605 kW hr

If the average cost of energy (not power) is P3.50/kWhr, the monthly (30-day) consumption, is 30
x 6.05 kW hr x P3.50/kW hr = P635.25
24. Voltage drop in a wire /Power loss
P = I x (I x R) = I2 R
a. smaller diameter wire on a 240V source can safely carry more current in proportion to its weight
than a larger diameter wire on a 120V supply.
b.Less copper is required to carry the same amount of power on a higher voltage current
Notes:
1. Current drawn in a 120V line is twice flat of 220V line
2. Size of conductor is proportionally amount of load it carry
3. The 14.6% voltage drop is too big and not acceptable. Hence, the No. 8 wire must be change
to No. 2 in order to reduce voltage drop and power loss.
4. The change to No. 2 would increase cost by 10:1 instead of 2.2:1
5. Power loss cannot be avoided even to the most sophisticated electric system.

25. Electric conductor – materials used to carry or allow the flow of electric current
Examples of good conductors:
1. Silver (high cost) 6. Zinc
 2. Copper (usual choice) 7. Platinum
3. Aluminum (next best) 8. Iron
4. Nickel 9. Lead
5. Brass 10. Tin
Cesium – the best known conductor of electricity but reacts with air and water (disintegrate)
making themselves useless. The choice is based on lowest resistance per unit length.
26. Insulators – materials that resist the flow of electric current
- the physical shield of wire against heat, water, etc.
Examples:
1. Rubber 6. Latex
2. Porcelain 7. Thermocouple
3. Varnish 8. Paper
4. Glass 9. Oil
5. Mica 10. Wax
27. Factors that influences conductor resistance
a. Composition - the mineral composition is essential
a. Length of conductor – the larger the wire the bigger is the resistance
b. Cross-sectional area – the bigger the x-sectional area, the lower is the resistance
c. Temperature – metal offers high resistance to high temperature
28. Wire – are those electrical conductors which are 8 mm2 (AWG No. 8) or smaller in size
29. Cables – are those which are larger than wires
30. Stranded Wire – consists of a group of wires twisted to form a metallic string
31. Cord – the term given to an insulated stranded wire
32. AWG - American Wire Gauge
33. Mil – 1/1000 of an inch
34. Circular mil – the cross-sectional area of a round wire. A 1 mil diameter wire has a cross sectional
area of 1 circular mil.
Circular mil = d2
Square mil = π r2 or 3.1416r2
Conversion Factor
a. Square mil = square inch x 0.000001
b. Square inch = square mil x 1,000,000
c. Square mil = circular mil x 0.7854
d. Circular mil = square mil x 1.273
e. millimeter = inches x 25.4
f. Square millimeter = circular mil x 0.0005067
35. MCM – thousand circular mils
250 MCM = 250,000 circular mils
 PROBLEM SET

