2017-AME Problems

6/17/17
Tillage Equipment Tillage Equipment
Plow Area of Cut Draft of Plow

Width-of-Cut of Disc Plow Width-of-Cut of Disc Harrow
(Single Action)
Ac = Wc Dc F = Ac δs 0.95 N S + D 0.95 N S + 0.3 D
where: where:
W = --------------------------- W = ------------------------------
Ac - area of cut of plow, m2 F - draft of plow, kg
1000 1000
Wc - width of cut, m Ac - area of cut, m2
where: where:
Dc - depth of cut, m δs - specific resistance of soil, kg/m2
W - width of cut, m W - width of cut, m
Drawbar Horsepower Field Efficiency
N - number of disk N - number of disk
F V EFC
S - disk spacing, mm S - disk spacing, mm
DHP = ----------- ξf = --------- x 100
D - diameter of disk, mm D - diameter of disk, mm
76.2 TFC
Width-of-Cut of Disc Harrow Width-of-Cut of Disc Harrow
where: where:
(Tandem Type) (Offset Type)
DHP - drawbar horsepower ξf - field efficiency, % 0.95 N S + 1.2 D 0.95 N S + 0.6 D
F - draft of implement, kg EFC - effective field capacity, ha/hr
W = ---------------------------- W = -----------------------------
V - velocity of implement, m/s TFC - theoretical field capacity, ha/hr 1000 1000
Theoretical Field Capacity Effective Field Capacity where: where:
W - width of cut, m W - width of cut, m
TFC = 0.1 Wi V i EFC = TFC ξf N - number of disk N - number of disk
where: where: S - disk spacing, mm S - disk spacing, mm
TFC - theoretical field capacity, ha/hr EFC - effective field capacity, ha/hr D - diameter of disk, mm D - diameter of disk, mm
Wi - width of implement, m TFC - theoretical field capacity, ha/hr Draft of Moldboard Plow
V i - implement speed, kph ξf - field efficiency, decimal
Number of Implement Unit Time to Finish Tillage Operation D = 7.0 + 0.049 S 2 : silty clay
Af Af
D = 6.0 + 0.053 S 2 : clay loam
NI = --------------- To = ---------------
To EFC EFC NI D = 3.0 + 0.021 S 2 : loam
where: where: D = 3.0 + 0.056 S 2 : sandy silt
NI - number of implement units To - time required to finish tillage
Af - area of the farm, ha operation, hr D = 2.8 + 0.013 S 2 : sandy loam
To - total operating time to finish Af - area of the farm, ha D = 2.0 + 0.013 S 2 : sand
operation, hr EFC - effective field capacity, ha/hr
EFC - effective field capacity of NI - number of tillage implement where:
D - unit draft of implement, N/cm2
implement, ha/hr
Field Efficiency Fuel Consumption Rate S - implement speed, kph
F e = (efc / tfc) 100 FC = V / t

where: where:
F e - field efficiency, % FC - fuel consumption, lph
efc - effective field capacity, m2 /hr V - volume of fuel consumed, l
tfc - theoretical field capacity, m2 /hr t - total operating time, hr
1
6/17/17
Problem 1 Problem 3
A tractor pulls a 1m-wide heavy-duty offset-disk harrow at 6-kph operating speed. What is the force required to pull a single moldboard plow on a clay loam soil
What is the theoretical field capacity of the machine? having 30-cm width-of-cut and 15-cm depth-of-cut? Soil draft is 8 psi.
Given: Given:
Implement - heavy-duty offset-disk harrow Width-of-cut - 30 cm
W - 1.0 m Depth-of-cut - 15 cm
V - 6 kph Soil draft - 8 psi
Required: Theoretical Field Capacity Required: Force to Pull the Plow
Solution: Solution:
TFC = 0.1 W V F = A Ds
= 0.1 (1 m) (6 kph) = (30 cm) (15 cm) (8 psi x in/2.54 cm x kg/2.2 lb)
= 0.6 ha/hr = 253 kg
Problem 2
Problem 4
A rotary tiller has a 2-m operating width. If the tractor runs at 2-kph speed, what is
the theoretical field capacity of the machine? If the plow in Problem 3 has 5-kph average speed, what is its drawbar horsepower?
Given: Given:
Operating width - 2 m Force to pull the plow - 253 kg
Operating speed - 2 kph Velocity of the plow - 5 kph
Required: Theoretical Field Capacity Required:

Drawbar Horsepower
Solution:
Solution:
TFC = 0.1 W V
= 0.1 (2 m) (2 kph) DHP = F V
= 0.4 ha/hr = 253 kg (5 kph x 1000 m/km x hr/3600 sec)
= 4.6 hp
2
6/17/17
Problem 5 Problem 7
What is the effective field capacity of a rotary tiller tilling theoretically at 0.4 ha/hr, The field capacity of a rotary tiller was measured at 0.23 ha/hr. If the operating
with 85% field efficiency? width and speed of the machine is 1.5 m and 2 kph, respectively, what is the field
efficiency of the tiller?
Given:
Theoretical field capacity - 0.4 ha/hr Given:
Field efficiency - 85% Actual field capacity - 0.23 ha/hr
Operating width - 1.5 m
Required: Effective Field Capacity Operating speed - 2 kph
Solution: Required: Field Efficiency
EFC = TFC ξf Solution:

= 0.4 ha/hr x 0.85
= 0.34 ha/hr ξf = AFC x 100 / TFC
TFC = 0.1 (1.5 m) (2 kph)
= 0.3 ha/hr
ξf = 0.23 ha/hr (100) / 0.3 ha/hr

= 77%
Problem 6
Problem 8
What is the effective field capacity of 2 moldboard plows having 25-cm width,
each plowing at 7-kph speed? The field efficiency is 80%. What is the theoretical field capacity of a 3m-wide tandem-disk harrow pulled by a
4-wheel-drive tractor running at 10-kph speed?
Given:
Number of plows - 2 Given:
Plowing speed - 7 kph Width of implement - 3.0 m
Field efficiency - 80% Speed of the tractor - 10 kph
Required: Effective Field Capacity Required: Theoretical Field Capacity
Solution: Solution:
EFC = Np W ξf TFC = 0.1 W V

= 2 (0.25 m) (7 kph) (0.8) = 0.1 (3 m) (10 kph)
= 0.28 ha/hr = 3 ha/hr
3
6/17/17
Problem 9 Problem 11
A 3-bottom disk plow is plowing at a speed of 8-kph. The effective width per plow Compute the drawbar pull and the drawbar horsepower of a 4-bottom moldboard
bottom is 25 cm. If the plowing efficiency is 80%, what is the theoretical and the plow on a clay loam soil having 0.3-m effective width-of-cut per bottom and 0.15-
effective field capacities of the implement? m depth-of-cut. The plowing speed is 10 kph. (Soil draft for clay loam soil is
assumed at 8 psi).
Given:
Given:
Plow - disk
Plow - moldboard
Number of disk - 3
No. of Plow - 4
Speed - 8 kph
Width of Cut - 0.3 m
Width - 25 cm/plow
Depth of Cut - 0.15 cm
Efficienty - 80%
Speed - 10 kph
Soil Draft - 8 psi
Required: Theoretical Field Capacity
Effective Field Capacity Required: Drawbar Pull
Solution: Drawbar Horsepower
TFC = b V Solution:
= 0.25 x 0.1 x 3 x 8 F = 0.15 m x 0.30 m x 4 plows x 5818.2 kg/m3
= 0.6 ha/hr = 1014 kg
EFC = TFC ξf DHP = (1014 kg x 10 kph x 1000 m/km x hr/3600 sec) / 76.2
= 0.6 ha/hr x 0.8 = 36.9 hp
= 0.48 ha/hr
Problem 12
Problem 10
A 3-bottom plow is plowing at 8-kph speed. The effective width per plow bottom
Find the effective field capacity of a 5-bottom disk plow with 25-cm width-of-cut is 25 cm. If the plowing efficiency is 80%, what are the theoretical and effective
per plow bottom. Assume a 0.8 field efficiency and 7-kph operating speed. field capacities of the plow?
Given: Given:
Plow type - disk Number of plow - 3 bottom
Number of disk - 5 Speed - 8 kph
Field efficiency - 80% Effective width/plow - 25 cm
Speed - 7 kph Plowing efficiency - 80%
Required: Effective Field Capacity Required: Theoretical Field Capacity

Effective Field Capacity
Solution: Solution:
TFC = 0.1 (3 plows)(0.25 m/plow)(8 kph) /0.80

EFC = bV ξf = 0.75 ha/hr
= 0.1 x 0.25 cm/disk x 7 kph x 5 disks x 0.8
= 0.70 ha/hr EFC = 0.1 (3 plows) (0.25 m/plow) (8kph)
= 0.60 ha/hr
4
6/17/17
What is the drawbar pull required for a 3-meter tractor-drawn offset-disk harrow? The field capacity of a tractor-drawn field cultivator was measured at 2.9 ha/hr. If
The implement specific draft is 89 kg/m. Also, compute the drawbar horsepower of the operating width and speed of the machine is 2.5 m and 13 kph, respectively,
the implement if it is running at 20-kph speed. what is the field efficiency of the tiller?
Given: Given:
Harrow - offset disk Effective Field Capacity - 2.9 ha/hr
Wc - 3 m Operating Width - 2.5 m
δ - 89 kg/m Travel Speed - 13 kph
V - 20 kph
Required: Field Efficiency
Required: Drawbar Pull
Drawbar Horsepower
Solution:
Solution:
ξf = 2.9 ha/hr x 100 / (0.1 x 2.5 m x 13 kph)
F = Wc x δ = (2.9 ha/hr / 3.25 ha/hr) x 100
= 3 m x 89 kg/m = 89 %
= 267 kg
DHP = (267 kg x 20 kph x 1000 m/km x hr/3600 sec)/ 76.2 kg-m/sec-hp
= 19.5 hp Problem 16
Problem 14 A 16-hp rotary tiller is tilling at 10-cm depth. Its rotating tiller has 0.5-m width.
What is the specific power output of the machine if it is traveling at 0.5-mps
A power harrow has 6-m operating width. If the tractor runs at 20-kph speed of 20 speed? Assume a 0.80 power transmission efficiency for the tiller.
km/hr, what is the theoretical field capacity of the machine? What is the effective
field capacity of the harrow if its field efficiency is 0.85? Given:
Power Input - 16 hp
Given: Depth-of-Cut - 10 cm
Operating width - 6 m Width-of-Cut - 0.5 m
V - 20 kph Speed of Tiller - 0.5 m/sec
Required: Theoretical Field Capacity Power Trans Eff - 0.80
Required: Specific Power Output
Solution:
TFC = 0.1 b V Solution:
= 0.1 x 6 x 20
SPO = (16 Hp x 0.80 x 746 watt/Hp) / [100 cm/m (50 cm) (10 cm) (0.5 m/sec)]
= 12 ha/hr
= 0.382 watts/cm3
EFC = TFC ξf
= 12 x 0.85
= 10.2 ha/hr
5
6/17/17
Problem 17 Problem19
A 30-disk double-offset disk harrow is travelling at 10-kph speed. If the disk diameter Compute the drawbar pull of a plow on a power tiller with 10-cm x 8-cm depth-
is 40 cm spaced at 30 cm, what is the cutting width of the harrow? What is its and width-of-cut. The number of plow bottom is 2. Soil draft is equal to 5 psi. If
theoretical field capacity? the plow is drawn at 10-kph speed, what is the drawbar horsepower of the plow?
Given: Given:
Type of harrow - double-offset Width of Cut - 8 cm
Number of disk - 30 disks Depth of Cut - 10 cm
Travelling speed - 10 kph No. of Plow - 2
Disk diameter - 40 cm Draft - 5 psi
Disk spacing - 30 cm Speed - 10 kph
Required: Cutting Width Required: Drawbar Pull and Power
Theoretical Field Capacity
Solution:
Solution:
A = 10 cm x 8 cm x 2 plows
Wc = [0.95 N S + 0.85 D] / 1000 = (80 cm2 /plow x 2 plows)
= 0.95 (29 disks x 300 mm) + 0.85 (400 mm) / 1000 = 160 cm2
= 8.6 m F = 160 cm2 (5 lb/in2 ) (in./ 2.54 cm)2 (kg/2.2 lb)
TFC = 0.1 W V = 56.36 kg
= 0.1 x 8.6 m x 10 kph DHP = F x V
= (56.36 kg x 10 kph x 1000 m/km x hr/3600sec)/76.2 kg-m/sec-Hp
= 8.6 ha/hr
= 2.04 Hp
Problem 18
Problem 20
A 16-hp rotary tiller is tilling at 10-cm depth. Its rotating tiller has 1.2-m width.
What is the specific power output of the machine if it is traveling at 0.5-mps The effective width-of-cut of a single-bottom moldboard plow drawn by a power tiller
speed? Assume a 90% power transmission efficiency for the tiller. is 10 cm. If the machine is used to plow a 2-hectare farm, what would be the total
distance to be traveled by the machine to accomplish the task?
Given:
Power Input - 16 hp Given:
Depth-of-Cut - 10 cm Implement - moldboard plow
Width-of-Cut - 1.2 m Effective width of cut - 10 cm
Speed of Tiller - 0.5 m/sec Area to be plowed - 2 has.
Power Trans Eff - 0.90
Required: Distance to be traveled by the plow
Required: Specific Power Output
Solution:
Solution:
D = Area to be plowed / Effective width-of-cut
SPO = (16 Hp x 0.90 x 746 watt/Hp)/ (100 (120 cm) (10 cm) (0.5 m/sec) = (2 hectares x 10,000 m2 /ha) / (10 cm x m/100 cm)
= 0.178 watts/cm3 = 200 km
6
6/17/17
A power tiller was tested on a 10m-wide plot. During the test, the machine made A single-bottom moldboard is plowing on a clay loam soil (8 psi draft) having 0.3-m
22 rounds to complete the plowing operation using two 0.3meter-diameter disk effective width-of-cut and 15-cm depth-of-cut. What is the force exerted by the
plows. What is the average swath of the power tiller? Also, compute for the disk plow?
angle of the plow.
Given:
Given: Plow - single-bottom moldboard
Machine - power tiller Soil draft - 8 psi
Width of plot - 10 m Width of cut - 0.3 m
Number of rounds - 22 rounds Depth of cut - 0.15 m
Required: Average Swath of the Power Tiller
Disk Angle of the Plow Required: Force Exerted by the Plow
Solution: Solution:
S = width of plot / (2 x number of rounds)
F = A ds
= 10 m / [2 ( 22 rounds)]
= (0.3 m) (0.15 m) (8 psi) (in/0.254 m)2 (kg/2.2 lb)
= 0.23 m
= 253 kg
Θ = sin -1 (0.23/0.3)
= 50 deg
Problem 24
Problem 22
What is the drawbar horsepower of the plow in Problem 23 if its plowing speed is 5
What is the required drawbar pull of a 5-meter tractor-drawn spike-tooth harrow
kph?
with 89 kg/m specific draft? What is the drawbar horsepower of the implement if
it is running at 6-kph speed?
Given:
Force - 253 kg
Given: Velocity - 5 kph
Width of implement - 5 m
Specific draft - 89 kg/m Required: Drawbar Horsepower
Speed - 6 kph
Required: Drawbar Pull Solution:
Solution: DHP = F V
F = Ds W = 253 kg (5 kph) (1000 m/km) (hr/3600 sec)
= 89 kg/m) ( 5 m) = 4.6 hp
= 445 kg
DHP = F V
= (445 kg)(6 kph)(1000 m/km) (hr/3600 sec) /76.2 kg-m/sec-hp
= 10 hp
7
6/17/17
In a 200-hectare corn project, the field has to be tilled within 30 days. What size of Assume that you are the Agricultural Engineer in a 500-hectare corn farm with soil
a heavy-duty offset-disk harrow should be selected if the tractor to be used will be type that gives 10-psi draft when plowing at 4-kph speed. Compute the drawbar
operated at 5-kph speed? Assume a 75% field efficiency and an 8-hour working horsepower required to pull a 3-disk plow with 12- inch-per-disk effective cut at 6
day. inches plowing depth.
Given: Given:
Area - 200 has. Area - 500 ha. corn farm
Tilling period - 30 days Soil draft - 10 psi
Implement velocity - 5 kph Plowing speed - 4 kph
Field efficiency - 75% Plow bottom - 3 disk
Operating time - 8 hours per day Width-of-cut - 12 in. per disk
Plowing depth - 6 inches
Required: Size of Heavy-duty Offset-disk
Harrow Required: Drawbar Horsepower
Solution: Solution:
RFC = A /[Pt x OT x Eff] DPH = [3 x 12 in x 6 in x 10 psi x 4 kph x 1000 m/km x hr/3600 sec] / 76.2
= 200 hectares/[30 days x 8hr/day x 0.75] kg-m/sec-hp
= 1.11 ha/hr = 14.3 hp
W = RFC / [0.1 x V]
= 1.11 ha/hr / [0.1 x 5 kph]
Problem 27
= 2.2 m
Referring to Problem 26, how many hectares does the tractor pulling the 3-disk
plow would be able to plow in one day (16 hours operation)? Assume a 30% total
time loss.
Given:
No. of disk - 3 disk
Width-of-cut - 12 in. per disk
Operating time - 16 hours per day
Time loss - 30%
Required: Effective Field Capacity

