Agricultural Processing

Multiple Choices

1. It is desired to lower the temperature of 1000lb fresh poultry from 80°F to 10°F. The specific
boats of fresh poultry above and below freezing are respectively 0.75 and 0.40, and the latent
heat of fusion is 98. If the freezing point of poultry is 27°F, what is the product load of the
refrigeration system?

a. 144550BTW c. 154,450BTW
b. 105,450BTW d. 145,450BTW

Solution:

Given:
1,000 lb fresh poultry
Specific heat of fresh poultry above freezing = 0.75
Specific heat of fresh poultry below freezing = 0.40
Freezing point of fresh poultry is 27°F
Latent heat of fusion = 98

Required:
Product load of the refrigeration system.

Q = MC(∆t) where: Q = quantity of heat (BTU)

M = mass of product (lb)
C = specific heat (BTU/lb °F)
∆t = change in temperature (°F)

Total product load (Q୘ ) = Qଵ + Qଶ + Qଷ

Where: Q1 = quantity of heat change from 80°F to freezing temperature, 27°F
Q2 = quantity of heat to freeze the product
Q3 = quantity of heat change from freezing temperature (27°F) to 10°F

Q୘ = (1,000)(0.75)(80 − 27) + (1,000)(98) + (1,000)(0.40)(27 − 10)

= 39,750 + 98,000 + 6,800
Q୘ = 144,550 BTU

2. A conveyor belt moving at 5fps transport 100 tons of materials per hour through a vertical
height of 150ft. If the mechanical efficiency of the system is 85% and the drive motor is 94%
efficient. What is the power required in kilowatts?

a. 12.5 KW c. 10 KW
b. 14.3 KW d. 11.5 KW
Solution:

Given:
Belt speed = 5 fts
Output = 100 tons/hr
Vertical height = 150 ft
Mechanical efficiency of the system = 85%
Driver motor efficiency = 94%

Required: Power required (kW)

୔୭୵ ୣ୰୓୳୲୮୳୲
Efficiency = ୔୭୵ ୣ୰୍୬୮୳୲
୔୭୵ ୣ୰୓୳୲୮୳୲
Power input (required) = ୉୤୤୧ୡ୧ୣ୬ୡ୷
ଵ଴଴୲୭୬ൗ ୶ଶ଴଴୪ୠൗ ୶ଵହ଴୤୲
୦୰ ୲୭୬
= ଷ଺଴଴ ୱୣୡൗ ቁቀହହ଴୪ୠ୤୲ൗ ቁ(଴.଼ହ)(଴.ଽସ)
= 18.96 hp
ቀ ୦୰ ୦୮
= 18.96 hp x 0.746 Wൗhp
= 14.2 kW

3. The wall of a storage system contents of a 10cm layer of common brick (k=0.69w/m. °C) and
a 2.5cm layer of glass (k=0.15w/m. °C). The outside wall and environmental temperature are
25°C and 30°C, respectively. If the heat transfer coefficient between the storage system and
this environment is 2.4w/m2. °C, What is the inside wall temperature of the storage system?

a. 22.16°C c. 23.46°C
b. 21.26°C d. 20.16°C

Solution:

Given:
Area = 1.0 m2 (assumed)
k = 0.69 W/m°C, 10 cm, common brick
2.5 cm glass, k = 0.15 W/m°C
To = 25°C
Ten = 30°C
ha = 2.4 W/m°C = coefficient of heat transfer between environment
and storage system

= (2.4)(30 − 25) = 12.0 Wൗmଶ ← heat loss through the system

୯
୅
୯ ୩ ଴.଺ଽ
= (T୓ − Tଶ) = భబ [25 − Tଶ] = 12
୅ ∆୶ ቀ ቁ
భబబ
ଵଶ୶଴.ଵ଴
∴ −Tଶ = ଴.଺ଽ − 25 ; Tଶ = 23.26℃
Hence; the temperature inside (T୧) is given by:
= ∆୶(୥୪ୟୱୱ) [Tଶ − T୧] ; ୅ = 12 Wൗmଶ
୯ ୩ ୯
୅
 ଴.ଵହ
= మ.ఱ [23.26 − T୧] = 12
ቀ ቁ
భబబ
మ.ఱ
ଵଶቀ ቁ
(23.26 − T୧) = భబబ
− 23.26 = −21.26℃
଴.ଵହ
∴ T୧ = 21.26℃ ← temperature inside the wall of the storage system

Situational

4. A bin of grain is to be dried with air at a dry bulb temperature of 110°F and an air flow rate of
1000cfm. The ambient air conditions are 85°F (dry bulb) and 70°F (wet bulb), and the average
relative humidity of the outlet air after it passed through the grain is 85%.

