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Analysis of Gravity Magnetic Signature of Chambal Valley Sector of Vindhyan

Basin for Estimation of Trap and Sedimentary Thickness

Article · June 2013

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 onBrlr&m$ Vol.l8 No. 2 | JulY 2013

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msociety of Petroleum Geophysicists, India

 Analysis of Gravity Magnetic Signature of Chambal Valley
Sector of Vindhyan Basin for Estimation of Trap and
Sedimentary Thickness
D. Saha', Rambhatla [Link]
'KDMIPE, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, India
'Department of Earth Sciences, IIT Roorkee, India

Abstract
The Vindhyan basin, located on the Bundelkhand craton in central India, is one of the largest Proterozoic
sedimentary basins oilndia. It is believed that the basin was formed as a consequence of the collision of the Bundelkhand
craton with the Deccan protocontinent in the south and the Mewar craton in the west during the Early Mesoproterozoic
period. The basin is considered to be a high-risk, high-gain frontier area for exploration because ofpresence ofgas and oil
ihow in various levels of Pre-Cambrian sediments in some of the exploratory wells. Study area includes the Chambal
valleysectorboundby theiatitude2530'Nto2.130'NandLongitudeT5EtoTT"[Link]
coveied with Basalt. Cinly a limited part in the north where Basalt is more or less absent is covered with seismic and that too
with a sparse grid.

The objective of the study is to derive the regional thickness of Basalt and then to determine depth to the
Basement which ian help for better understanding ofthe sub-surface for exploration in the area. In the present study, first a
model is conceptualized with available seismic, gravity magnetic and surface geological data in the north of the area and
then the model has been extrapolated in the south for a reliable picture ofthe sub-surface.

A notable feature in the seismic data of the area is that it matches with gravity trend of the area .There is a fall of
onlyabout5mGal acrossamajorthrusthavingathrowofabout5km(2T-2.5sec).Thisisfollowedbysharpgravityrise
(- lb mGal) towards the Baran high whereas the seismic marker rises to a few hundred meter. This has been explained with
a high density crustal block in the northeast.

Results of modeling suggest that the Basement depth along the two regional north-south profiles taken for the
studyvariesfrom4-8KmandthedepthofBasaltrangesbetweenl00mtolkmapproxiinatelyexceptnear Rajgarharea
wheie the Basalt thickness may rise to about 1.5 km and thickness of the Proterozoic sediments is coming out to be 3 to 7 km.
The thickness ofthe Basalt and the sediments increases from north to south ofthe study area.

lntroduction
Vindhyan basin. covering an area of 162.000 sq. km is
located on Bundclkhand craton in central India and is one of
the largest Proterozoic sedimcntary basins of India. The
margins olthe basin are demarcated by thrust belt conrprisrne
Mcso-Proterozoic Aravalli Delhi Fold Belt (ADFB) and ._ t\ rg,
Satpura Orogenic Belts (SB) ref'erred to as Mid-Proterozoic \
\4obi1c belt (Fig. I &.2).It is believed that the basin u'as
[Link] as a [Link] of collision of Burtdelkhand craton ii
u,ith Deccan protocontinent in the south and \,Iewar cratotr iu
Fig. 1: Location Map of the Vindhyan Basil,
the u,est during the Early Mesoprotcrozoic period. Thc
Vindhyan basin is bound in NW by Great Boundary Fault volcanic action in Late-Jurassic; Rilting duling Ealh -
IGBF) and in the south by Narmada Sor.r Lineament (NSL). Cretaceous; depression dr-rring early to lriddle [Link]:
The SW and NE, parts of the basin are concealed [Link] the basin recession during Late-Cretaceons. and tJ...'::::
Deccan trap and the Indo-Gangetic alluvium" respectively. invcrsion in Tertiary. lgneous rocks scte nlrlill," :-':.':-;:
Tu,o major sub-parallel faults namely, Asmara lincament and during rift period. The basin has.-l'.ret.::::.; .:-'
.lhalawar lineament arc located in betu'cen the boundary inversion after litt peritrcl. Itt ,.l:te:- -t.-1.. ., . ' --
':-
"
tar-rlts. These lineaments/far-r1ts seem to extend up to during the rift period are cr lplcrsr-\ Lllficr
Saurashtra coast in the west (Fig. 2). pattem from the lavers those eredepositedd