Solution:
EFC = 0.1 (3 disks x 12 in/disk x 0.254 m/in) (4 kph) (0.7)

= 0.36 ha/hr x 16hr/day
= 4.02 ha/day
8
6/17/17
Referring to Problem 26, how many days are required to plow the 500-hectare What is the cutting width of the single-disk harrow set at 18-degree working angle
farm using 10 units of the same kind of tractor and of plow? containing 20 disks spaced at 30 cm? Disk diameter is 40 cm.
Given: Given:
Area to be plowed - 500 has. Number of disks - 20 disks
Number of tractors - 10 units Disk spacing - 30 cm
Disk diameter - 40 cm
Required: Number of Days to Finish Plowing the Area
Required: Cutting Width
Solution:
Solution:
Nd = 500 has. / [10 tractors x 4.02 has./day-tractor]
= 12.5 days W = [0.95 N S + 0.3 D] / 1000
= 0.95 (20 disks x 300 mm) + 0.3 (400 mm) / 1000
= 5.82 m
Problem 29
Still referring to Problem 26, what is the amount of fuel consumed, in liters, per 16-
hour/day operation of one tractor if the specific fuel consumption is 1 lb/dhp-hr
and the specific gravity of the fuel is 0.8? Problem 31
Given: If the harrow in Problem 30 is a tandem disk harrow, what is its cutting width?
Specific fuel consumption - 1 lb/dhp-hr
Specific gravity - 0.8 Given:
Type of harrow - tandem disk harrow
Required: Fuel Consumed per 16 hours-tractor
Required: Width-of-Cut
Solution:
Solution:
FC = 1 lb/dhp-hr x 14.3 hp / [0.8 x 62.4 lb/ft3 ]
= 0.286 ft3 of fuel /hr x (30 cm/ft)3 x liter/1000 cc Wc = [0.95 N S + 1.2 D] / 1000
= 7.73 liters per hour = [0.95 (20 disks x 300 mm) + 1.2(400 mm)] / 1000
= 6.18 m
Vol of fuel = (7.73 liter/hr) (16hours/day) (12.5 days)
= 1546.87 liters
9
6/17/17
At 18-degrees working angle, a tandem disk harrow is used to pulverize a newly Five hundred hectares of farm is to be plowed using a 5-bottom moldboard plow.
plowed farm at 10-kph speed. Compute the effective width of the implement, the The cutting width of each plow bottom is 20 cm with 15-cm cutting depth. If three
theoretical field capacity, and the effective field capacity of the harrow. Assume a (3) tractors are pulling a plow at an average speed of 15-kph, how many days will it
90% field efficiency. The harrow has 24 pieces 30-cm disk spaced at 20 cm. take to finish the whole area? Assume an 85% plowing efficiency and a 6-hour-per-
day plowing operation. Also, compute the drawbar hp of the plow if the specific
Given: draft of soil is equal to 12 psi.
Harrow - tandem Given:
Work angle - 18 deg Area - 500 has.
Speed - 10 kph No. of Plow - 5
Field Eff - 90% Width-of-Cut - 20 cm
No. Disks - 24 units Depth-of-Cut - 15 cm
Disk Dia - 30 cm No of Tractors - 3 units
Spacing - 20 cm Speed of Tractor - 15 kph
Plowing Eff - 85%
Required: Effective Width Operation - 6 hr/day
Theoretical Field Capacity Soil Draft - 12 psi
Required: Days to Finish Plowing
Solution: Drawbar Horsepower of the Plow
Solution:
(a) Effective Width Winput = 20 cm x 5 bottoms
We = 0.95 N S + 1.2 D = 100 cm
= 0.95 (23) (20 cm) + 1.2 (30 cm) TFC = (0.1 x 100 cm x 15 kph) / (100 cm/m)
= 473 cm = 1.5 ha/day
TFE = 0.85 (1.5 ha/day)
(b) Theoretical Field Capacity = 1.275 ha/hr-unit
TFC = 0.1 W V
= 0.1 x 473 cm x m/100 cm x 10 kph Capacity for 3 tractor unit = 1.275 ha/hr-unit x 3 units
= 4.73 ha/hr = 3.825 ha/hr x 6 hrs/day
= 22.95 ha/day
(c ) Effective Field Capacity
No. of days to finish plowing = 500 ha / (22.95 ha/day)
EFC = TFC ξf = 21.78 days
= 4.73 ha/hr x 0.90
= 4.26 ha/hr Drawbar Hp = F x V
A = 20 cm/plow x 5 plows x 15 cm
= 1500 cm2
F = (1500 cm2 ) x 12 psi x (1 in/2.54 cm)2 x kg/2.2 lb
= 1268.2 kg
DHP = (1268.2 kg x 15 kph x 1000 m/km x hr/3600 sec ) / 76.2 kg-m/sec-hp
= 6.9 hp
10
6/17/17
Seeding and Planting Equipment

Seeding and Planting Equipment
No. of Hills Planted Distance per Hill Effective Field Capacity Theoretical Field Capacity
A 10,000
Hn = --------------------- Dph = S r π Dg / Nc EFC = A / t TFC = 0.36 w v
Sr Sh where: where: where:
where: Dph - distance per hill, mm EFC - effective field capacity, m2 /h TFC - theoretical field capacity, m2 /hr
Hn - number of hills S r - speed ratio of ground wheel and A - area covered, m2 w - working width, m
A - area planted, ha seed plate t - time used during operation, hr v - speed of operation, m/s
S r - row spacing, m Dg - diameter of the ground wheel, mm Field Efficiency Fuel Consumption Rate
S h - hill spacing, m Nc - number of cells in the seed plate
ξf = (EFC / TFC) 100 FC = V / t
Nominal Working Width Total Weight of Seeds where: where:
Nh Nsh S w ξf ξf - field efficiency, % FC - fuel consumption, lph
W = n d TWs = -------------------------- EFC - effective field capacity, m2 /hr V - volume of fuel consumed, l
where: 1000 E TFC - theoretical field capacity, m2 /hr t - total operating time, hr
W - working width, m where: Wheel Slip
n - number of rows No - Nl
TWs - total weight of seeds needed, kg
d - row spacing, m Ws = ------------------ x 100
Nh - number of hills
Nsh - number of seeds per hill No
where:
S w - specific weight of seeds, g/seeds
E - emergence, dec. Ws - wheel slip, %
Effective Diameter of Ground Wheel Speed Ratio of Ground Wheel and No - sum of the revolutions of the driving
d Metering Device wheel without load, rev
De = ---------- Nc Hs Nl - sum of the revolutions of all driving
π N R = -------------- wheel with load, rev
where: Cgw
De - effective diameter of ground wheel where:
under load, m R - speed ratio
d - distance for a given N, m Nc - number of cells
N - number of revolution, rpm Hs - hill spacing, m
Cgw - circumference of ground wheel, m
Delivery Rate Delivery Rate (PTO-Driven Machine)
L 10,000 L 10,000
Q = ---------------------- Q = ----------------------
π De N W v t W
where: where:
Q - delivery rate, kg/ha Q - delivery rate, kg/ha
L - delivery for a given N, kg L - delivery for a given N, kg
De - effective diameter of ground wheel v - tractor speed, m/s
under load, m t - time for measuring delivery, s
N - number of revolution, rpm W - working width, m
W - working width, m
11
6/17/17
Seeding and Planting Equipment Seeding and Planting Equipment
Problem 1 Problem 3
A corn plantation requires a population of 37,000 plants per hectare. The average A 120-hectare farm is to be planted with corn. The row and hill spacings are 50 cm
emergence is 90% and the row spacing is 1.2 meters. If the seeds are to be drilled, and 40 cm, respectively. How many hills are to be planted in the farm? If a 12-row
what should be the seed spacing? drill planter is to be used at 10-kph implement speed, what is the theoretical and
effective field capacities of the machine? Assume an 80% field efficiency. If the field
Given: requires 3 seeds per hill and has a percentage emergence of 90%, how many kilos of
Required population - 37,000 plants per ha seeds are needed for the entire area? Assume a 0.1 g weight per seed.
Emergence - 90%
Row spacing - 1.2 meters Given:
Required: Seed Spacing Area - 120 has.
Row spacing - 50 cm
Solution: Hill spacing - 40 cm
Machine - 12- row seeder/planter
No. of hills = No of Hills / Emergence
Implement Speed - 10 kph
= 37,000 plants/ha / 0.90
Field efficiency - 80%
= 41,111 plants /ha
% Emergence - 90%
Seed spacing = 41,111 plants per ha / [10,000 m2 /ha x 1.2 m] No. of Seeds/hill - 3 seed
= 0.30 m Wt. per seed - 0.1 g / seed
Required:
Problem 2 Number of Hills
Compute the number of plants required for a 2-hectare corn farm with the following Effective Field Capacity
seed spacing: Plant spacing, 0.25 m and row spacing, 0.45 m. Weight of Seeds needed for the entire farm
Given: Solution:
Area - 2 ha
No. Hills = (10,000 x A) / (Sh x Sr)
Sp - 0.25 m
= 10,000 x 120 ha / (0.50 m x 0.4 m)
Sr - 0.45
= 6,000,000 hills
Required: Number of plants for the TFC = 0.1 Wi Vi
2-hectare farm = 0.1 x 12-row x 0.5 m x 10 kph
= 6 ha/hr
Solution:
EFC = TFC ξf
Np = (2 hectare x 10,000)/(0.25 m x 0.45 m) = 6 ha/hr x 0.80
= 177, 777.8 plants or hills = 4.8 ha/hr
Ws = No Hills x No. Seeds x SWs / E