1. If the specific volume of the inlet air is 14.0ft/lb, what is the mass flow rate of the air
in pound dry air per hour?

a. 4,285.7 lb dry air/hr c. 4,658.3 lb dry air/hr

b. 4,560.5 lb dry air/hr d. 4,186.4 lb dry air/hr

2. If the enthalpy of the air (ambient) and the air entering the grain are respectively, 34.1
and 40.6 Btu/lb dry air, what is the total amount of heat (Btu/hr) required?

a. 27,857 Btu/hr c. 30,277 Btu/hr

b. 29,600 Btu/hr d. 27,170 Btu/hr

3. If the humidity reactions of ambient air entering exciting the grain are 0.0124 and
0.0192 lbmoisture/lbdry air, what is the amount of moisture (lb/hr) removed?

a. 29.14 lbw/hr c. 31.70 lbw/hr

b. 31.20 lbw/hr d. 28.42 lbw/hr

Solution:

Given:
Tୢ = 85℉
T୵ ୠ = 70℉
q = 1000 cfm
air exiting the grain, relative humidity = 85%
Tdb = 110°F
ଷ
Specific volume of inlet air is 14.0 ft ൘lb
ୢ୰୷ୟ୧୰
Required:
1. What is the mass flow rate of air (lb/hrdry air)?
2. What is the total amount of heat (BTU/hr)?
3. What is the amount of moisture reward (lb/hr)?

(1) Mass flow rate of air = (q)(ߥ)

 ଷ 1
= ቀ1000 ft ൗminቁ൫60 minൗhr൯ቌ ቍ
14.0 ft ଷ
ൗlb
ୢ୰୷ୟ୧୰
lbୢ୰୷ୟ୧୰
q ୫ = 4,285.7 ൗ
hour

(2) Total amount of heat required for drying

= ቀ4,285 ݈ܾൗℎ‫ݎ‬ቁ(ℎଶ − ℎଵ) ; where: ℎଶ = enthalpy entering the binቀBTUൗlbቁ
= ቀ4,285 ݈ܾൗℎ‫ݎ‬ቁ(40.6 − 34.1) ℎଵ =
enthalpy of ambient airቀBTUൗlbቁ
= 27,857 BTU/hr

(3) Amount of moisture removed (lb/hr)

= ቀ4,285 ݈ܾൗℎ‫ݎ‬ቁ(Hଶ − Hଵ) ; where: Hଶ = humidity rate of exiting airቀlb୵ ൗlb ቁ
ୟ୧୰
= ቀ4,285 ݈ܾൗℎ‫ݎ‬ቁ(0.0192 − 0.0124) Hଵ = humidity rate of entering airቀlb୵ ൗlb ቁ
ୟ୧୰
lb୵ ൗ
= 29.14 hr
5. A 2-in steel pipe (schedule 40) with outside diameter of 2.375 in and a wall thickness of
0.154 in, and 75 feet long is used in an ammonia refrigeration system.

1. If the viscosity and specific volume of ammonia vapor at 10°F are respectively,
0.0086 Centipoise or 5.78 x 10-6 lbmass/ftsec, and 7.30 ft3/lb, what is the Reynolds
Number (Rc) when saturated ammonia vapor (at 10°F) flows through the pipe at a
velocity of 70 feet per second?

a. 285.76 c. 295.78
b. 275.98 d. 287.75

2. If the absolute roughness (∈) for commercial steel pipe is 0.00015 ft, what would be
the relative roughness of the pipe?

a. 8.708x10-4 c. 9.756x10-4
b. 7.808x10-4 d. 6.974x10-4

3. If the friction factor of the some pipe in questions 1 and 2 is 0.0204, what is the
pressure drop (psi) in the pipe?

a. 0.642 c. 0.735
b. 0.463 d. 0.567

Solution:

Given:
NH3 vapor at 10°F
 Sp. volume (ߥ) = 7.30 ft3/lb
μ = 5.78x10-6 lbm/ftsec or 0.0086 Centipoise
L = 75 ft long (length of pipe)
Steel pipe = 2-in dia schedule 40
v = 70 fps (velocity flow)
Wall thickness = 0.154 in
Outside diameter = 2.375 in
Inside diameter = 2.067 in

୚ୈ஡
(1) R ୣ = ; where: V = velocity flow(ft/sec)
ஜ
మǤబలళ౟౤ భ
ቀ଻଴୤୲ൗୱୣୡቁ൬ ౜౪ ൰ቀ ቁ
భమ ൗ ళǤయబ
Rୣ = ౩౛ౙ
D = inside diameter
ହǤ଻଼୶ଵ଴షల
(଻଴)(଴Ǥଵ଻ଶଶହ)(଴Ǥଵଷ଺ଽ଼଺)
= ρ = Density(lb/ft ଷ)
ହǤ଻଼௫ଵ଴షల
R ୣ = 285.76 μ = viscosity