Vindhvan basirt has erperienced sevel'al sll'r-tclr-tl:ll \-indh1'an and Sat hills are parr
nlo \-enr e1lts. Lrp l i ti and c1enu,-iati trtr [Link]'it'L g L :tt.- - P.t : l z,' l -,, lr
1 : ch across central
Elrlr- \lr-srrztric: th-'r'rr',.11-.::.ih :- r-i-1 ,..;.1 i-1,: - ation nfji0 rn 500
 and arollnd the .lhalari,ar area of Vindhyan basin. For this
puryose. a seismic constraincd gravitl, [Link] has been
worked out along a few proflles in the area.

Geologic setting: Vindhyan basin is as an intrar' pcri-cratontr

rift basin u,ith distinct pre. post. and syn-rift phascs (I{arn ci
al . 1996'). The basin is considcred to be [Link] as u
consequence of the collision of thc Bundclkhand cr-aton r',.rtlt
the Deccan protocontinent in the south ancl the N{ervar craton
in the rvest during the early Mesoprorerozoic period. It is
bound by tu,o maior far-rlts. the Nanlada Son Lineanrent
(NSL) in the southeast and the Grcat Boundary F ault (GBF r

in the northwest (Fig. 2&3). ri,hich separates it fiom the

Delhi-Aravalli orogenic belt. The GBF is a stecpll, dipping
reverse lault and the NSL is a ltamo\\'zone of nonnal taulting
amanged inett-ec:ltelon pattclx. The basin dips gentlv [Link]
NSL but the basin [Link] is steep in the south and southr',.cst
Fig.2: Tectonic Elements of Chambal and Son valley of Vindhyan
becausc ol continued activitv along the lineament. The S\\
Basin.
anci NE parts of the basin are conccaled under the Deccan trap
volcanics and thc indo-Gangetic [Link]-un. respectiveh,.. The
of 600 m in the west rising to 900 m towards east. The basin is dir,.ided [Link] tu'o sub-basins by the roughl,v NE-SW
Aravallis of Northwestem India extend from Ahmedabad to trencling Bundelkhand massif ol Archean agc: the eastern
south ofDelhi with elevationranging from 600 to 900 m. sllb-basin is knolr'n as Son vallev and the u,estern oue as
Charnbal valley. The basin holds several kilomctres of thick.
Present study includes the whole Chambal valley bound rnid- to late-Proterozoic sediments. The Vindhyan sediments
by Latitude 2530'N to 2130'N and Longitude J5E to JJ",E arc [Link] oltr,vo mcga secprcnces. i.e.. the lower [Link]
(Fig. 2). The southern part ofthe area is basalt covered and is and the upper Vindhyans corresponding to ritt ancl driti
poorly explored. The northempart comprising Bundi- Kota- phases. respectivel.v (Srinii,asan & Khare 1995). [Link] and
Jhalawar area is coveredby sediment. upper Vindhyarls are separateci by a regional unconfor-mit1,.
The syn-rift sequence rnainll, comprises clastic sediments
The objective of the present work is to derive the u,hile the post-rift phasc is characterized b1, alternating
regional hend of the trap cover of Chambal valley with the clastic and carbonate dcposits.l Fig. 3). Generalised gcology
available GM data and recently acquired 2D seismic data in also given in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3: Geologial map of [Link] and Son vallev of the Vindhyan Basin basecl on surface data Source-(Geological [Link] of India-
Published reports).

GEOHORIZONS Iu]v 201316

 Fig. 4: Geologial features superimposed on BouguerAnomaly Map of the Vindhyan Basin. Contour interval- 4 mGal)