= (6,000,000/hill x 3 seeds/hill x 0.1 g/seed x kg/1000 g) / 0.9
= 2000 kg
12
6/17/17
Problem 4 Problem 5
A 2.4-meter sugar planter is used to transplant sugarcane to a 150-hectare farm. How many grams of cotton seeds are required per row for a hectare of farm,
The plant spacing is 60 cm and the row spacing is 120 cm. Compute the number of assuming a seeder is to be used in planting the seeds at 0.20-m row spacing and
hills the machine can plant for the entire area. What is the rate of planting in hills 0.50-m plant spacing? The seeding rate is 10 kg/ha.
per hectare if the machine travels at 6-kph speed? Estimate the number of units of
tractors and of planters required to finish the entire area in 10 days at 8 hours/day Given:
operation. Assume an 80% planting efficiency. Crop - cotton
Seeding rate - 10 kg/ha
Given: Row spacing - 0.5 m
Area - 150 ha Plant spacing - 0.20
Plant spacing - 60 cm
Required: Seed Required, in kilogram
Row spacing - 120 cm
Speed - 6 kph Solution:
Oper time required - 10 day (8hr/day)
Field efficiency - 80 % Seed Required = 10 kg/ha x 0.20 m x
0.5 m /10
Required: = 0.1 g
No. of Hills to be planted
Rate of Planting, in hills/ha
No. of Tractor/planter unit Problem 6
Solution: Compute the number of hills to be planted with corn seeds on a 100-hectare farm.
The seed spacing is 50 cm and the row spacing is 40 cm.
150 ha x 10, 000
No. of hills = Given:
06 m x 1.2 m Seeds - corn
Area - 100 has.
= 2, 083, 333.3 hills Hill spacing - 50 cm
Row Spacing - 40 cm
Rate of planting = 0.1 x 6 km/hr x 1.2 m x 0.80
= 0.576 ha/hr Required:
Number of Hills to be planted
Tractor Field Capacity = 2.4 m x 6 kph x 0.80
= 1.15 ha/hr-tractor Solution:
No. of Tractors = 150 ha / (1.15 ha/hr-tractor x 8 hr/day x 10 days) Nh = 100 ha (10000) / [0.50 m x 0.40m]
= 1.63 tractors (use 2 tractors)
= 5,000,000 hills
13
6/17/17
Problem 7 Problem 9
A 10-hectare farm will be planted with soybean at hill and row spacing of 20 cm x A 4-meter sugar planter is used to transplant sugar cane to a 150-hectare farm.
30 cm. If the seed has 80% emergence, how many plants are expected to emerge The plant spacing is 60 cm while the row spacing is 120 cm. Compute the number
during the cropping season. of hills the machine can plant for the entire area. What is the rate of planting in
hills per hectare if the machine travels at a speed of 6-kph? Estimate the number
Given: of tractors and planters required to finish the entire area in 10 days at 8 hours/day
Area - 10 has. operation. Assume an 80% planting efficiency.
Hill spacing - 20 cm
Row spacing - 30 cm Given:
% emergence - 80 Area - 150 ha
Plant spacing - 60 cm
Required: Number of plants to emerge
Row spacing - 120 cm
Solution: Speed - 6 kph
Operating time required - 10 day (8hr/day)
Nh = 10000 x 10 ha / [0.2 m x 0.3 m] Field efficiency - 80 %
= 1,666,666.67 hills
Np = 1,666,666.67 hills x 0.80 Required: No. of Hills to be planted

= 1,333,333.33 plants Rate of Planting, in hills/ha
No. of tractors/planter unit
Solution:
Problem 8
A 5-hectare farm is to be planted with peanut at 250 kg per hectare. The hill and 150 ha x 10, 000
No. of hills = ----------------------------
row spacings are 30 cm x 50 cm, respectively. How many kilos of peanuts is to be
planted per hill? 06 m x 1.2 m
= 2, 083, 333.3 hills

Given:
Area - 5 has.
Rate of planting = 0.1 x 6 km/hr x 1.2 m x 0.80
Seeding rate - 250 kg/ha
Hill spacing - 30 cm = 0.576 ha/hr
Row spacing - 50 cm
No. of Tractors = 150 ha / (0.576 ha/hr x 8 hrs/day x 10 days)
Required: Weight of peanut to be = 3.25 or 4 tractor and planter units
planted per hill
Solution:
Ws = [250 kg/ha x 0.3 m x 0.5 m ] /10,000

= 0.00225 kg or 2.25 grams
14
6/17/17
Seeding and Planting Equipment Spraying and Dusting Equipment
Problem 10 Application Rate Piston Displacement

10000 Q π d 2 L
A power tiller draws a two-row seeder at 30-cm spacing. The seeder has a 6-pocket AR = ---------------- D p = ---------------
metering device and is driven by a 0.4-m ground wheel. If the required hill spacing is S V 4 (1000)
0.3 m, what is the recommended sprocket ratio for the drive? What is the theoretical where: where:
field capacity of the implement if it runs at 4 kph? What is the effective field capacity AR - application rate, li / ha D p - piston displacement, li
of the implement if its field efficiency is 90%? If the seeds per hole is required at 0.8 Q - delivery, lpm d - diameter of the cylinder, cm
g/seed, how many kilos of seeds are needed to finish the 10 hectares? Assume a S - swath, m L - length of actual piston travel, cm
90% germination percentage. How many hills will be planted for the 10-hectare V - travel speed, m/min
Sprayer Field Capacity Spraying Speed
farm? How many days will it take to finish the operation? If the speed ratio to be
S V 167 Qd
used is 1.5, what is the distance per hill? FCs = --------------- V = ---------------
10 S Q
Given: where: where:
No. of rows - 2 FCs - sprayer field capacity, ha/hr V - travelling speed, m/s
Spacing - 0.3 m S - swath, m Qd - total discharge quantity of boom
Metering device - 6 pocket V - travel speed, kph sprayer, lpm
Hill spacing - 0. 3 m S - spraying width, m
Ground wheel - 0.4 m Q - spraying quantity, li / ha
Velocity - 4 kph Actual Sprayer Field Capacity Boom Discharge per Minute
Efficiency - 90% FCa = As / Ts Qb = Qn Nn
Weight of seed per hole - 0.8 g/seed where: where:
Germination percentage - 90% FCa - actual field capacity, ha/hr Qb - boom discharge, lpm
As - area sprayed, ha Qn - nozzle discharge, lpm
Required: Sprocket Ratio Ts - time spent, hr Nn - number of nozzle
Theoretical Field Capacity Volumetric Efficiency Number of Sprayer Load per Hectare
Weight of Seeds needed for 10 hectares ξv = (Va / Dp ) 100 L = Q / Ct
No. of Days to finish seeding where: where:
Distance per Hill at 1.5 speed ratio ξv - volumetric efficiency, % L - number of loads per hectare
Va - actual volume discharge, li Q - application rate, li / ha
Solution: Dp - piston displacement, li Ct - tank capacity, li per load
C ground wheel = π (0.4 m) = 1.25 m
α metering device = 360 deg/ 6 pockets = 60 deg per pocket
α ground wheel @ 0.3 m = 360 deg x 0.3 m/1.25 m = 86.4 deg @ 0.3 m travel
Ratio = 86.4 deg / 60 deg = 1.44
TFC = 0.1 x 0.3 m x 2 x 4 kph = 0.24 ha per hour
EFC = 0.24 ha per hour x 0.90 = 0.22 ha per hour
Weight of seeds in 10 ha = 10 ha x 10,000 m2 /ha x 0.8g /hole /
[(0.3 m x 2 x 0.3 m) x 0.9]
= 493,827.2 g or 493.8 kg
No. of days = 10 ha / (0.22 ha/hr x 8 hr/day)
= 5.6 days
Distance per hill at 1.5 SR = 1.5 x 60 deg x1.25 / 360
= 0.3125 m
15
6/17/17
Spraying and Dusting Equipment Spraying and Dusting Equipment
Problem 1 Problem 3
Walking in the rice field operating a 1m-spray-swath sprayer, a person covers 220 If a boom sprayer has 6 nozzles and each nozzle discharges 0.6 li/ min, what is the
m/min. If the nozzle discharge is 0.4 liter/min, what is the application rate per application rate if the spray swath and walking speed is 25 m/min?
hectare?
Given:
Given: No. of nozzles -6
Swath - 1 m Nozzles discharge - 0.6 li/min
Walking speed - 20 m/min Swath - 6 m
Nozzle discharge - 0.4 li/min Walking speed - 25 m/min
Required: Application Rate Required: Application Rate
Solution: Solution:
Area covered by spray swath per minute = Total nozzle discharge per minute = 0.6 li/min x 6
1 m x 20 m/min = 20 m2 /min = 3.6 li/min
Application rate per hectare = (10, 000 m2 /ha x 0.4 li/min) / 20 m2 /min Area covered per min. = 3 m x 25m/min
= 200 li /ha = 75 m2 /min
Problem 2 Application Rate per hectare = 3.6 li/min x 10, 000 m2 /min / 75 m2 /min
= 480 li/min
A farmer wishes to spray his vegetable farm at a rate of 300 gallons per hectare. A
16-nozzles, 18-inches apart, sprayer will be used. The forward speed of the tractor is
at 5 kph. Compute the field capacity of the sprayer in hectare per hour. What is the
required pump capacity for the sprayer? Also, what is the capacity per nozzle?
Given:
Spraying rate - 300 gal per ha
Number of nozzles - 16
Nozzle spacing - 18 in.
Tractor speed - 5 kph
Required: Field Capacity, in hectare per hour

Required Pump Capacity
Nozzle Capacity
Solution:
FC = 0.1 W V
= 0.1 (16 nozzles)(18 in./nozzle) (0.254 m/in)(5kph)
= 3.6 ha/hr
Qp = (300 gal/ha)(3.6 ha/hr) (hr/60min)
= 18.3 gpm
Qn = 18.3 gpm/16 nozzles
= 1.14 gpm/nozzle
16
6/17/17
Harvesting Equipment Harvesting Equipment
Flat-Belt Conveyor Velocity Pitch of Flat-Belt Lugs Problem 1
V b = V wo P N / π P < D sin (π / N) A combine harvester, with 3meter-wide effective width, passes the field at a speed
where: of 4 kph. If the field efficiency of the harvester is 70%, what is its field capacity?
V b = 1.4 V f
P - pitch of the flat belt lugs, m
where:
D - diameter of star wheel, m Given:
V b - flat-belt conveyor velocity, m/s Width of harvester - 3 m
N - number of star wheels
V wo - velocity of the outer tip of star wheel Velocity of harvesting - 4 kph
lugs, m/s Field efficiency - 70%
P - pitch of the flat-belt lugs, m
N - number of star wheel lugs
Required: Effective Field Capacity
V f - machine forward velocity, m/s
Star Wheel Velocity Velocity Ratio Solution:
V w = V f / cos α K = V k / V f
TFC = 0.1 x 3 m x 4 kph
where: k falls 1.3 to 1.4
V w - average star wheel velocity, m/s where: = 1.2 ha per hr
V f - machine forward velocity, m/s K - velocity ratio
EFC = 1.2 ha per hr x 0.70
α - angle of inclination of star wheel, V k - average knife velocity, m/s
22 deg V f - average forward velocity, m/s = 0.84 ha per hr
Problem 2
A rice reaper is designed to run at a speed of 20 km per hour. What is the design
velocity of the knife of the reaper? If the reaper is 1.0 m wide, what is its
theoretical field capacity?
Given:
Speed of the reaper - 20 kph
Reaper width of cut - 1.0 m
Required: Knife Velocity

