AE BOARD EXAM

REVIEW
FARM STRUCTURES

LECTURER
ENGR. ROY SEARCA JOSE P. DELA CRUZ
 Farm Structures
• Farm houses
• Livestock buildings
– Barn, hog, poultry
• Product storage buildings
– Granaries, silos, bins
• Crop production buildings
– Greenhouse
• Food and crop production building
– Slaughter house, grain driers, pasteurizing plants
• Equipment and supplies building
– Garages, workshops
• Miscellaneous structures
– Fences, manure pits
 SUPPORTS
• Roller supports are free to rotate and
translate along the surface upon which the
roller rests. The surface can be horizontal,
vertical, or sloped at any angle.
• Frictionless surface supports are similar to
roller supports. The resulting reaction force is
always a single force that is perpendicular to,
and away from, the surface.
• Pinned support can resist both vertical and
horizontal forces but not a moment. They will
allow the structural member to rotate, but not
to translate in any direction.
• Fixed supports can resist vertical and
horizontal forces as well as a moment.
 SUPPORTS
• ROLLER

• FRICTIONLESS SURFACE

• PINNED

•FIXED
 Primary Loads
• Dead Load (DL) – loads that are assumed to act
permanently and stationary. They are usually expressed
in kPa or kN/m3
– weight of roof, ceiling finish, etc.
• Live Load (LL)– loads that varies and change in
magnitude. Building codes specifies the Live Load for
every type of use of structure and usually expressed in
kPa.
– Storage area, assembly area, etc
• Wind Load – a type of live load that is the effect of the
reaction of wind energy to the structure.
• Seismic Load (E)– live load caused by earthquake.
• Fluid and Earth Pressure Load – live load that increases
with depth.
• Factored Loading
– UL = 1.4DL + 1.7LL
 DL / LL
EARTHQUAKE /
WIND LOAD

EARTH / FLUID
LOAD
 Sample Problem 1
Given:
The floor framing diagram has a total design load
of 50 psf (10 psf Dead Load + 40 psf Live Load);
the floor joist spacing is 2 feet on center; the
joists are 18 feet long and the beams are 16 feet
long
Determine:
Total load on each of the columns.
Solution
• Tributary area for floor joist is equal to spacing = 2ft*18ft
= 36ft2
• Load on joist = Total Load* tributary area
= 36ft2 * 50#/ft2 = 1800#
• Load on joist transferred to beam, joist reaction = total
load / 2 = 1800# / 2 = 900#
• Load on beam is 900# spaced every 2ft at a span of 16ft
= 900#*16ft/2ft = 7200#
• Load is transferred to the column at the ends of the
beam = 7200#/2 = 3600#
• * If beam load will be converted to uniformly distributed
load w, w = 7200#/16ft = 450#/ft.
 Columns
• Columns are vertical
load-bearing DL / LL

elements which are

Beam
normally loaded in
compression Column

• Load are transmitted

to column by
beam/girders.
 Column Failure Mode
• Crushing - short columns are more apt to
fail by the material crushing.
• Buckling - relatively slender columns are
more apt to fail by buckling

Column Loading
• Axial – load is applied to centroid; may fail
either by material crushing or buckling.
• Eccentric – load is applied a distance “e” from
the centroid and will usually fail by buckling
• Radius of Gyration (r)
= (I / A) ½
• Slenderness Ratio
– value with which one
can gage the relative
resistance of a
column cross-section
to buckling
= Le / r
Le = kL; L = length of
column
 Timber Column (Forest Product
Laboratory (FPL) formula
• Short Column – L/d <= 11
fc = P/A
• Intermediate – 11 < L/d <= 24
fc = c [ 1 - 1/3(L/kd4)
k = π/2 [(E/6c)] ½
c = allowable stress in compression parallel to grain
• Long Column - 24 < L/d <= 50
fc = 0.274E/ (L/d)2