Features of Gravity & Magnetic Anomaly 2. Bouguer anornaly map olthe Chambal Valley (Fig-4.5)
Maps clearly bring or-rt a NW trending positivc anomaly
corridor ol 35 to 55 mGal [Link] Jhalau,ar and
There are a number of tectonic and geomorphic elements southwcst olKota whcre elevation varies 300m or less
like faults, ridges and lineaments that have strongly and which is [Link] perpendicular to GBF. Area to [Link]
influencedthe gravityfeatures inthe area (Fig.4a). The major sor-rth olBhopal is associated r,vith Gondwana grabens
feafures in the area are punctuated by several smaller feafures and characterized by gravity Iou,.
having diverse trends. As a result, no overall long range trend 3. A conspicnous and comparable [Link] lorv is alsit
is developed in the gravity data. Salient features in the observed near .Ihalar,var to Kota. A long and narrou.
Bouguer anomaly map of the area are briefly described ENE WSW grar,.ity hi-qh type structure is also
below. obsen,ed bctu,een south of Br_rndelkhand Massil and
Vindhyan Synclinc. This lidgc rvith a relief- of ll
1. Bouguer anomaly map with contour interval 2 m Gal rnGal continues up to Allahabad tolvards NE and
(Fig. a) shows the contour values fall towards the north cnds near NW ollndore and joins ntar-ry isolated hith
west side of GBF and nofih east. The gravity highs and in its path. This high [Link] be attributed to the presencr
lows corroborate the respective anticlinal and synclinal of high density r,,olcano-seclimcntary [Link] beltrn
axes of the Vindhyan basin. Vindhyans.

Fig, Ja: R-.t::. -,:t;...i-. .: t Lr - : -..:- ' . _- Bouguer anoma\- Itap trmia mGanl

GEOHORIZONS July 2013 /7

 4. The Bouguer gravity map of the Vindhyan basin reveals
10. In general. the correlation between rnasnetic
a number of elongated highs and lows indicating ancl gravitv
fbatut'es is poor. Thc [Link] f-eatut.e inlhe aerrtrnasnctic
probable_horst and graben structures separating the
SonI data is a [Link] E-\\.[Link] lou,in the ccntril part
valley_ Mndhyans from Rajasthan Vindhyans. The
ol the [Link] (Fig. ir). The centrai hieh is flankecl bv a
Bundelkhald granitic massif is associated with gravity
narrow ENE- WWS lo\\,ro the south: A dun i,ro,rttu U _
low reaching a minimum value of -70 mGal in th! W trendin_e high in the Son Vallel, parl ollhe area in lace
middle (Fig.4). f
of the lorr, as scen in gtar ttr anontall tnap. Most ollhe
fi:atures in [Link] anom:rlv ,rup i.. cither abscnt or
highly subducd in the f'jrst clerivatil.e ol RTp (Fig. g)
susgesting deep eatrsatir e.

Fig. 5A: Seisn-ric lines on aer.o-rlagnetic anornalr. (uni1_ garmral

5. A linearNNWr- SSE trcnding linear f-ezrtr-Lre extends fion.r

Kota to Bhopal to the west olthe central high. lt seerns to Acruraitnetlc [Link] ( garrlle) \lap ofChautbal \hllev
be a part of the rvestcm flanks ol narair high and ol
Malwa ridge which have been affected by Mukr-*rncla tault
(Fig. zl) and there are a number of smaller highs and
lows in
tlie Bouguer anomaly map of Chambal vali"ey sector
,1&5) presumably car-rsed by [Link] 1Fig.
in trap thickness.
6. Most impor"tant f-eature is NW- SE trcnding graviti, high
along Kota Rajgarh Bhopal sector [Link]"alpears to bc
terminatedinNWbyGBFnearBundi ancl inthe SE hv
Sanau,ad Hoshangabad lor.v (Fig. zl).
7. Another NE- SW trending gravity low, running parallel
to and NE of the abovc mentionecl grav-iiy high
coincides roughly with Jhalawar (Mukundia) fault.
8. W:.r,. of, this gravity lault lies Mandasur gravity lou..
which appears to coincicle with thicker p[_Viodhyun
sedirnents (?) as seen in the seismic sections
(Fig.[Link].14). Simriariy. the gravity lovn
in
Sanaivad Hoshangabad area also coincidles wiih inlier
of
Central Indian _eranite rvith Vindhyan sediments in the
1. 7: Aeronragnetic (RTp correctcd) Map of Chambal Vailcy
westent side surounded bv Deccan Trap in the north.
west, and south. In the East and southeastem side of the
11. The rnap of t-rrst \.ertical derivative of rnagnetic anomaly
inlier lies Narmada Son Linearlent (NSL) uhich also
(Fig. 7) of Chambal Valley is almost iden-tical
significantly inf-iuences the gr ar-itr. anomalr in this arc-a. to second
r ertical. dcrit atir.e map ol Bouguer anomaly (Fig.
10)
9. Similarly, in the total [Link] intensin,ntap suqgesting deep causatir-e and rnasnetic basernent ofthe
1Fi_e. 6lthe
increase. of magnetic values torvards SE suggeits hign al'ea.
susceptibility rocks in between low susceptible or non_
12. First and second derivative of Bouguer anomaly map
magnetic Vindhyans and crystalline basement.
(Fig._9 & 9A) is almost identical though tfre tong
Correspondin-e to gravity ridge zr magnetic lor,v is also
wavelength causatives are removed in firsiand se"ond
obsen'ed in ENE and WSW direction. Only a small parl
derivatives respectively depicting that the regional trend
ol [Link] Nlassil in the u,est is covered bv significantly influences the Bouguer uno-ily map and
'[Link]'(1t! J.l1it.
the anomaly behavior is only dependent on deep
 The ground magnetic data over the Deccan trap covered
area ofthe Vindhyan basin show large local variation i.e (high
local gradient), which indicates ground magnetic anomaly is
largely controlled by the near surface trap derived boulders of
random orientation of magnetization and therefore makes
this ground magnetic data of the Deccan Trap unsuitable for
interpretation. The extent of this effect in aeromagnetic data
is not known. Hence, no attempt has been made for
quantitative interpretation of the aeromagnetic data.