Solution:
Knife Velocity = 20 kph x 1.35 x 1000 m/km x 1 hr /3600 sec

= 7.5 m/s
TFC = 0.1 x 20 kph x 1.0 m
= 2 ha/hr
EFC = 0.70 x 2 ha/hr
= 1.4 ha/hr
17
6/17/17
Harvesting Equipment Harvesting Equipment
Problem 3 Problem 4
In a field demonstration of a rice reaper, with 1.2-m cutter bar, performance A five-row reaper, with 30cm-spacing per row, is harvesting at a speed of 2 kph.
showed that the average travel speed of the machine is 3 kph. The average width The field efficiency of the reaper is 70%. If the specific draft of the machine is 2 kg
of cutter bar actually utilized is 1.0 m. Time lost in crossing the dike is 5 min/ha per row, what is the power output of the reaper?
and 10 min/ha for repair. Turning and other idle time is 10% of the effective
operating time while removing field obstruction and clogging is 15 min/ha. What is Given:
the theoretical and effective field capacity of the machine? What is the time lost in No. of row - 5
turning and other idle time per hectare of the reaper? Row spacing - 30 cm
Speed of harvesting - 2 kph
Given: Field efficiency - 70%
Width of implement - 1.2 m Specific draft - 2 kg/row
Velocity - 3 kph
Width effective - 1.0 m Required: Power of the Reaper
Time lost in crossing the dike - 5 min/ha Effective Field Capacity
Time lost in repair - 10 min/ha
Turning and idle time - 10% of effective operating time Solution:
Lost in removing obstruction and
clogging - 15 min/ha Power = Specific draft x No. of row
= 2 kg/row x 5 rows
Required: Theoretical Field Capacity = 10 kg x 2 kph x 1000 m/km x hr/3600 sec
Effective Field Capacity = 5.56 hp
Time Lost in turning and other idle time per hectare
TFC = 0.1 x (5 rows x 30 cm/row) x 2 kph
Solution: = 0.1 x 1.5 m x 2 kph
= 0.30 ha/hr
TFC = 0.1 (1.2 m) (3 kph)
= 0.36 ha/hr EFC = 0.30 ha/hr x 0.70
= 0.21 ha/hr
EFC = 0.1 (1.0 m) (3 kph)
= 0.30 ha/hr
Tl = [1/(0.3 ha/hr)] [0.1]

= [3.33 hr/ha ][0.1]
= 0.333 hr/ha x 60 min/hr
= 20 min/ha
18
6/17/17
Harvesting Equipment Threshing and Shelling Equipment
Actual Capacity Corrected Capacity

Problem 5
100 – MCo Rm
Ca = Wc / To Cc = ----------------- x -------- Ca
A 6m-wide harvester is harvesting corn at 100 kg per minute. The effective width where: 100 – MCr Ro
of the machine is 90% of its width. If it runs at 2.5-kph speed, what are the Ca - actual thresher capacity, kg/hr where:
effective field capacity and the harvesting rate of the machine in tons per hectare?
Wc - weight of threshed clean grain, kg Cc - corrected capacity, kg/hr
Assume a 70% machine field efficiency. To - operating time, hr MCo - observed moisture content, %
MCr - reference MC, 20%
Given: Rm - reference grain-straw ratio, 0.55
Width of harvester - 6 m Ro - observed grain-straw ratio, dec
Effective width - 90% of machine width
Ca - actual capacity, kg/hr
Harvesting rate - 100 kg per minute Cracked Grains Damaged Grain
Speed of harvesting - 2.5 kph
Cg = Ncg 100 / (Ncg + Nucg) Dg = Ndg 100 / (Ndg + Nudg)
where: where:
Cg - percentage cracked grains, % Dg - percentage damaged grains, %
Required:
Ncg - number of cracked grains Ndg - number of damaged grains
Nucg - number of uncracked grains Nudg - number of undamaged grains
Harvesting Rate, in ton per ha
Grain Ratio Fuel Consumption
Solution: R = (Wg / Wgs) F c = F u / To
where: where:
TFC = 0.1 x (6 m x 0.90) x 2.5 kph R - grain ratio, dec F c - fuel consumption, lph
= 1.35 ha/hr Wg - weight of grain, g F u - amount of fuel used, li
Wgs- weight of grain and straw, g To - operating time, hr
EFC = 1.35 ha/hr x 0.70 Purity Threshing Efficiency
= 0.945 ha/hr Wu – Wc Wc + Lb + Ls + Lsc
P = [ 1 – --------------- ] 100 ξt = ------------------------------ x 100
Harvesting Rate = (100 kg/min x 1 ton/1000 kg x 60 min/hr)/(0.945 ha/hr) Wc Wc + Lb + Ls + Lu + Ls
= 6.3 tons per ha where: where:
P - purity, % ξt - threshing efficiency,
Wu - weight of uncleaned grains, g Wc - weight of clean threshed grains, kg
Wc - weight of cleaned grains, g Lb - blower loss, kg
Ls - separation loss, kg
Lsc - scattering loss, kg
Lu - unthreshed loss, kg
Threshing Recovery Total Losses
Wc
Tr = ---------------------------- x 100 Lt = Lb + Ls + Lu + Lsc
Wc + Lb + Ls + Lu + Ls where:
where: Lt - total losses, kg
Tr - threshing recovery, % Lb - blower loss, kg
Wc - weight of clean threshed grains, kg Ls - separation loss, kg
Lb - blower loss, kg Lsc- scattering loss, kg
Ls - separation loss, kg Lu - unthreshed loss, kg
Lsc - scattering loss, kg
Lu - unthreshed loss, kg
19
6/17/17
Threshing and Shelling Equipment Drying and Dehydration Equipment
Problem 1 Drying Capacity Final Weight of Dried Material

r was tested for threshing
A rice thresher was tested in threshing newly harvested rice. Tests have shown that Cd = (Wi / Td) Wi (100 – M ci)
where: Wf = ------------------------
2000 kilos of palay was threshed in 3 hours. The amount of losses gathered were
Cd - drying capacity, kg/hr (100 – MCf)
as follows: blower loss - 90 kilos; separation loss - 200 kilos; unthreshed loss - 50
Wi - initial weight of material, kg where:
kilos; and scattering loss - 120 kilos. What are the percentages of losses of the Td - drying time, hr Wf - final weight of dried material, kg
threshing equipment? What is its threshing capacity, in kg per hour? Wi - initial weight of material, kg
M ci - initial moisture content, %
MCf - final moisture content, %
Given: Drying Rate Heat Supplied to the Dryer
Weight of threshed palay - 2000 kg
Threshing time - 3 hrs Wi – Wf 60 (h2-h 1) AR
Blower loss - 90 kg DR = -------------- Qsd = ------------------------
Td γ
Separation loss - 200 kg
where: where:
Unthreshed loss - 50 kg DR - drying rate, kg/hr Qsd - heat supplied to the dryer, KJ/hr
Scattering loss - 120 kg Wi - initial weight, kg H 2 - enthalpy of drying air, KJ/kg da
Wf - final weight, kg H 1 - enthalpy of ambient air, KJ/kg da
Required: Percentages of Losses Td - drying time, hr AR - airflow rate, m3/min
Threshing Capacity γ - specific volume, m3/kg da
Moisture Reduction Rate Heat System Efficiency
Solution: %MCf – MCi ξhs = (Qsd / Qaf) 100

MRR = -------------------- where:
Total Losses = 90 kg + 200 kg +50 kg + 120 kg Td ξhs - heating system efficiency, %
= 460 kg where: Qsd - heat supplied to the dryer, KJ/hr
MRR - moisture reduction rate, %/hr Qaf - heat available in the fuel, KJ/hr
Wi - initial weight, kg
% Blower Loss = 90 kg/460 kg = 19.5%
Wf - final weight, kg
Td - drying time, hr
% Separation Loss = 200 kg/460 kg = 43.5%
Heat Available in the Fuel Heat Utilization Efficiency
THU
% Unthreshed Loss = 50 kg/460 kg = 10.9% Qaf = FCR HVf ξhu = ------------ x 100
where: Qsd
% Scattering Loss = 120 kg /460 kg = 26.1% Qaf - heat available in the fuel, KJ/hr where:
FCR - fuel consumption rate, kg/hr ξhu - heat utilization efficiency, %
Threshing Capacity = 2000 kg/3 hours HVf - heating value of fuel, KJ/hr THU - total heat utilized, KJ/hr
= 666.7 kg/hr Qsd - heat supplied to the dryer, KJ/hr
Volume of Grain to be Dried Drying Floor Area
Vg = 1000 Wi / D g Af = Vg / D g
where: where:
Vg - volume of grain to be dried, m3 Af - floor area of bin, m2
Wi - initial weight of grain, ton Vg - volume of grain in bin, m3
D g - grain density, kg/m3 D g - depth of grain in bin, m
20
6/17/17
Drying and Dehydration Equipment Drying and Dehydration Equipment
Airflow Requirement Apparent Air Velocity in Grain Bed

Problem 1
AF = C SAF V app = AF / Af
where: What is the required dimension of a
where:
Vapp - apparent air velocity, m/min rectangular-bin flat-bed dryer with
AF - air flow rate, m3 /min
AF - airflow rate, m3 /min 1-ton capacity of paddy if the dryer
C - dryer capacity, ton
Af - dryer floor area, m2 is required to have 0.45-m grain
SAF - specific air flow rate, m3 /min-ton
thickness. Assume a 576-kg/m3
Blower Pressure Draft Requirement Theoretical Weight of Fuel
grain density. The width-to-length
Pd = Ps Dg WF = Qr / HVF ratio of the dryer bin is 2W = L.
where: where:
Pd - blower pressure draft, cm of water WF - theoretical weight of fuel, kg/min Given:
Ps - specific pressure draft, cm water per Qr - total heat required, KJ/min Bin - rectangular
meter depth of grain HVF - heating value of fuel, KJ/kg Shape - 2W = L
Dg - depth of grain in bed, m Bin Capacity - 1 ton
Theoretical Heat Required Weight of Moisture Removed Thickness of grain - 0.45
Hn AF 1 - Mci Grain density - 576 kg/m3
Qr = --------------- WMR = Wi (1 - -------------)
Vs 1 – MCf Required:
where: where: Dimension of Rectangular Bin
Qr - theoretical heat required, KJ/min WMR - weight of moisture removed, kg
Hn - net enthalpy, KJ/kg Wi - initial weight of grain to be dried, kg Solution:
AF - airflow rate, m3 /min MCi - initial moisture content, dec
V s - specific volume of air, m3 /kg MCf - final moisture content, dec Volume of grain = 1 ton x 1000 kg/ton / 576 kg/m3
Theoretical Volume of Fuel Actual Volume of Fuel = 1.736 m3
V f = WF / Df FVa = V f / ξt Floor area of the bin = 1.736 m3 / 0.45 m

where: where: = 3.85 m2
V f - theoretical volume of fuel, lpm FVa - actual volume of fuel, lph
Width = (3.85 m2 /2) ½
WF - total weight of fuel, kg/min V f - theoretical volume of fuel, lph = 1.387 m
Df - density of fuel, kg/li ξt - thermal efficiency, dec
Drying Time
Length = 2 x 1.387 m
WMR
= 2.77 m
DT = -----------------
AF V s HR
where:
DT - drying time, min
WMR - weight of moisture to be removed,
kg
AF - airflow rate, m3 /min
Vs - air density, kg/m3
HR - humidity ratio, kg moisture/kg da
21
6/17/17
Problem 2 Problem 4
Determine the amount of moisture that can be removed from 9 tons of paddy A 2ton-capacity flat-bed dryer dries paddy from 20 to 14 percent in 10 hours.
initially with 24% moisture content dried to 14%. Compute the moisture reduction from the paddy grains per hour.
Given: Given:
Wi - 9 tons Initial moisture content - 20%
MCi - 24% Final moisture content - 14%
MCf - 14% Drying Time - 10 hours
Required: Weight Final
Required: Moisture Reduction per hour
Solution:
Wi (1- Mci ) = Wf (1- MCf) Solution:
Wf = Wi (1-MCi) / (1-MCf)
MR = (20% - 14%) / 10 hours
= 9 tons (1-0.24) / (1.014)
= 7.9 tons = 6% /10 hours
= 0.6 percent / hour
ML = Wi – Wf
ML = 9 tons – 7.9 tons
= 1.05 tons
Problem 3
Problem 5
Compute the apparent air velocity in a 1ton-capacity flat-bed dryer having 2.4m- x-
2.4m dimension square bin. The specific airflow rate of the dryer is 50 m3 per If the amount of heat used in removing the moisture from the grains in a
minute of air per m3 of grain. Assume a 500-kg/m3 density of grain. continuous-flow dryer is 3000 kJ/hr, what is the heat utilization efficiency of the
dryer if the burner uses 6000 kJ/hr of fuel?
Given:
Total airflow - 50 m3 /min Given:
Area - 2.4 m x 2.4 m Heat utilized - 3000 kJ/hr
Grain drying - 500 kg/m3 Heat supplied - 6000 kJ/hr
Required: Apparent Air Velocity
Required: Heat Utilization Efficiency
Solution:
Solution:
Volume = 1 ton x 1000 kg/ton x m3 /500kg
= 2 m3
HUE = (3000 kJ/hr) / (6000 kJ/hr x 100)
Q = 50 m3 /min-m3 x 2 m3 = 50 %
= 100 m3 /min
Vapp = 100 m3 /min / 2.4 m x 2.4 m
= 17.36 m/min
22
6/17/17
Problem 6 Problem 7
A 2ton-capacity flat-bed dryer dries paddy from 20 to 14 percent in 10 hours. If the humidity ratios of the drying air and the ambient air are 0.002
What is the drying capacity of the dryer? Also, compute the moisture reduction 1bmoisture/1bda and 0.001 1bmoisture/1bda, respectively, what is the drying time
from paddy grains per hour. of 2-tons paddy if its moisture is to be reduced from 24% to 14%? Consider a 100
m3 of air per min - cubic meter of grain airflow rate and 550 kg/m3 density of
Given: paddy.
Capacity of the bin - 2 tons
Drying time - 10 hours Given:
Initial MC - 20% Humidity ratio da - 0.002 lb moisture/lb dry air
Final MC - 14 % Humidity ratio aa - 0.001 lb moisture/lb dry air
Initial MC - 24%
Required: Drying Capacity Final MC - 14%
Moisture Reduction per Hour
Solution: Required: Drying Time
Cd = 2 tons/ 10 hours Solution:

= 0.2 tons per hour
Diff HR = 0.002 lbm/lbda – 0.001 lbm/lb da
MR = (20% - 14%) 10 hours = 0.001 lbm/lbda
= 6% / 10 hours
= 0.6 percent/ hour WMR = 2 tons – [2 tons (1-0.22)/(1-0.14)]
= 0.23286 ton x 1000 kg/ton
= 232.86 kg
Vg = 2 tons x 1000 kg/ton x m3 /550kg

= 3.64 m3
AF = 3.64 m3 x 100 m3 air/min-m3 grain

= 364 m3 / min of air
DT = [232.86 kg x 2.2 lb/kg] / [ 364 m3 /min x 0.001 lbm/lb da x

1.2 kg/m3 x 2.2 lb/kg ]
= 511 min/60 min/hr
= 8.53 hrs
23
6/17/17
Rice Milling Equipment Rice Milling Equipment
Hulling Coefficient Wholeness Coefficient Problem 1
Ch = Wbr / Wp Cw = Wwbr / Wbr A 4 x 6 rubber roller is used as husker for a rice mill. The faster roller is directly
where: where: driven by an electric motor at a speed of 1720 rpm . What would be the required
Ch - hulling coefficient, dec Cw - wholeness coefficient, dec speed for the faster roller and that for the slower roller?
Wbr - weight of brown rice, g Wwbr - weight of whole brown rice, g
Wp - weight of paddy, g Wbr - weight of brown rice, g Given:
Hulling Efficiency Percentage Brown Rice Recovery Size of Roller - 4 x 6
Speed of motor - 1720 rpm
ξh = Ch Cw %BRR = (Wbrr / Wp ) x 100
where: where:
Required: Speed of faster roller
ξh - hulling efficiency, dec %BRR - percentage brown rice recovery, %
Speed of slower roller
Ch - hulling coefficient, dec Wbrr - weight of brown rice, kg
Cw - wholeness coefficient, dec Wp - weight of paddy, kg
Solution:
Percentage Broken Milled Rice Throughput Capacity
Ct = 0.2 Wp / To : brown rice Speed of faster roller = 1720 rpm
%BR = (Wbr / Wmr) 100
Ct = [Wp MR]/To : milled rice
where:
where: Speed of slower roller = 1720 rpm x (0.75) = 1290 rpm
%BR - percentage broken rice, %
Ct - throughput capacity, kg/hr
Wbr - weight of broken rice, kg
Wp - weigh t paddy input, kg
Wmr - weight of milled rice, kg Problem 2
To - operating time, hr
MR - milling recovery, decimal 0.60 to 0.69 A rice milling plant is to be designed to run at 5-tons-per-hour throughput rate. The
Percentage Brewer’s Rice Head Rice Recovery design milling recovery is 69% and the hulling efficiency is 95%. How many
compartments are needed for its paddy separator? Assume a 50-kg br/hr-comp.
%BrR = (Wbrr / Wmr ) 100 %HR = (Whr / Wmr ) 100
where: where: Given:
%BrR - percentage brewer’s rice, % %HR - head rice recovery, % Throughput capacity - 5 tph
Wbrr - weight of brewer’s rice, kg Whr - weight of head rice, kg Milling recovery - 69%
Wmr - weight of milled rice, kg Wmr - weight of milled rice Hulling efficiency - 95%
Milling Recovery Speed of Low Speed Rubber Roller
Required: No. of Compartments
%MR = ( Wmr / Wp ) 100 Ns = Nh - [0.25 / Nh ]
where: where:
Solution:
% MR - milling recovery, % Ns - speed of slower rubber roller, rpm
Wmr - weight of milled rice, % Nh - speed of faster rubber roller, rpm
C p = 5 tph / 0.69
Wp - weight of paddy, kg
= 7.25 tph of paddy
Number of Compartments for Paddy Number of Brakes for Vertical Abrassive
Separator Whitener
C br = 7.25 tph x 0.95
NC = Cb / 40 : long grain NB = [D / 100] : Germany
= 6.9 tph brown rice
NC = Cb / 60 : short grain NB = [D / 100] : Italy
where: where:
NC - number of compartments NB - number of brakes, units No. of compartments = 6.9 tph x 1000 kg/ton x 1 comp/50 kg-hr
Cb - throughput capacity, kg brown rice per D - cone diameter, mm = 138 compartments
hr
24
6/17/17
Rice Milling Equipment Water Pumping and Drilling Rig Equipment
Problem 3 A. General
Engine Horsepower Water Horsepower
An 8-x-10 rubber-roll-huller head was purchased for installation in an existing rice Q H
milling plant. The proposed drive for the huller is an electric motor with 1720 rpm EHP = BHP / ξm Pw = -------------
operating speed. If the motor will use a 4-inch pulley, what will be the size of the where: 102
pulley for the huller? EHP - engine horsepower, hp where:
BHP - pump brake horsepower, hp Pw - water horsepower, hp
Given: ξm - engine efficiency, decimal 80% for Q - discharge, lps
Rubber huller size - 8 x 10 diesel and 70% for gasoline H - total head, m
Motor speed - 1720 rpm
Total Pump Head Hydraulic Efficiency
Motor pulley - 4 in. H Q
Required: Huller Pulley Ht = Hs + (HLsp + HLf) ξh = -------------- x 100
where: P 33000
Solution: Ht - total head loss, ft where:
Hs - head loss due to elevation, ft ξh - hydraulic efficiency, %
Huller Speed = (14 m/s) x 3.28 ft/m x (60 sec/min) /
HLsp - friction loss on straight pipe, ft H - head, ft
(8 in./12 x 3.14)
HLf - head loss on fittings, ft Q - mass flow rate, lb/min
= 1315.8 rpm
P - power input, hp
Huller Pulley = 1720 rpm (4 in.) /1315.8 rpm Overall System Efficiency Input Power Delivered to Pump
= 5.23 in.
ξos = ( Pw / MHP ) x 100 Pi = 9.8 q h / ξp
Problem 4 where: where:
ξos - overall system efficiency, % Pi - power input delivered to pump, kW
A 600mm-diameter disk huller will be installed as return huller for a rice milling Pw - water horsepower, hp q - discharge rate, m3 /s
plant. As an Agricultural Engineer, determine the diameter of the pulley required for MHP - motor horsepower, hp h - total heat, m
the huller. The motor for the huller will have a 4inch-diameter pulley and will be ξp - pump efficiency, 0.20 to 0.75
expected to run at 1740 rpm. Pump Brake Horsepower Pump Motor Horsepower
Given: BHP = Pw / ξp MHP = BHP / ξm

Diameter of huller - 600 mm where: where:
Motor pulley - 4 in. BHP - pump brake horsepower, hp MHP - motor horsepower, hp
Motor speed - 1740 rpm Pw - water horsepower, hp BHP - pump brake horsepower, hp
ξp - pump efficiency, dec ξm - motor efficiency, dec
Required: Huller Pulley Diameter Pump Discharge Requirement Pump Specific Speed
A D
Q = 183.4 --------- Ns = C N q ½ / h ¾
Solution:
F H where:
where: Ns - specific speed
Huller rpm = (14 m/s ) (60 s/min) /[ 3.14 (0.6 m)]
Q - pump discharge requirement, gpm C - 51.65
= 445.8 rpm
A - design irrigable area, ha N - impeller speed, rpm
Huller Pulley D = 4 in (1740 rpm) / 445.8 rpm D - depth of irrigation, in. q - flow rate, m3 /s
= 15.6 in. use 16 in. F - number of days permitted for irrigation, h - head, m
day
H - average number of hours of operation,
hrs per day
25
6/17/17
Water Pumping and Drilling Rig Equipment Water Pumping and Drilling Rig Equipment
B. Pump Laws Problem 1

Capacity vs Speed and Diameter Head vs Speed and Diameter
One-thousand gallons of water is to be pumped from a river per minute (1000
q1 / q2 = (N1 / N2 ) (D1 3 / D2 3
) H1 / H2 = (N1 / N2 ) (D1 2 / D2 2
2 2 ) gpm) to a farm 150 feet above the river. What is the required horsepower to drive
where: where: the pump, considering a 70% pump efficiency and 20% friction losses and static
q1 - pump capacity, gpm H1 - pump head, ft head?
q2 - pump capacity, gpm H2 - pump head, ft
N1 - pump speed, rpm N1 - pump speed, rpm Given:
N2 - pump speed, rpm N2 - pump speed, rpm Pumping rate - 1000 gpm
D1 - pump diameter, in. D1 - pump diameter, in. Pumping head - 150 ft
D2 - pump diameter, in. D2 - pump diameter, in. Pump efficiency - 70%
Horsepower vs Speed and Diameter Impeller Diameter vs Capacity Friction and other loss - 20% of the static head
Hp1 / Hp2 = (N1 3 / N2 3 ) (D1 5 / D2 5 ) D1 3 / D2 3 = q1 / q2 Required: Pump Horsepower

where: where:
Hp1 - pump power, hp D1 - pump diameter, in. Solution:
Hp2 - pump power, hp D2 - pump diameter, in.
N1 - pump speed, rpm q1 - pump capacity, gpm PHP = Q H γ /ξ [7.48 x 33000
N2 - pump speed, rpm q2 -pump capacity, gpm = (1000 gpm)(150ftx 1.20)(62.4 lb/ft3 ) / 0.70 (7.48 gal/ft3 x 33000 ft-lb/min-hp
D1 - pump diameter, in. = 64.8 hp
D2 - pump diameter, in.
Speed vs Capacity Speed vs Head
N1 /N2 = q1 /q2 Problem 2

N1 2 / N2 2 = H1 / H2
where: where:
N1 - pump speed, rpm If a diesel engine will be used to drive the pump in Problem 1, what is the
N1 - pump speed, rpm
N2 - pump speed, rpm recommended horsepower for the engine? Engine efficiency is 80%.
q1 - pump capacity, gpm H1 - pump head, ft
q2 - pump capacity, gpm Given:
H2 - pump head, ft
Pump horsepower - 64.8 hp
Speed vs Power Engine efficiency - 80%
N1 3 / N2 3 = Hp1 / Hp2 Required: Engine Horsepower

where:
N1 - pump speed, rpm Solution:
Hp1 - pump head, ft EHP = PHP / ξe
Hp2 - pump head, ft = 64.8 hp / 0.80
= 80.9 hp
26
6/17/17
Problem 3 Problem 5
Compute the friction head from a 6m-depth suction pipe of a centrifugal pump A pump, which discharges 4 liters per second at a head of 6 meters, is driven by an
which discharges 0.012 m3 /sec of water. The pipe nominal diameter is 4 inches. electric motor. The input current of the motor is 1.5 amp while the input voltage is
220 volt. What is the overall efficiency of the pump if the motor power factor is 0.98?
Given:
Length of pipe - 6 m Given:
Discharge - 0.012 m3 /sec Pump discharge - 4 lps
Pipe diameter - 4 in. Head - 6 m
Input current - 1.5 amp
Required: Friction Head Input voltage - 220 volt
Power factor - 0.98
Solution:
L x Q2 Required: Pump Overall Efficiency
Hf = k Solution:
C2 x D 2
WHP = TDH x Q / 102
6 m x (0.012 m3 /sec)2 = (6 m) x ( 4 lps) / 102
= 10 = 0.235 kW
(1.0)2 x (4 in. x 2.54 cm/in. x m/100 cm)2 IP = V x I x cos θ
= 220 volt x 1.5 amp x 0.98
= 0.864 m = 0.323 kW
ξp = (WHP / IP) x 100
Problem 4
= (0.235 kW / 0.323 kW) x 100
= 72.7 %
A pump was installed with 6-m suction head and 10-m discharge head. Its discharge
rate is 60 liters per minute. What is its water horsepower? Problem 6
Given: A pump was tested for flow rate measurement using a 90-degree triangular weir.
Suction head - 6 m Tests have shown that the head of water into the weir averages at 13 cm. What is
Discharge head - 10 m the average rate of flow of the pump?
Discharge rate - 60 lpm
Given:
Required: Water Horsepower Machine - pump
Test rig - 90 deg triangular weir
Solution:
Ave head reading - 15 cm
WHP = TDH x Q / 102 Required: Pump Flow Rate
= (6 m + 10 m) x (60 lpm x min/60sec) / 102
= 0.157 kW x Hp/0.746 kW Solution:
= 0.210 hp Q = 0.0138 H 5/2
= 0.0138 x (15 cm) 5/2
= 12.02 lps
27
6/17/17
Problem 7 Problem 8
At 1200 rpm, a rotary pump is used to deliver milk at 6-meters head. The rate of What will be the flow rate, the working head, and the power requirement of the
flow of the pump is 0.01 m3 /sec. What is the fluid and brake horsepower of the pump system in Problem 7 if its speed is increased to 2100 rpm?
pump shaft if it has a 75% efficiency? What is the motor horsepower if the
transmission and motor efficiencies are 91% and 99%, respectively? Given:
Speed1 - 1200 rpm
Given: Flow rate - 0.1 m3 /s
Flow rate - 0.1 m3 /s Head1 - 6 m
Total head - 6 m Horsepower1 - 0.87 hp
Specific gravity of milk - 1.1 Speed2 - 2100 rpm
Pump efficiency - 75%
Transmission efficiency - 91% Required: Flow Rate (Q2 )
Motor Efficiency - 99% Working Head (H2 )
Power Requirement (Hp2 )
Required: Fluid Horsepower
Brake Horsepower Solution:
Motor horsepower
Q2 = (N2 /N1 ) x Q1
Solution: = (2100 rpm/1200 rpm) 0.1m3 /s
= 0.0175 m3 /s
FHP = Q H γ
= (0.1 m3 /s ) ( 6 m ) (1.1 x 1000 kg/m3 ) H2 = (N2 /N1 )2 x H1
= 76.2 kg-m/sec-hp = (2100 rpm/1200 rpm)2 x 6 m
= 0.87 hp = 18.4 m
BHP = FHP / ξp HP2 = (N2 /N1 )3 x HP1

