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Crop Protection
For Agricultural
Engineering
Review in Allied Licensure Pest
Subjects Examination
 any organism that cause damage to
agricultural crops and animals;
CROP
 e.g. weeds, vertebrate and invertebrate
PROTECTION pests such as insects and rodents, and
Year 2018 pathogens such as bacteria and
nematodes
Donna Ria Josue-Canacan, Ph.D.
Professor, Mindanao State University
Fatima, General Santos City,
Philippines

Crop Protection Crop Protection

 Potential pest: organism that currently

Kinds of Pest
 Key pest or major pest: organism that is
economically important due to its
significant reduction in crop quantity (i.e.
yield) and quality every season
 Occasional pest: organism that cause
economic problem to crop production
once in a while when its population
increase due to several factors such as
the environment, but is not always a
problem every season
does not cause significant damage to
crops under the prevailing farming system
but has the potential to become a key
pest if farming system is modified.
 Migrant pest: organism that is mobile
which has the means to transfer from one
place to another, and once in a while,
causes significant or serious damage to
crops at a short period of time.

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TOPIC Crop Protection

Weed
a plant that is out of place or existing
where it is not needed

WEEDS  e.g. Bermuda in corn field or wild rose in

vegetable patches

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Crop Protection Crop Protection

Perennial Life Cycle

Weed Classification 3rd quarter
2nd quarter of 1st year
 Lifecycle of 1st year
4th quarter
 Annuals: complete life cycle in less than of 1st year

a year 1st quarter

of 1st year
 Perennials: complete life cycle more 4th quarter
of 2nd year
1st quarter of
than a year 2nd year

 Habitat
 Upland: favor well-drained soil
 Lowland: favor moist to saturated soil 3rd quarter of 2nd year 2nd quarter of 2nd year

 Morphology: Broadleaf, Sedge or Grass

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Crop Protection Crop Protection

BROADLEAVES SEDGES GRASSES

Leaves broad Triangular stems Angular stems
WEED INTERFERENCE
Parallel leaf Parallel leaf venation
and flat with
No ligules and/or
netted venation venation auricles A term used to describe all the effects of
weeds to crops regardless of the cause; a
collective term which includes
competition, allelopathy and others
 Competition: Latin competere (to ask or
sue for the same thing another does)
 Allelopathy: Greek allēl- (one another)
and patheia (suffering, feeling)

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TOPIC Crop Protection

Arthropods
 Greek árthron (joint) and poús (foot)
INSECTS  Animals which are

& OTHER 

segmented
Symmetrical
ARTHROPODS 

Possessing hard, chitinous exoskeleton
Possessing paired jointed appendages
 Possessing ventral nerve and dorsal blood
vessel

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Crop Protection Crop Protection

Parts of an insect body

Class Arachnida
Class Crustacea

Class Insecta
Class Chilopoda Class Diplopoda

CLASSES OF
ARTHROPODS
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Crop Protection TOPIC

INSECT ORDERS

OTHER PESTS

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Crop Protection Crop Protection

Philippine Weaver (Maya) Rodents

 Lonchura spp.  Rattus spp.

 Passer montanus

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Crop Protection TOPIC

Golden Kuhol
 Pomacea canaliculata
 Major pest problem in rice

PLANT
DISEASES

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Crop Protection Crop Protection

Plant Disease Requisites of Disease

 Any malfunctioning or abnormality manifested  All
three must be present for disease to
by plants occur.
 Causes of diseases:
 Abiotic or non-infectious: environmental
factors, e.g. light, temperatures
 Biotic or infectious: pathogens (disease-
DISEASE
causing microorganisms and particles), e.g.
bacteria, viruses

Favorable Environment

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Crop Protection Crop Protection

Pathogens
 Fungi
 Bacteria
 Mollicutes
 Viruses
 Viroids
 Nematodes
 Parasitic Plants

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Crop Protection Crop Protection

Cultural Control
Pest and Disease Management
 CulturalControl: cultural management
practices
 Biological Control: use of living organisms
 Chemical Control: use of toxic substances Mulching Repellant Plants Sanitation
 Herbicides for Weeds
 Insecticides for Insect Pests
 Rodenticides for Rodents
 Fungicides for Fungal Diseases

Flaming Crop Rotation Resistant Varieties

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Crop Protection Crop Protection

 Weed control Biological Control

 Hilling-up: soil is thrown to the plant during Use of Parasitoid
cultivation
 Barring-off: soils are thrown away from the
plants during cultivation

Use of Predator
Pasturing Antagonism

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Crop Protection Crop Protection

Soil Incorporation
Chemical Control
Overall or Band (around a
Broadcast plant or parallel
strips)
Directed: specific area such as row,
bed, or at base of the plant targeting
Wiper or Rope-wick: selectively
the pest but avoiding non-pest
wiping herbicides on to the
weeds Soil Injection

Foliar (Leaves) Spot (small Space (Dispersion of Tree Injection

restricted area) particles in an
enclosed area)

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Crop Protection Crop Protection