*L = length of timber column, d least column dimension

 National Lumber Manufacturer’s
Association (NLMA) formula
• Short column – L/d < 20
• Intermediate – 20=<L/d<=50
• Long column L/d> 50
P/A = 0.30E/ (L/d)2
 Sample Problem 2
• Compute the required dimension of the
timber beam in problem 1 if L = 8ft and E =
1088 psi. Assume the column to be axially
loaded and has hinged support at both
ends.
Solution
• From Problem 1, P = 3600#
• Assume the column to be short and using NLMA formula
P/A = 0.30E/(L/d)2 let A = d2 (square column)
3600# / d2 = 0.30 (1088x106 psi*144inch2/1ft2)
(8ft/d)2
3600# = 47001.6#/ft2 d2 / (64ft2 / d2)
3600#-ft4 = 734.4 #d4
d4 = 3600#-ft4 / 734.4#
d = 1.50 ft; check if short column
L/d <20
L/d = kL/d = 1*8/1.5 = 5.33 < 20: short column.
 Beams
• Beams are members that support load
along its length.
• Undergoes flexural/bending stress, shear
stress and normal stress.
 Type of Beam
• Statically determinate

• Statically indeterminate

Restrained
 Beam Deflection
• Deflection for common beam type and their loading.
Type of beam/loading Deflection
P
L/2 L/2
• PL3/48EI

• 5 wL4
w #/ft
384EI

• PL3/3EI
L

• Units of terms are: P in #; w in # / ft; L in ft;

E in psi; I in in4; M in #-ft
 Beam Deflection
• Deflection for common beam type and their loading.
Type of beam/loading Deflection at free end
P
a b

L
• Pa2 (3L-a) / 6EI

w #/ft
• wL4
L
8EI

• ML2/2EI
L

• Units of terms are: P in #; w in # / ft; L in ft;

E in psi; I in in4; M in #-ft
 Parts of roof truss

Rise

Span

Bay length = spacing between truss

Pitch = Rise / span
Slope = rise / (span/2)
Types of roof truss
 Foundation
• Column load are transferred from the
structure to the ground thru the foundation.
• Purpose of foundation is to support the
structure and provide anchorage.
• Foundation distribute the structure load
over a a larger area to keep the structure
level or minimize settlement.
 Types of Foundation
• Continuous wall foundation – similar to a
retaining wall and may serve as basement wall
or curtain wall.
• Pier foundation – use to support timber frames
of light building with no suspended floor.
• Pad & pole foundation – small concrete pads
poured in the bottom of holes that rest on
pressure treated poles.
• Floating slab/raft foundation – consist of poured
concrete floor in which the outer edge are
thickened to 20-30cm and reinforced.
• Individual footing – column rest on concrete slab
with thickness that range from 20cm or thicker.
Sample Problem 3
• Compute the required footing area for the
column load in problem 2 if the structure
rest on sandy soil with bearing capacity of
72 kPa (10.45psi). Assume the column will
rest on a 2ftx2ft concrete pedestal and the
depth of footing is 2 ft.
Solution
• Total load = column load + weight of footing
Trial area of 9ft2 and thickness of .75 ft
Weight of footing = weight of pedestal + weight of
footing = (2x2x3)(145)* + 9(0.75)(145)* 3ft

= 1740# + 979# = 2719# 2ft

2ft
* Unit weight of normal concrete = 145#/ft3 or 2400kg/m3 3ft
0.75ft
Total load = 3600# + 2719# = 6319# 3ft
Footing Area = Total load / Soil bearing Capacity
= 6319# / (10.45 psi)
Area = 604 in2 = b2 (assuming square footing)
b = 24 inch say 2 ft < 3 ft, safe!
 Wall
• Load bearing wall – support load that
floors and roof and resists side pressure
from wind, earth or stored materials within
the building
ex. Retaining wall, septic tank wall
• Non load bearing wall – serve to divide the
space and do not support any load.
ex. Partition wall
 Materials of Construction
• Wood
– one of the most common construction
material.
– Qualities includes higher strength to weight
ratio, durable, and natural beauty.
• Timber – freshly cut trees, raw logs, large
cut or sawn logs.
• Lumber – timber cut to nominal sizes
 Lumber Measurement
• Board foot – equivalent to 1ft length x 1 foot
width x 1 inch thick
• Price of lumber is based per board foot.
• Board foot formula
(L x w x t) / 12; L(ft); w-(in); t-(in)
Nominal length of lumber are in even length,
shortest is 8ft.
Finished lumber such as quarter round,
baseboard, etc are price per linear foot.