= 0.87 hp / 0.75 = (2100 rpm/1200 rpm)3 x 0.87 hp
= 1.16 hp = 4.66 hp
MHP = BHP / (ξt x ξm)

= 1.16 hp / ( 0.91 x 0.99)
= 1.29 hp therefore use 1-1/2 hp motor
28
6/17/17
Design a water pump system required Design a water pump system required to
to supply water to a poultry farm with supply water to a 5-hectare rice farm.
10,000 heads of broiler. The source of The source of water is from a river 10
water is 20 feet below the ground and feet below, and discharges water 2 ft
is required to be elevated to a 30feet- above the ground surface. Consider 25%
high water tank. The specific water friction head from the suction and from
requirement of the broiler is 0.025 the discharge head of the piping system.
m3 /day-head. Assume a 20% friction Assume a crop water requirement for
head loss from the suction and rice of 10 mm/day and 2 mm/day losses
discharge head loss. Pump operating due to percolation and seepage.
time is 20 hrs per day. Conveyance losses is 10% of the
irrigation requirement. Assume a 60%
Given: pump efficiency, an 80% transmission
No. of broilers - 10,000 heads efficiency, and an 80% engine efficiency.
Hs - 20 ft Operating time per day is 8 hrs.
Hd - 30 ft Given:
SWR - 0.025 m3 /day-chicken Area of the farm - 5 has
Friction Head - 20% of the Hs & Hd Hs - 10 ft
Operating time - 20 hr per day Hd - 2 ft
Hf - 25% of Hs & Hd
Required:
Pump Flow Rate Crop Water Requirement - 10 mm/day
Total Head Seepage & percolation - 2 mm/day
Water Hp, Brake Hp and Motor Hp Conveyance losses - 10% of IR
Solution: Required:
Pump Capacity, Total Head Loss
Pump Flow Rate = 0.025 m3 /day-head x 10,000 heads x 1 day/20 hrs Water Hp, Brake Hp, & Motor Hp
= 12.5 m3 /hr
Solution:
Total Head = (20 ft + 30 ft) (1.2) Irrigation Requirement = (10 mm/da + 2 mm/day)/(1000 mm/m) 50,000 m2
= 60 ft / (3.28 ft/m) = 600 m3 /day
= 18.3 m
Diversion Requirement = (600 m3 /day ) 1.1 = 660 m3 /day
Water Hp = 12.5 m3 /hr (18.3 m) /273
= 0.84 hp Pump Discharge Requirement = (660 m3 /day)(day/8 hrs) = 82.5 m3 /hr
Brake Hp = 0.84 hp / 0.60 Total Head = (10 ft + 2 ft)(1.25)/(3.28 ft/m) = 4.5 m

= 1.4 hp Water Hp = 82.5 m3 /hr x 4.5 m / 273 = 1.36 hp
Motor Hp = 1.4 hp/ (0.95 x 0.8) Brake Hp = 1.36 / 0.6 = 2.26 hp
= 1.84 hp ∴ use 2-hp electric motor Engine Hp = 2.26 hp / 0.8 /0.8 = 3.5 hp use 5 hp engine
29
6/17/17
Water Pumping and Drilling Rig Equipment Design of Agricultural Machinery

A. Shaft, Key, and Keyway
Problem 11
Horsepower Transmitted Torque (Solid Shaft)
A 4inches-diameter, 6inches-stroke lift pump is
used to lift water from a 20-ft well and to deliver HP = T N / 63025 or π S d D3
the water to a cylindrical tank at 12 ft height. If HP = F V / 33000 T = ----------------
the volumetric efficiency of the pump at 10 where: 16
lifting strokes per minute is 90%, what is the HP - horsepower transmitted, hp where:
pump capacity? Also, compute for the power T - torque, in.-lb T - torque, in.-lb
required to operate the pump manually if its N - shaft speed, rpm D - shaft diameter, in.
mechanical efficiency is 80%? How long will the F - force, kg S d - design stress, 6000 psi
pump be required to operate to fully fill the 600- V - velocity, m/s
liter tank if its operating efficiency is 70%? Torque (Hollow Shaft) Shaft Force
Given: π S d ( Do 4 - Di 4 ) F = T / r
Pump diameter - 4 in. T = --------------------------- where:
16 Do F - force at shaft forces, lb
Pump stroke -
6 in.
where: T - torque, in.-lb
Lifting height -
20 ft
T - torque, in.-lb r - radius of shaft, in.
Delivery height -
12 ft D - shaft diameter, in.
Pump speed -
10 lifting stroke S d - design stress, 6000 psi
per min Shaft Diameter (Solid Shaft) Length of Key
Volumetric efficiency - 90% F
Mechanical efficiency - 80% D = (16 T / π S d ) 1/3 L = ---------------
Operating efficiency - 70% where: σallow W
D - shaft diameter, in. where:
Required: T - torque, in.-lb L - length of key, in.
S d - design stress, 6000 psi F - force, lb
Pump Capacity
σallow - bearing stress, 25,000 psi
Power to Lift
W - width of key, in.
Time to Fill the Tank Length of Key (In Shear) Keyway Size Rule-of-Thumb
Solution: 3 F W = ¼ x D shaft
Pump Capacity = (π/4) (4 in)2
x 6 in. x 0.90 x 10stroke/min L = --------------
L = 1.5 D shaft
= 68.75 in /min x (2.54 cm/in)3
3 τall W
= 11 26.6 cm3 / min x li/1000 cc where: where:
= 1.126 li/min L - length of key, in. W - width of keyway, in.
F - force, lb L - length of keyway, in.
Power to Lift = (1.126 lpm x m3 /1000 l x 60 m/hr) (32 ft x m/3.28 ft ) / 273 x 0.80 τall - allowable shear, 25,000 psi D - diameter of shaft, in.
= 0.003 hp W - width of key, in.
Time to Fill Tank = 600 li / (1.126 li/min x 0.70)
= 12.68 hrs
30
6/17/17
Design of Agricultural Machinery Design of Agricultural Machinery

B. Belt and Pulley Drive
Speed Ratio Effective Pull
Width of Flat Belt Width of Belt 1000 P
R M H S Rs = Nn / Nr (T1 – T2 ) = -------------
W = -------------- W = ------------ where: V
K P K C Rs - speed ratio where:
where: where: Nn - driven pulley, in. (T1 -T2 ) - effective pull, N
W - width of flat belt, in. W - width of belt, mm Nd - driver pulley, in. P - power, kW
R - nameplate horsepower rating of motor, H - power transmitted, Watts V - belt speed, m/s
hp S - service factor, 1.0 to 2.0 Arc of Contact Length of Arc
M - motor correction factor, 1.5 to 2.5 K - power rating of belt, watts/mm (Dl – Ds) D A
K - theoretical belt capacity factor, 1.1 to C - arc correction factor, 0.69 at 90 deg and Arc = 180° - 57.3 ------------- La = ------------
19.3 1.00 at 180 deg C 115
P - pulley correction factor, 0.5 to 0.1 where: where:
Horsepower Rating of Belt Speed and Diameter Arc - arc of contact, deg La - length of arc, mm
Dl - diameter of larger pulley, in. D - diameter of pulley, mm
W K P Nr Dr = Nn Dn
Ds - diameter of smaller pulley, in. A - angle in degrees subtended by the arc
H = --------------- where:
C - center distance between pulleys, in. of belt contact on pulley, deg
M Nr - speed of driver pulley, rpm
Center Distance
where: Nn - speed of driven pulley, rpm
H - horsepower rating of belt, hp Dr - diameter of driver pulley, in. b + [ b2 - 32 (Dl – Ds)2 ] 0.5
W - width of belt, in. Dn - diameter of driven pulley, in. C = ----------------------------------------
M - motor correction factor, 1.5 to 2.5 16
P - pulley correction factor, 0.5 to 1.0
K - theoretical belt capacity factor, 1.1 to b = 4Ls – 6.28 (Dl + Ds)
19.3 where:
Length of Belt (Open drive) Length of Belt (Cross drive) C - distance between centers of pulley, mm
(Dr – Dn ) 2 (Dr + Dn ) 2 Ls - available belts standard length, mm
L = 2 C + 1.57 (Dr + Dn ) + --------------- L = 2 C + 1.57 (Dr + Dn ) + --------------- Dl - diameter of larger pulley, mm
4 C 4 C Ds - diameter of small pulley, mm
where: where:
L - length of belt, in. L - length of belt, in.
C - center distance between pulleys, in. C - center distance between pulleys, in.
Dr - diameter of driver pulley, in. Dr - diameter of driver pulley, in.
Dn - diameter of driven pulley, in. Dn - diameter of driven pulley, in.
Length of Belt (Quarter-Turn drive) Belt Speed
L = 1.57(Dr+Dn ) + √ C2 +Dr2 + √ C2 +Dn 2 V = 0.262 Np Dp

where: where:
L - length of belt, in. V - belt speed, fpm
C - center distance between pulleys, in. Np - pulley speed, rpm
Dr - diameter of driver pulley, in. Dp - pulley diameter, in.
Dn - diameter of driven pulley, in.
31
6/17/17
C. Chain Drive
Horsepower Capacity (At Higher Speed) Center Distance
Speed and Number of Teeth Length of Chain
1700 T1 1.5 P 0.8 C = P/8 [ 2Lp – T – t ]
Nr Tr = Nn Tn L = 2 C + (T2 + T1 ) /2 + (T2 - T1 ) / 4 π C 2 HP = ---------------------------- + [(2Lp - T- t )2 – 0.810 (T-t)2 ] 0.5
where: where: N1 1.5 where:
Nr - speed of driver sprocket, rpm L - chain length, pitch where: C - center distance, mm
Nn - speed of driven sprocket, rpm C - center distance between sprockets, HP - horsepower capacity, hp P - pitch of chain, mm
Tr - no. of teeth of driver sprocket pitch Tl - number of teeth of smaller sprocket Lp - length of chain, pitch
Tn - no. of teeth of driven sprocket T2 - no. of teeth on larger sprocket N1 - speed of smaller sprocket, rpm T - number of teeth in large sprocket
T1 - no. of teeth on smaller sprocket P - chain pitch, in. t - number of teeth in small sprocket
Length of Driving Chain Pitch Diameter of Sprocket
T t T - t P
L = 2Cp + ---- + ------ + ---------- (1/Cp ) PD = ------------------- D. Gear Drive
2 2 2 π sin (180/Nt) Gear Ratio Design Power (Helical and Spur Gears)
where: where:
L - length of chain, pitch PD - pitch diameter of sprocket, in. GR = Tn / Tr Pd = Pt (SF lo + SF lu )
Cp - center to center distances, pitch P - pitch, in. where: where:
T - no. of teeth on larger sprocket Nt - number of teeth of sprockets GR - gear ratio Pd - design power, kW
t - no. of teeth on smaller sprocket Tn - number of teeth of driven gear Pt - power to be transmitted, kw
Chain Pull Chain Speed Tr - number of teeth of driver gear SF lo - service factor for the type of load,
1.0 -1.8
CP = 1000 (P / V ) V = p T N / 376 SF lu - service factor for type of lubrication,
where: where: 0.1-0.7
CP - chain pull, kg V - chain speed, m/s Center Distance Design Power (Straight Bevel Gear)
P - chain power, watts p - chain pitch, in. M (t1 + t2 )
V - chain velocity, m/s T - number of teeth of sprocket CD = --------------------- Pd = Pt SF / LDF
N - sprocket speed, rpm 2 where:
Speed Ratio Design Power where: Pd - design power, KW
CD - center distance Pt - power to be transmitted, KW
Rs = Tn / Tr DP = Pt S / MSF M - module SF - service factor, 1 to 2.5
where: where: t1 - number of teeth of the driven gear LDF - load distribution factor, 1.0 to 1.4
Rs - speed ratio DP - design power, Watts t2 - number of teeth of the driver gear
Tn - driven sprocket, in. Pt - power to be transmitted, Watts Driver Gear Pitch Angle (Straight Bevel Gear) Driven Gear Pitch Angle (Straight Bevel)
Tr - driver sprocket, in. S - service factor, 1.0 to 1.7
MSF - multiple strand factor, 1.7 to 3.3 @ 2 γ = tan –1 t1 / t2 Γ = 90° - γ
to 4 strands where: where:
Power Rating Required Horsepower Capacity (At Lower Speed) γ - pitch angle for the driver gear, deg Γ - pitch angle for the driven gear, deg
DP DL t1 – number of teeth of the driver gear γ - pitch angle for the driver gear, deg
PR = ----------------- HP = 0.004 T1 1.08 N1 0.9 P3 - 0.007 P t2 – number of teeth of the driven gear
15,000 where:
where: HP - horsepower capacity, hp
PR - power rating required, Watts Tl - number of teeth of smaller sprocket
DP - design power, Watts N1 - speed of smaller sprocket, rpm
DL - design life, hr P - chain pitch, in.
32
6/17/17