Fig.8: First derivatirc. of [Link] (RTP cotrectecl) Map.

Fig. l0: [Link] Seismic Sectron oIRFB-01-16

Fig. 9: First dcrivattve ol BousuelAnomalr

calrsati\.e. Plcthora clf sualler f'catures liar c aft-ected thc

dcrivatir,'e clata giving it a lagged look niakins
lneaningfr,rl intetpretaticu clitl'l culi.
Fig. l1; C'[Link] Scismic secrion olRFB-0I-I5

Modeling approach

Composite of seismic section and GM data along

profiles RFB-O1-16, 15,74,13,11,are given in figure 10to 14.
Gravity modeling is carried out along the seismic lines RFB-
01-16, 15, 13 (Fig. 15, 16, 17 and18). Basedonthe correlation
seen on the above mentioned composite section and the
constraints derived from the seismic, base of the Mndhvan
and location of faults etc, quantitive modelin-s has been done
along four seismic proflles and tn.o profiles along the -5 and
77 degree longitude. \'lagnetic \Iodeling ha-. n..t 'rern
attempted due to u-ide variatiLrn oinasni:i; ield rn -re [Link].
&r +e
7

Fig. q r'

GEOHORIZO-\S Juh 101-l 9

 Fig. 12: Composite Seismic section of MB_01_14 Fig. 1 5 : Cilar.,ity Modeling along [Link] I ine RFB_0 1 _ I 6 . Thc I. re
has bcen [Link] upto 60 km tor,r arcls NE ut the basis of
[Link] vahres. topographical fcature and sctsmic clatir.

Fig. l3: [Link] Seisrnic seoion of IIFB-01_13

Fig. I6 : [Link],.N4odeling akrnu seismic Iinc RFB_01_15 . Thc line
b1,gravity rise rauging fr-ont E to l0 nrGal tou,arcls Baran has becn r-\teltded up to .i0 knt tou,iuds botl.r directions
on
High in the [Link] a seis,ric t-eaturc is almost f'rat. the basis o1'graritr values. topographical features ancl
scismic clata.
This [Link] prcsence of-high clensitv crustal block [Link]
thc nortltcast. Grat,it1, *odeling has bien clone baseci o, thcse
observations.

W,#W**ry*W,reqe* ffi sw
:/

i- -""'=',,

Fig. I 7 : Clar,iry Moclcling along [Link] line ItFB_0 1 _ I 3. Thc Iinc

has been extellded up to g0 l<m in both [Link] on the
basis of grar,-it1, r..alues. [Link] [Link] ancl scisrnic
data.