ୟୠୱ୭୪୳୲ୣ୰୭୳୥୦୬ୣୱୱ(஫)
(2) Relative roughness of pipe = ୈ୧ୟ୫ ୣ୲ୣ୰(ୈ)
0.00015 ft 0.00015 x 12
= =
2.067 in 2.067
in
12
ft
= 8.708 x 10ିସ

(3) Pressure drop (psi)

fLv ଶρ
ΔP = ; where: ΔP = pressure drop
D2g ୣ
(75)(70ଶ)(0.137)
ΔP = (0.0204) ቎ ቏ˆൌ ͲǤͲʹͲͶሺ‰‹˜‡ሻ
2.067
ቀ 12 ቁ(2)(32.2)
lb 1
= 4,538 ଷ ൬ ൰(0.0204) ρ = Density, lb/ft ଷ
ft 144
lb 1
ൌ ൬Ͷǡͷ͵ͺ ൰ቌ ቍ (0.0204) D = diameter
ft ଷ 144inଶ
ft ଶ
ΔP = 0.642 psi ← pressure drop g ௘ = accelerator due to gravity(ft/sec ଶ)

6. A Carnot refrigeration cycle absorbs heat at -12°C and reject it at 40°C.

1. Compute for the coefficient of performance of this refrigeration cycle.

 a. 4 c. 6
b. 5 d. 3

2. If the cycle is absorbing 15KW at -12°C temperature, how much power (HP) is
required?

a. 6 c. 4
b. 5 d. 3

3. What is the rate of heat rejection (KW) at 40°C of this heat absorbs 15 KW at the -
12°C temperature?

a. 14 c. 18
b. 16 d. 20

Solution:

Given:
Tଵ = −12℃ + 273 = 261K
Tଶ = 40℃ + 273 = 313K
Tଶ = 313K
Tଵ = 261K
୘భ ଶ଺ଵ
COP = ୘ = ଷଵଷିଶ଺ଵ = 5
మି୘భ
COP = 5

(1) Q୅ = 15kW at − 12℃ or 261K

Q୅ Q୅
COP = ; W=
W COP
15
W= =3
5
3
W= = 4 hp
0.746

(2) Q୅ = 15kW at − 12℃ temperature

Qୖ@ 40℃ =?
W = Qୖ −Q୅ ; Qୖ = W + Q୅
Qୖ = 3 + 15 = 18

Heat Transfer (Situational)

7. A thick walled tube of stainless steel [(18% Cv, 8% Ni), (k=19w/m. °C)] with 2-cm inner
diameter (SD) and 4.0cm outer diameter (OD) is covered with a 3-cm layer of asbestos
insulation [k=0.2w/m. °C]

1. If the inside wall temperature of the pipe is maintained at 600°C and the outside
temperature is 100°C, what is the heat loss per meter of length?

a. 680w/m c. 765w/m
b. 568w/m d. 806w/m

2. What is the interface temperature between the steel tube and insulation?

a. 595.8°C c. 585.9°C
b. 589.5°C d. 559.8°C

3. If the inside temperature is reduced to 400°C and this outside temperature is 50°C,
what is the steel tube and insulation interface temperature?

a. 379.32°C c. 373.92°C
b. 397.23°C d. 393.27°C

Solution:

Given:
Stainless steel pipe, kS = 19 W/m°C
Asbestos insulator, 3-cm layer, ka = 0.2 W/m°C
ID = 2.0 cm or r1 = 1.0 cm
OD = 4.0 cm or r2 = 2.0 cm
To = 100°C
Ti = 600°C

r3 = 2 + 3 = 5.0 cm

୯ ଶ஠(୘భି୘య)
(1) = ౢ౤ቀ౨మൗ ౨య
୐ ౨భቁ ౢ౤ቀ ൗ౨మቁ
ା
ౡ౩ ౡ౗
ଶ஠(଺଴଴ିଵ଴଴)
= మ ఱ = 680 W/m
ౢ౤ቀ ቁ ౢ౤ቀ ቁ
భ ା మ
భవ బ.మ
q
= 680 W/m ← heat loss/meter
L

(2) Interface temperature (Ta) between steel tube and insulation.

q Tୟ − 100
= = 680 W/m
L ቂln ቀ5ቁ/ 2π ቃ
2 0.2
 5
ln ቀ2ቁ
∴ Tୟ = 680 ቌ ቍ + 100
2π
0.2
Tୟ = 595.8℃

(3) If inside temperature = 400°C, and outside temperature = 50°C

q 2π(400 − 50)
= = 476.21 W/m
L 2 5
ln ቀ1ቁ ln ቀ2ቁ
19 + 0.2
୯ ୘౗ିହ଴
∴ ୐ = ౢ౤(ఱ/మ) = 476.21 ; substitute the value of k ୟ = 0.2
మಘౡ౗
Then, Tୟ = 397.23℃