E. Bearings
Problem 1
Bearing Life Radial Load Acting on Shaft
An axial-flow biomass shredder is equipped with a 5inch-diameter double-groove
C 19.1 x 106 P K
V-belt at its cylinder axle. The engine used to drive the machine is rated at 2400
L = [---------] n F = --------------------------
F Dp N
rpm at an optimum engine throttle opening. If the engine pulley is 4 inches, what
where: where: is the speed of the shredder axle? What is the speed ratio of the engine and the
L - bearing life, million revolution F - radial force on the shaft, N shredder pulleys?
C - basic dynamic capacity, N P - power transmitted, kW Given:
F - actual radial load, N K - drive tension factor, 1 for chain drive Shredder pulley - 5 in.
n - 3 for ball bearing, and and gears; and 1.5 for v-belt drive Engine pulley - 4 in.
3.33 for roller bearing Dp - pitch diameter of sheave, sprocket, etc, Engine speed - 2400 rpm
mm
N - shaft speed, rpm Required: Shredder Speed
Bearing Load in Belt Actual Load Applied to Pulley shaft Speed Ratio
974 000 H Solution:

La = fb F t
F t = -------------------- N1 D1 = N2 D2
where:
N r N1 = N2 D2 / D1
La - actual load applied to pulley shaft, kgf
where: = (2400 rpm x 4 in.) / 5 in.
fb - belt factor, 2 to 2.5 for v-belt and
F t - effective force transmitted by belt or = 1,920 rpm
2.5 to 5 for flat belt;
chain, kgf-mm Nr = N2 / N1
1.25 to 1.5 for chain drive
H - power transmitted, kW = 2,400 rpm / 1,920 rpm
F t - effective force transmitted by belt or
N - speed, rpm = 1.25
chain, kgf-mm
r - effective radius of pulley or sprocket,
mm Problem 2
Rating Life of Ball Bearing in Hours Rating Life of Roller Bearing in Hours
A diesel engine operating at 2500 rpm will be used to drive an irrigation pump
Lh = 500 [(106 / 3 x 104 N) 0.33 (C/P)] 3 Lh = 500 [(106 /3 x 104 N ) 0.3 C/P] 3.33 operating at 1000 rpm. The pulley diameter for the pump is 4 inches. What is the
where: where: recommended size of pulley for the engine?
Lh - rating life of ball bearing, hr Lh - rating life of roller bearing, hr
N - speed, rpm N - speed, rpm Given:
C - basic load rating, kgf C - basic load rating, kgf Engine - Diesel
P - bearing load, kgf P - bearing load kgf N1 - 2500 rpm
N2 - 1000 rpm
D2 - 4 in.
Required: Engine Pulley Diameter (D1 )
Solution:
N1 D1 = N2 D2
D1 = [N2 D2 ] / N1
= 1000 rpm (4 in.) / 2500 rpm
= 1.6 in or use 2 in.
33
6/17/17
Problem 3 Problem 5
An irrigation pump is driven by a single-cylinder engine. The set-up has the The cylinder of a corn sheller will be driven by a 10-hp diesel engine using V-belt
following specifications: engine rpm, 2200; pump rpm, 1800; and diameter of drive. The engine has 1800-rpm speed while the corn sheller requires a 650-rpm
engine pulley, 25 cm. What should be the diameter of the pump pulley? engine speed. The effective diameter of the driver pulley is 12 inches. What should
be the diameter of the driven pulley?
Given:
Engine rpm - 2200 rpm Given:
Pump rpm - 1800 rpm Engine Power - 10 hp
Engine pulley - 2.5 cm Engine speed - 1800 rpm
Sheller speed - 650 rpm
Required: Pump Pulley Driver pulley diameter - 12 in.
Solution: Required: Driven Pulley Diameter

Solution:
D2 = N1 D1 / N2
= 2200 rpm (25 cm) / 1800 rpm Nr Dr = Nn Dn
= 30.55 cm Dn = Nr Dr / Nn
= (1800 rpm) (12 in.) / 650 rpm
= 33 in.
Problem 4
Problem 6
Determine the length of a flat-belt pulley drive having the following data: diameter
Referring to Problem 5, what is the required length of the V-belt if the center
of first pulley, 300 mm; diameter of second pulley, 400 mm; and center distance of
distance between pulleys is 60 inches.
the pulley shaft, 10 meters.
Given:
Given:
Dr - 12 in.
D1 - 300 mm
Dn - 33 in.
D2 - 400 mm
C - 60 in.
C - 10 m
Required: Length of Belt
Required: Length of Flat Belt
Solution:
Solution:
L = 2C + 1.57 (D1 +D2 ) + (D1 -D2 )2 / 4C
L = 2C + 1.57 (D1 +D2 ) + (D1 -D2 )2 / 4C
= 2 (10 m) + 1.57 (0.30 m + 0.4 m) + (0.30 m –0.40 m)2 / 4 (10 m) = 2 (60 in.) + 1.57 (12 in.+33 in.) + (12 in. - 33 in.)2 / 4 (60 in.)
= 21.05 m = 192.5 in.
34
6/17/17
Problem 7 Problem 9
If a belt has a 4.5hp-capacity rating, approximately how many belts are Compute the torque acting on a pulley rotating at 1800 rpm and delivering 10-kW
recommended for the drive in Problem 5? power. If the pulley used in transmitting power that runs at 1800 rpm has a
diameter of 8 in., what is the force transmitted by the belt? Also, compute the
Given: actual load applied to the pulley shaft. If 6200 single-row deep-groove ball bearing
Design Power - 10 hp will be used to drive the pulley, what would be the rating fatigue life of the bearing?
Belt capacity - 4.5 hp per belt What is the rated life, in hours, of the bearing?
Required: Number of Belts Given:

Shaft speed - 1800 rpm
Solution: Power delivered - 10 kw
Pulley diameter - 8 in.
Nb = Pd / Cb Bearing type - 6200 single -row deep-
= 10 hp / 4.5 hp per belt groove ball bearing
= 2.2 belts (use 3 belts)
Required: Torque Acting on the Pulley
Belt Force
Actual Load at the Pulley Shaft
Rated Fatigue Life of the Bearing
Problem 8 Rated Life of the Bearing
What is the recommended shaft diameter for the drive in Problem 5? Assume a Solution:
6000 psi design stress.
M = 974,000 (10 kW) / 1800 rpm
Given: = 5411.1 kgf-mm
Design power - 10 hp
Shaft rpm - 1800 rpm Ph = M / V
Design stress - 6000 psi = (5411.1 kg-mm) / (8 in x 25.4 mm/in)
= 53.26 kgf
Required: Shaft Diameter Kb = fb PH
= 2.25 (53.26 kgf)
Solution:
= 119.8 kgf
T = 63025 (Pd) / N L = [C/P]3
= 63025 (10 hp) / 1800 rpm = [400 kgf/119.8]3
= 350 in.-lb = 37.22 x 106 rev
D = [16 T / π Sd ]1/3 Lh = [106 /60 n ] [ C / F] 3

= [16 (350 in.-lb) / π (6000 psi) ]1/3 = [106 / 60 (1800) [ 400 kgf/119.8 kgf] 3
= 0.66 in. = 344. 62 hours
35
6/17/17
Recommend a shaft size required for the main transmission shaft of a rice mill’s A shaft delivers 10 lbs at 10-cm crank radius. What is the torque delivered by the
prime mover with the following specifications: Engine, Isuzu 8 PA; Hp rated, 225 Hp; shaft? If the said shaft rotates at 80 rpm, what is its power delivered ?
and Engine Speed, 3600 rpm. Use 6,000-psi design stress for the shaft.
Recommend a square-key size for the calculated shaft. Assume a ½" square size of Given:
the key. Shaft force - 10 lbs
Crank radius - 10 cm
Given: Shaft speed - 80 rpm
Engine - Isuzu 8PA
Rated Hp - 225 hp Required: Power Delivered by the Shaft
Engine speed - 3600 rpm
Design stress - 6,000 psi Solution:
Required: Shaft Size and Key Size T = F x R

= 10 lbs x 10 cm x kg/2.2 lbs
Solution: = 45.45 kg-cm
T = 63,029 x 225 Hp/3600 rpm Hp = 2π T N / 63025

= 3939 in.-lb = 2 π (10 lbs x 10 cm x 80 rpm) / (2.54 cm/in x 63025)
= 0.05 Hp
D = [16 (3,939 in.-lb)/ π (6,000 psi)] 1/3
= 1.5 in. use 2 in. φ shaft
Problem 12
F = 3939 in.-lb/1 in.
= 3939 lb A solid shaft delivers 1000 in.-lb torque at 800 rpm rotation, what shaft diameter
would you recommend? Recommended design stress is 6,000 psi.
L = 3939 lb/ (1/2 in. x 25,000 psi)
= 0.32 in. Given:
Torque - 1000 in.-lb
1/2 all = 3 F/ 2A Speed - 800 rpm
A = 1/2 L Design stress - 6000 psi
2,500/2 x 2(1/2) L = 3 (3939.06)
L = 0.32 in. Required: Shaft Diameter
Solution:
D = [(16 (1000 in.-lb) / π (6,000 psi)]1/3