 Sprayer: A machine that breaks the liquid

Equipment
 Weeder: A mechanically-operated machine that
removes weeds or grasses from the crops
 Broadcast spreader: An apparatus, which
consists of a hopper, a metering unit, and a
distribution device, that uses either gravity,
centrifugal force, or pendulum action to spread
granules to the surface of the entire area to be
treated
 Aerosol generator: A mechanical or thermal
device that produces a liquid dispersion having
a volume median diameter of less than 50 um
droplets of effective size and distributes them
uniformly over the surface or space to be
protected, and regulates the amount of
chemical solution to avoid excessive application
that might prove harmful or wasteful
 Boom sprayer: It is a sprayer apparatus
consisting of pressure source and controls and
specifically employing an over-the-crop boom
with automizer arranged to provide uniform
coverage of the treated surfaces
 Knapsack sprayer: A field sprayer that is being
carried at the back by means of a shoulder
straps

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Crop Protection Crop Protection

 Formulated Product (FP): pesticide sold in the

market
 Active ingredient (a.i.): toxin in the pesticide
 Types of formulation
Applied in Liquid Form
 Aqueous Concentrates (AC): aqueous; water
soluble
 Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC): aqueoue;
soluble in organic solvents
 Water soluble powders (WSP): powder form;
water soluble
 Wettable powder (WP): powder form; forms a
suspension when added to water

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Crop Protection Crop Protection

 Types of formulation
Applied in Dry form Pesticide Calculations
 Granules (G) or Pellets: small particles applied
in dry form  Formula 1
 Dust: smaller than granules or pellets prone to
drifting
Others % 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒂.𝒊. 𝒙 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
Amt. of FP =
 Fumigants: activated by adding another % 𝒂.𝒊. 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
substance and produce toxic gas  Formula 2
 Aerosols: inside a pressurized container
 Flowables: diluted a.i. in near colloidal 𝑨𝒎𝒕. 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝑷 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑹𝑹 𝒐𝒇 𝒂. 𝒊. 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
dimensions =
𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 % 𝒂. 𝒊. 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
 Ultra Low Volume concentrates: very low
volume per hectare of application
RR=recommended rate (a.i./ha)
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Crop Protection Crop Protection

 Sample Problem: How many liters of Folithion 50  Sample Problem: Product A contains 40% 2,4-D,
EC will be mixed to maintain 0.01% a.i. in 200 how much Product A is needed for a 2-ha corn
liters of spray volume? field if the required dosage to effectively control
broadleaves is 0.5 kg/ha?
% 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒂.𝒊. 𝒙 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
Amt. of FP = 𝑨𝒎𝒕. 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝑷 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑹𝑹 𝒐𝒇 𝒂. 𝒊. 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
% 𝒂.𝒊. 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 % 𝒂. 𝒊. 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝟎.𝟎𝟏% 𝒂.𝒊. 𝒙 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒌𝒈

Amt. of FP = 𝑨𝒎𝒕. 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝑷 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟓𝟎% 𝒉𝒂
=
𝟐 𝒉𝒂 𝟒𝟎%
Amt. of FP = 0.04 liters
Amt of FP required = 2.5 kg

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TOPIC Crop Protection

Any organism that cause damage to

agricultural crops and animals
a. Pest
b. Nutrient deficiency
c. Toxin
PRACTICE d. Mycorrhiza
QUESTIONS

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Crop Protection Crop Protection

Any organism that cause damage to Organism that is economically important

agricultural crops and animals due to its significant reduction in crop
a. Pest quantity
b. Nutrient deficiency a. Occasional Pest
c. Toxin b. Key Pest
d. Mycorrhiza c. Migrant Pest
d. Potential Pest

Time’s up!

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Organism that is economically important A plant that is out of place or existing where
due to its significant reduction in crop it is not needed
quantity a. Disease
a. Occasional Pest b. Insect
b. Key Pest c. Rodent
c. Migrant Pest d. Weed
d. Potential Pest

Time’s up!

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Crop Protection Crop Protection

A plant that is out of place or existing where Organism that currently does not cause
it is not needed significant damage to crops under the
a. Disease prevailing farming system but has the
b. Insect potential to become a key pest if
farming system is modified
c. Rodent
a. Occasional Pest
d. Weed
b. Key Pest
c. Migrant Pest
d. Potential Pest

Time’s up!

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Crop Protection Crop Protection

Organism that currently does not cause A term used to describe all the effects of
significant damage to crops under the weeds to crops regardless of the cause
prevailing farming system but has the a. Parasitism
potential to become a key pest if b. Competition
farming system is modified c. Allelopathy
a. Occasional Pest d. Interference
b. Key Pest
c. Migrant Pest
d. Potential Pest

Time’s up!

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Crop Protection Crop Protection

A term used to describe all the effects of The toxin in a pesticide

weeds to crops regardless of the cause a. Active ingredient
a. Parasitism b. Filler
b. Competition c. Inert ingredient
c. Allelopathy d. Surfactant
d. Interference

Time’s up!

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Crop Protection TOPIC

The toxin in a pesticide

a. Active ingredient
b. Filler
c. Inert ingredient
d. Surfactant
-END OF CROP PROTECTION -

Time’s up!

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