Nominal thickness of plywood 3.2mm, 4.7mm,

12mm,20mm with width of 1.2m x 2.4m
Sample Problem 4
• How many 4.7mm plywood are needed to
cover a wall partition 6m long x 2.4 m high.
If the 2x2 nailers will be spaced @ 0.4 x
0.6m on centers, how many board foot of
2x2 nailers will be used.
Solution
• Number of plywood
Since height of wall is 2.4 divide the length of wall by 1.2 =
6 / 1.2 = 5 pieces 1.2m x 2.4m x 4.7mm plywood.
• Number of 2 x 2 nailers.
Assume vertical spacing is 0.6m and horizontal spacing is
0.4m
# of vertical 2x2 nailers = Length/0.6m = 6/0.6 = 10 + 1 =
11 pcs 2”x2”x8ft
# of horizontal nailers = height/0.40 = 2.4/0.4 = 6 + 1 = 7
pcs 2”x2”x20ft or 14 pcs 2”x2”x10ft
Total board foot = (11*2*2*8 + 14*2*2*10) / 12
= 76 board foot.
 Concrete
• Made by mixing cement, aggregates (fine
and coarse) and water.
• Qualities includes strength in
compression, durable, easy to form into
various shapes.
• Paste – mixture of cement and water
• Mortar – mixture of cement, sand and
water
• Grout – specially formulated mortar
 Concrete Proportioning
• Fuller’s formula
Cement = 55 / (c + s + g)
Sand = 0.028 * Cement * s
Gravel = 0.028 * Cement * g
Where:
Cement = No. of bags/m3 of concrete work
Sand = Volume in m3 per m3 of concrete work
Gravel = Volume in m3 per m3 of concrete work
c,s,g = cement sand gravel ratio
 Cement-sand gravel ratio
• Class A = 1 : 2 : 4  1 40kg-bag cement, 2
bucket sand, 4 bucket gravel. Bucket size –
01ftx1ftx1ft, volume = 0.028m3
• Class B = 1: 2.5 : 5
• Class C = 1: 3 : 6
• Class A are used for column, beams, suspended
slab and other member subjected to bending
stress
• Class B are used in floor slab, side walk
• Class C are used in footings and foundation.
 Sample Problem 5
• A concrete pavement to be used as solar
dryer for palay and corn is proposed to be
constructed. Compute the quantity of
cement, sand and gravel that will be used
if the pavement will have a dimension of
100m x 20m and thickness of 0.1m. Use
Class B concrete mixture.
Solution
• Computing the volume of concrete needed
V = 100mx20mx0.1m = 200m3
Computing the # of bags of cement using
Fuller’s formula
Cement = 55 / ( 1 + 2.5 + 5) = 6.5 bag/m3
# of bags = 6.5 x 200 = 1300 bags
Sand = 0.028 * 1300 * 2.5 = 91 m3
Gravel = 0.028 * 1300 * 5 = 182 m3
 Masonry Works
• Includes Concrete hollow block laying, brick laying and
stone laying.
• Nominal size of CHB is 0.4m length by 0.2m height with
thickness of 0.1m, 0.15 and 0.2m.
• Quantity of CHB per m2 of work = 12.5pcs/m2
• Usually reinforced with 10mmǾ rebar spaced every 3
layer vertically and 0.8m on center horizontally.
• Uses cement and sand for block laying
• Uses cement, sand and fine aggregate (usually ½Ǿ or
less) for filling cells
• Uses cement and fine sand for plastering
• Rest on footing usually 0.4m width and 0.20m thick with
1-10mmǾ rebar.
 Reinforcing Bars
• Nominal Ǿ of reinforcing bars
Grade 230
10mm 12mm 16mm 20mm 25mm
Grade 275
10mm 12mm 16mm 20mm 25mm 28mm 32mm 40mm
Grade 415
10 12 16 20 25 28 32 40 50
• Nominal Length
6m 7.5m 9m 10.5m 12m
• Special Length
13.5m 15m
 END OF TOPIC

Good Luck!