The density contrasts used in the rlocleling are taken as

Fig. l,l: C'[Link] Seismic Secrion of RFB_01- l l .
tbllon.s.
Results of Gravitv N{ocleling \-[Link] [Link] : -0. i 5 to 0. 155

Mukundra fault is clear-lr, [Link] in sersmic section ol Trap : 0. 15 to 0.20

RFB-01-16 and RFB-01-15. The line RFB-01_13 ancl RFB_
01-ll does not extend to the main Mtrkundra tault. The -\ sltifi ol20 mGal is observed in all the modclins results
(trg.-
I E to 23 ) ri,hich can bc attributed to regionat tre-nd
lines have been extended torvarcls northeast (Baran Hi_eh) .the
on the basis olgrai,itv.",alue and it is observecl that iu tlis basement dcpth is coming out to be 6-7km in the deepest part
part the deepest seismic marker rises gently (a feu,hundred (gravity loi,v) of tlre dor,[Link] Block ol Mukunclra iault
rlletcr,s ) u hereas the srayin,rises sharpll,.(..-
and of 3-5m in the upthrori,n block in the near [Link]
l0 mGal). area.
 uxm. . /'

Fig. 18 : Gravity Modeling along seismic line RFB-01-11. The line Fig.21: Alternate Gravrty Model along a N-S rcgronal glavitl,
has been extended up to 60 km in both directions on the profile 76 " Longitude (BB).
basis ofgravity values, topographical features and seismic
data. the small corridol in Jhalau,ar Kota area. no other
[Link] data is available lor gravity modeling. Also no
Results of conceptual modeling of regional gravity such reported previous work has been done by any agencies
profile (AA, BB, in Fig-4) are shown in Fig -19 and 20. in this part of the Mndhyan basin. Recently, MT data is being
Chatasu low in the line BB can be attributed to fall of gravity acquired but tlrat area lies in Bhopal- .Ihalawar sector.
due to Great Boundary Fault and Gwalior low in the line AA Therefbre" lor the rest of the area. the GM data is the [Link] tool
can be partly attributed to fall of gravity due to Great fbr investigation.
Boundary Fault and due to Bundelkhand low. As per the
model it can be seen that the Mesozoic thickness in the study Conclusions
area ranges from 7- 1 0 Km and the depth oftrap ranges from
100 m to 1 km except in the Rajgarh area where the trap Thc tentative trap thickness in Chambal valley area rray
thickness mayrise to more than I km. vary fiom 100m to 1km based on gravity data intcrpretation.
The trap thickness increases in Rajgarh area and uray rise to
more than 1 kr.r.r as per gravity ntodeling along N-S Hne. The
S
basement depth rray vary dcpending upon trap thickncss
and the underlying sedimcntary thickncss. The bascment
depth ranges [Link] 4-6 km along the turo north-south
[Link] taken fbr str,rdy except in [Link] area .uvhere
basement depth is coming out to be 4-7 km frorn seisrnic
modeling.

Acknowledgement
The authors express gratitr-rde to Shri D. Sar. Executive
Director. Head KM. ONGC. Dehradun fbr his critical
Fig. 19: Conceptual Glal'ity Mocleling along a N-S rc-eional suggcstions. The author is also lerv much indebted to Shri
gravitl protilc 77'Longirude 1AA)
Kr-rldeep Prakash, General Manager (Geophysics) and Dr. D
.K. DasgLrpta" Group GcneraI Manager and Hcad ol
KDMIPE. ONGC, Dehladun, India for gir,ing pennission ro
publish this paper.

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and Tcctor-risr-n i1r cr-lttral lntl \\.-:t..:r:I: .: .,

Indra. \iol-10(- ). -J5- - -i

lrp.
Bhaldu:r.i . BD .-:
Fig.20 : Gravitv Model alon-q a N-S legional gravit1,.protilc 76.
Longitude ((BB)
'l
Limitations & Constraints
The:it.'i .,,:r::., ,.t1- -.1. ., ., ,.., . , :

GEOHORIZO\S .Tuh 101,1 11

 Crawford, A.R . (1972): Possible impact structure in India, Nature v. Deep seismrc retlection stucly over the Vindhyans ofRajasthan:
96, pp.237(5350),Crawford, A.R. and W. Compston, (1970): [Link] for geophvsical setring of [Link] basinB Rajendra
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Gravity Map Series of India (2006): A collaborative project of The Role of Bundclkhand Gr-anitc Massif ancl the [Link]
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