= 0.9 in. use 1" φ
36
6/17/17
Problem 14
Problem 13
Two pulleys of a tractor–generator drive system are running in opposite direction.
The axle of a power tiller was tested on a Prony-brake dynamometer. The force
The pulleys were measured to have 6-meters center distance from each other. If the
delivered at 1-m brake arm was 300 kg at a speed of 25 rpm. Determine the torque
tractor pulley is 8 inches and the generator pulley is 6 inches, what would be the
and the shaft power of the machine. Also, compute the specific fuel consumption of
total length of the belt in the drive system?
the engine driving the power tiller if it consumes diesel at 0.9 liters per hour rate.
Given:
Given:
Center distance - 6 m
Machine - power tiller
Tractor pulley - 8 in.
Brake arm - 1 m
Generator pulley - 6 in.
Shaft load - 300 kg
Shaft speed - 25 rpm
Fuel consumption - 0.9 lph
Solution:
Required: Torque
Shaft Power
L = 2 C + 1.57 (D + d) + (D+d)2 / 4C
Specific Fuel Consumption
= 2 (236.22 in.) + 1.57 (8 in. + 6 in.) + (8 in. +6 in. ) 2 / (4 in. x 236.22 in.)
= 472.44 in. + 21.98 in. + 0.2074 in.
Solution:
= 494.63 in.
T = F x L
= 300 kg x 1 m Problem 15
= 300 kg-m
Compute the force exerted by the hand tractor cage wheel with 0.8-m wheel
Ps = F x N / 1340 diameter. The wheel is drawn by a 10-hp Robin engine driving the cage wheel at
= 300 kg-m x 25 rpm / 1340 30 rpm. The transmission efficiency of the machine is 0.90.
= 5.597 hp
Given:
FCs = Fc x ρf / Ps Wheel diameter - 0.8 m
= 0.9 lph x 0.84 kg diesel/liter x 1000 g/kg / 5.597 hp x 0.746 kW/hp Engine Hp - 10 hp
= 181.06 g / kW-hr Wheel speed - 30 rpm
Transmission efficiency - 0.90
Required: Force Exerted by the Cagewheel
Solution:
F = AHP/ 2 π N R
= ( 10 hp) (0.90) (4573)/ 2 π (30 rpm) (0.4 m)
= 272.93 kg
37
6/17/17
Compute the diameter of the solid shaft of a fluted mill rotating at 100-rpm speed Determine the speed of a hammer mill driven by an electric motor at 1740 rpm
and transmitting a 1.2-hp power. Assume a 6000-psi design stress for the shear. speed. The motor pulley is 4 inches while the milling machine pulley is 3 inches.
Consider that the shaft is subjected to torsion only. Assume that there is no slip on the drive system.
Given: Given:
N - 100 rpm Motor pulley - 4 in.
Ss - 6000 psi Motor speed - 1740 rpm
Hp - 1.2 Machine pulley - 3 in.
Required: Shaft Diameter Required: Machine Speed
Solution: Solution:
T = 63000 x 1.2 / 100 rpm
N1 D1 = N2 D2
= 756 in.-lb
N1 = (1740 rpm x 4 in.) / (3 in.)
D = (16 x 756 in.-lb / π x 6000 psi)1/3 = 2320 rpm
= 0.863 in.
therefore use 1in.-diameter shaft
Problem 19
Problem 17
Find the length of the belt required for a V-belt drive with 4inch-diameter driver
A solid steel shaft of a huller is needed to deliver 2.5 kW while rotating at 1200 pulley and 12inch-diameter driven pulley. The center distance between pulleys is
rpm. Find the minimum diameter of the shaft if its allowable shear stress is 40 36 inches.
MN/m2 .
Given:
Given: D1 - 4 in.
Hp - 2.5 kW D2 - 12 in.
Shaft speed - 1200 rpm C - 36 in.
Allowable shear - 40 MN/m2
Required: Minimum Shaft Diameter
Solution:
Solution:
L = 2 C + 1.57 (D1 +D2 ) + (D1 -D2 )2 /4C
T = (kW x 1000 x 60) / 2 π N = 2 (36 in.) + 1.57 (12 in. + 4 in.)
= 2.5 x 1000 x 60 / 2 π x 1200 rpm + (12 in. – 4 in.)2 / 4 (36 in.)
= 19.89 N-m = 72 in. + 25.12 in. + 0.44 in.
= 97.6 in. ∴ use 98 in.
D = (16 x 19.89 N-m / π x 40 MN/m2 x 106 )1/3
= 0.0136 m or 13.6 mm
38
6/17/17
The drive shaft of an engine is driving If an NSK-6200 single-row deep-groove ball bearing will be used to drive a pulley
the rice mill line shaft that drives a 24- that delivers 119.8 kgf, how many revolutions will the bearing complete? If the
inches flat pulley in a crossed-drive bearing runs at 1800 rpm, how long will it last?
assembly. The drive shaft pulley has 6-
inches diameter. The distance Given:
between pulleys measured from the Bearing - 6200 single-row deep groove
center of the shaft is 20 ft. What Actual load - 119.8 kgf
would be the length of the flat belt N - 1800 rpm
needed for the drive? Add 1 ft from
the computed belt length for splicing Required: Fatigue Life, in rev
purposes. Number of Hours the bearing will last
Given: Solution:
D1 - 6 in.
D2 - 24 in. From bearing catalogue, basic dynamic load of 6200 ball bearing is 400 kgf.
C - 20 ft
Lr = (C/P)3
Required: Length of Belt = (400 kgf/119.8 kgf)3
= 37.22 x 106 rev
Solution:
Lh = (33.33/1800)0.33 x 37,220,000 rev
L = 2 C + 1.57 (D1 +D2 ) = 997.86 hours
+ (D1 + D2 ) 2 / 4C
= 2 x 20 ft x 12 in./ft
+ 1.57 (24 in. + 6 in.)
+ (24 in. + 6 in. ) 2
/ (4 x 20 ft x 12 in./ft)
= 480 in. + 47.1 in. + 0.94 in.
= 528.04 in. + 12 in. allowance
= 540.04 in. or 45 ft
39
6/17/17
Using the Nomograph at the right side, A horizontal mixer is designed to

determine the life of the bearing with 200 incorporate soil and charcoal for
kgf actual load. The bearing rotates at composting laboratory experiment.
1500 rpm and has 3500 kgf load rating. The motor used series of belt and
pulley drives, as follows: D1 = 4 in.;
Given: D2 = 12 in.; D3 = 2 in.; D4 = 12 in.; D5 =
Bearing actual load - 200 kgf 2 in.; and D6 = 12 in. Determine the
Bearing speed - 1500 rpm speed of the shaft in every
Bearing load rating - 3500 kgf transmission drive if the motor runs
at 1720 rpm speed.
Required:
Bearing Life, in hour using nomograph Given:
D1 - 4 in.
Solution: D2 - 12 in.
D3 - 2 in.
C/P = 1500 kgf / 200 kgf = 17.5 D4 - 12 in.
D5 - 2 in.
Using the nomograph, at 1500 rpm the life D6 - 12 in.
in hours is approx 60,000 hours. N1 - 1720 rpm
Link-Belt Life Bearing Nomograph Required: Shafts Speed
Solution:
N2 = D2 N2 /D1
= 4 in. (1720 rpm)/12 in.
= 573.3 rpm
N3 = N2 D3 /D4
= 2 in. (573.3 rpm)/12 in.
= 95.55 rpm
N4 = D5 N3 /D6
= 2 in. (95.55 rpm)/12 in.
= 15.9 rpm
40
6/17/17
An engine’s flat pulley is used to drive a vertical feed mixer input shaft at 250- rpm A ball and a roller bearings, of the same size, are used to carry the same load of
speed. The engine pulley diameter is 4 inches and runs at 2000-rpm speed. If the 350 kgf. The rated capacities of the bearings are: 2500 kgf for the ball bearing and
shaft center distance is 8 ft, what is the length of the belt needed for the drive? 3000 kgf for the roller bearing. What is the rated life of each of the bearing, in
number of revolutions?
Given:
D1 - 4 in. Given:
N1 - 2000 rpm Bearing types - ball and roller
N2 - 250 rpm Actual loads - 350 kgf for the two bearings
C - 8 ft Rated Load - 2500 kgf for ball bearing
- 3000 kgf for roller bearing
Required: Bearings Life, in number of revolutions
Solution:
Solution:
N1 D1 = N2 D2
Lr ball = (C / P) 3
D2 = N1 D1 / N2 = (2500 kgf / 350 kgf) 3
= 4 in. x 2000 rpm / 250 rpm = 364.4 x 106 revolutions
= 32 in.
Lr roller = (C / P) 3.33
L = 1.57(D1 + D2 ) + √ (C2 + D1 2 ) = (3000 kgf/350 kgf)3.33
+ √ (C2 + D2 2 ) = 1279.6 x 106 revolutions
= 1.57(32 + 4) + √ (962 +322 )

+ √ (962 + 42 )
= 56.52 in. + 101.19 in. + 96.08 in.
= 253.79 in. or 21.15 ft
41
6/17/17
Agricultural Machinery Management Agricultural Machinery Management
Investment Cost Total Fixed Cost Fuel Cost Electricity
IC = MC + PMC FCt = D + I + RM + i F = Wf Cf E = Ec Ce
where: where: where: where:
IC - investment cost, P FC - total fixed cost, P/day F - fuel cost, P/day E - cost of electricity, P/day
EC - equipment cost, P D - depreciation, P/day Wf - weight of fuel used, kg Ec - electrical consumption, kW-hr
PMC - prime mover cost, P I - interest on investment, P/day Cf - cost of fuel, P/kg Ce - cost of electricity, P/kW-hr
RM - repair and maintenance, P/day Net Income Payback Period
i - insurance, P/day
Total Variable Cost Total Cost NI = (CR - OC) C OP PBP = IC / NI
where: where:
VCt = L + F + E TC = FCt + VCt NI - net income, P/yr PBP - payback period, year
where: where: CR - custom rate, P/ha or P/kg IC - investment cost, P
VCt - total variable cost, P/day TC - total cost, P/day OC - operating cost, P/ha or P/kg NI - net income, P/yr
L - labor cost, P/day FCt - total fixed cost, P/day C - capacity, ha/day or kg/day
F - fuel cost, P/day VCt - total variable cost, P/day OP - operating period, days/year
E - electricity, P/day Benefit-Cost Ratio Return on Investment
Operating Cost Depreciation (Straight Line) BCR = NI / (TC OP) ROI = ( TC / NI ) 100
IC - 0.1 IC where: where:
OC = TC / C D = ----------------------- BCR - benefit-cost ratio, dec ROI - return on investment, %
where: 365 LS NI - net income, P/year TC - total cost, P/year
OC - operating cost, P/ha or P/kg where: TC - total cost, P/day NI - net income, P/year
TC - total cost, P/day D - depreciation, P/day OP - operating period, days per year
C - capacity, Ha/day or Kg/day IC - investment cost, P
LS - life span, year
Interest on Investment Repair and Maintenance
I = Ri IC / 365 RM = Rrm IC / 365

where: where:
I - interest on investment, P/day RM - repair and maintenance, P/day
Ri - interest rate, 0.24/year Rrm - repair and maintenance rate, 0.1/year
IC - investment cost, P IC - investment cost, P
Insurance Labor Cost
i = Ri IC / 365 L = NL S a
where: where:
i - insurance, P/day L - labor cost, P/day
Ri - insurance rate, 0.03/year NL - number of laborers
IC - investment cost, P S a - salary, P/day
42

2017-AME Problems

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2017-AME Problems

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

6/17/17

Tillage Equipment Tillage Equipment

Plow Area of Cut Draft of Plow

F e = (efc / tfc) 100 FC = V / t

Tillage Equipment Tillage Equipment

Required: Theoretical Field Capacity Required: Force to Pull the Plow

Required: Theoretical Field Capacity Required:

Tillage Equipment Tillage Equipment

Solution: Required: Field Efficiency

EFC = TFC ξf Solution:

ξf = 0.23 ha/hr (100) / 0.3 ha/hr

Required: Effective Field Capacity Required: Theoretical Field Capacity

EFC = Np W ξf TFC = 0.1 W V

Tillage Equipment Tillage Equipment

Required: Effective Field Capacity Required: Theoretical Field Capacity

TFC = 0.1 (3 plows)(0.25 m/plow)(8 kph) /0.80

Tillage Equipment Tillage Equipment

Tillage Equipment Tillage Equipment

Tillage Equipment Tillage Equipment

Tillage Equipment Tillage Equipment

Required: Effective Field Capacity

EFC = 0.1 (3 disks x 12 in/disk x 0.254 m/in) (4 kph) (0.7)

Tillage Equipment Tillage Equipment

Tillage Equipment Tillage Equipment

Seeding and Planting Equipment

Seeding and Planting Equipment Seeding and Planting Equipment

Ws = No Hills x No. Seeds x SWs / E

Seeding and Planting Equipment Seeding and Planting Equipment

Seeding and Planting Equipment Seeding and Planting Equipment

Np = 1,666,666.67 hills x 0.80 Required: No. of Hills to be planted

= 2, 083, 333.3 hills

Ws = [250 kg/ha x 0.3 m x 0.5 m ] /10,000

Seeding and Planting Equipment Spraying and Dusting Equipment

Problem 10 Application Rate Piston Displacement

Spraying and Dusting Equipment Spraying and Dusting Equipment

Required: Application Rate Required: Application Rate

Required: Field Capacity, in hectare per hour

Harvesting Equipment Harvesting Equipment

Flat-Belt Conveyor Velocity Pitch of Flat-Belt Lugs Problem 1

Required: Knife Velocity

Knife Velocity = 20 kph x 1.35 x 1000 m/km x 1 hr /3600 sec

Harvesting Equipment Harvesting Equipment

Tl = [1/(0.3 ha/hr)] [0.1]

Harvesting Equipment Threshing and Shelling Equipment

Actual Capacity Corrected Capacity

Threshing and Shelling Equipment Drying and Dehydration Equipment

Problem 1 Drying Capacity Final Weight of Dried Material

Solution: %MCf – MCi ξhs = (Qsd / Qaf) 100

Drying and Dehydration Equipment Drying and Dehydration Equipment

Airflow Requirement Apparent Air Velocity in Grain Bed

V f = WF / Df FVa = V f / ξt Floor area of the bin = 1.736 m3 / 0.45 m

Drying and Dehydration Equipment Drying and Dehydration Equipment

Drying and Dehydration Equipment Drying and Dehydration Equipment

Cd = 2 tons/ 10 hours Solution:

Vg = 2 tons x 1000 kg/ton x m3 /550kg

AF = 3.64 m3 x 100 m3 air/min-m3 grain

DT = [232.86 kg x 2.2 lb/kg] / [ 364 m3 /min x 0.001 lbm/lb da x

Rice Milling Equipment Rice Milling Equipment

Hulling Coefficient Wholeness Coefficient Problem 1

Rice Milling Equipment Water Pumping and Drilling Rig Equipment

Given: BHP = Pw / ξp MHP = BHP / ξm

B. Pump Laws Problem 1

Hp1 / Hp2 = (N1 3 / N2 3 ) (D1 5 / D2 5 ) D1 3 / D2 3 = q1 / q2 Required: Pump Horsepower

N1 /N2 = q1 /q2 Problem 2