1. A 12 amperes electric fan and blower with a power factor of 0.85 was connected to a 240 volts
convenient outlet. Calculate the power in the circuit
2. An electric motor has a nameplate rating of 2 horsepower, 240 volts, and 15 amperes. Calculate
the motor power factor assuming a motor efficiency of 85%. Also compute for the motor power
input..
3. Determine the current flow in a circuit having a resistance of 5 ohms on a 120 volt and 240 volt
current supply.
4. A circuit has a resistance of 20 ohms and the current flows at 12 amperes. Determine the voltage.
5. Two automobile headlights are connected in series to a 12 volt battery each having a resistance of
1 ohm. What is the current flowing in the circuit?
6. A mercury lamp having a hot resistance of 50 ohms is connected to a socket with 240-volt current
supply. How much current flows through the lamp?
7. A water heater draws 10 amperes at 240 volt current supply. Determine its heat resistance.
8. Determine the monthly energy consumption of the following appliances below: If the average
cost of energy is P5.00 per kwh, what is the total cost?
9. A 100-watt light bulb is used continuously for 8 hr. How much electric energy is used? If the cost
of electricity is P7.00 per kw hour, how much is the cost for 2 months period at 20 days per month
operation?
10. What is the equivalent size in square millimeter of a cable 250 MCM?
11. It requires a force of 200 newtons (45 lb) to pull the boat, and the boat is moved 5 meters (16.4 ft).
How much work is done in moving the boat?
12. What is the efficiency of a light bulb which uses 1000 joules of electric energy to produce 200
joules of light energy?
13. What is the efficiency of an electric generator that produces 5000 joules of electric energy from
the 7000 joules of mechanical energy used to rotate the generator?
14. Determine the potential energy (W) of 1 6-volt (6-V) battery that has 3000 coulombs (3000 C) of
charge (Q) stored in it.
15. What is the resistance, at 20°C, of an electric motor winding that uses 200 meters of copper
conductor which is 0.26 square centimeter (approximately 3/16 in. by 3/16 in.)? The resistivity of
copper at 20°C is 0.00000172 ohm-centimeter.
16. What is the power rating of an electric device that converts 940 joules of energy in 10 seconds?
17. How much energy is required to operate a 60-watt lamp for 30 minutes?
18. What is the efficiency of a radio receiver that requires 4 watts of electric power input to deliver 0.5
watt of power output?
19. How much power input is required to operate a stereo amplifier producing 50 watts of output
power that is 30 percent efficient?
20. How much energy is used by a 1200-watt heater in 4 hours of continuous operation?
21. What is the efficiency of a ¾-horsepower (hp) motor that requires an input of 1000 watts (W) of
electric power?
22. Calculate the amount of current flowing to an electric water heater having a 23-ohm heater circuit
and an input voltage of 230 volts.
23. A certain electric toaster draws 4 amp of electric current when it is connected to a 220-volt source.
What is the resistance of the toaster’s heating element?
24. Voltage is 120 volts, Current is 10 amp, and Time is 6 hrs. Determine energy usage.
25. Determine the Kwhr used for operating 2 motors at their rated capacity for 10 hrs. Motor rating
are 2 & ¼ hp
26. An electric motor is being tested for measuring energy consumption in the house. All electrical
equipment are turned off. The Kwhr-meter disk revolutions are counted for a period of 6 minutes.
The disk makes 20 revolutions and the Kh factor of the meter is 2.5. What is the power input to
the motor.
27. A dwelling has a floor area of 150 m2 exclusion of unoccupied basement and open porches. It has
12 Kw range. Compute the general lighting requirement at 24 w/m2 and the minimum branch
circuit required.
28. Determine the number of outlets required for a room having a dimension of 12 ft x 12 ft.
29. How many duplex receptacle is needed for a 12 x 14 ft room?
30. There were 43 general purpose outlets in a certain residence. How many 15 amp. Branch circuit
are needed?
31. There were 13 small appliances in a residence. How many 20-amp branch circuits are required?
32. A proposed brooder house is planned for 1200 baby chicks. Electric underheat brooders will be
used. What will be the value of the electrical load of this building?
33. Compute for the voltage loss in line for a 120-V input, 8-amp current over 200 feet using #14
AWG wire.
34. It requires a force of 200 newtons (45 lb) to pull the boat, and the boat is moved 5 meters (16.4 ft).
How much work is done in moving the boat?
35. What is the efficiency of a light bulb which uses 1000 joules of electric energy to produce 200
joules of light energy?
36. What is the efficiency of an electric generator that produces 5000 joules of electric energy from
the 7000 joules of mechanical energy used to rotate the generator?
37. Determine the potential energy (W) of 1 6-volt (6-V) battery that has 3000 coulombs (3000 C) of
charge (Q) stored in it.
38. What is the resistance, at 20°C, of an electric motor winding that uses 200 meters of copper
conductor which is 0.26 square centimeter (approximately 3/16 in. by 3/16 in.)? The resistivity of
copper at 20°C is 0.00000172 ohm-centimeter.
39. What is the power rating of an electric device that converts 940 joules of energy in 10 seconds?
40. How much energy is required to operate a 60-watt lamp for 30 minutes?
41. What is the efficiency of a radio receiver that requires 4 watts of electric power input to deliver 0.5
watt of power output?
42. How much power input is required to operate a stereo amplifier producing 50 watts of output
power that is 30 percent efficient?
43. How much energy is used by a 1200-watt heater in 4 hours of continuous operation?
44. What is the efficiency of a ¾-horsepower (hp) motor that requires an input of 1000 watts (W) of
electric power?