CHNG 1: LI M U Ngay nay, kem la mot san pham c tieu thu rong rai moi quoc gia, va thu

u hut ngi tieu dung moi la tuoi khac nhau, nhng t ngi biet rang kem co mot lch s kha lau i. Kem an xuat hien the ky th 4 trc cong nguyen, cac quoc gia nh La Ma, Trung Hoa phuc vu cho vua chua bang cach lay a lanh tren cac nh nui cao ve tron vi cac loai trai cay hoac sa tao thanh mon kem. Theo truyen thuyet th Marco Polo a mang b quyet che bien kem t Trung Quoc ve My, sau nay ngi My a bien viec san xuat kem thanh mot nen cong nghe che bien phat trien manh me. Nam 1946, ba Nancy Johnson ngi New York a phat minh ra mot loai tu lanh chuyen dung e cha kem, may lam kem ngay nay c mang ten Johnson Patent IceCream Freezer. Nam 1962, cong nghe lam kem thng mai lan au tien c cap bang sang che. Cung vi thi gian, nganh san xuat kem phat trien manh me cho ra i nhieu dong san pham: kem hop, kem ly, kem chocolate, kem trai cay, kem vani, kem corneto kem tr thanh mon an trang mieng a thch cua ca tre em lan ngi ln. Theo thong ke cua Hiep hoi kem an the gii, loai kem pho bien nhat la kem vani-29%, ke en la kem chocolate-8.9%, kem hat de va kem dau-5.3%, kem tong hp-4.2%, kem boc chocolate-3.9%, kem vanola kieu Phap-3.8%... Theo so lieu cua Hiep hoi cac nha san xuat sa va cac san pham t sa, My la quoc gia san xuat kem an ln nhat the gii vi 61.3 trieu hectolit/nam, ke en la Trung Quoc 23.6 trieu hectolit/nam. Tuy nhien, New Zealand lai la nc tieu thu kem manh me nhat the gii vi 26.3 trieu hectolit/nam, ke en la My 22.5 trieu hectolit/nam. Trung bnh, mot ngi New Zealand s dung 26.3 lit kem/nam, trong khi o mc tieu thu kem cua ngi Trung Quoc la 1.8lit/nam. Mc tieu thu kem trung bnh cua ngi Viet Nam la 0.3 lit/nam. Vit Nam cc thng hiu sn xut kem ni ting nh: kem Trng Tin, kem Vinamilk, kem.

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V KEM 1.1. THNH PHN CU TO CA KEM

Kem l h keo phc tp, trong hm lng nc (55% -64%), khong 17% cht bo sa, 13-17% ng, 8-11% cht kh khc (ng lactose, protein, mui khong) ngoi ra cn c hng liu v cht ph gia gip duy tr s n nh ca cc c cu ng bng ca kem. Kem l mt h bt v nh. Bao gm mt s phn tn ca cc ht nh (<0,5 mm) trong mt h nh. Khng kh trong kem khng pha trn vi cc cht khc, nhng hnh thc bong bng nh trong s lng ln (mt dng bt). Nh tng cng to cho sa, kem c phn tn trong bng nc. Cc phn t m dnh vo cc giao din c th n nh phn tn (nh git bong bng hay cht bo) v ngn chn s hp nht. Cc phn t ny c gi l cht nh ho. Trong kem b mt ca cc bong bng kh c bao ph bi protein sa (cht nh ho). Khi ng lnh mt na khi lng ca kem l khng kh.

Hnh 1: Hin vi in t ca kem

a = air bubbles, c = ice crystals, f = fat and s = concentrated aqueous solution a = bong bng khng kh, c = tinh th nc , f = cht bo v s = tp trung dung dch nc

Hnh 2: C cu ca kem

1.2.

NGUYN LIU TRONG SN XUT KEM to ra c cc sn phm cht lng cao ngay t nguyn liu u vo s dng

nhng nguyn liu cht lng cao, c kim tra gim st cht ch v mt cht lng, vi h thng nh cung cp uy tn, n nh. c bit gp phn lm nn hng v c trng Vit nam nguyn liu l cc ngun hoa qu, sn vt nhit i c tuyn chn rt k t cc vng c sn trong nc. Sa va cac san pham t sa:

1.2.1.

Tao nen gia tr dinh dng va hng v cho kem. Sa dung cho san xuat kem co the la sa ti, sa bot nguyen cream, sa bot gay, chat beo t sa nh cream, b, hay chat beo khan Yeu cau quan trong oi vi sa lam kem la phai co ham lng chat beo cao, lng chat beo trong sa la yeu to giup tao nen cau truc ac trng cua san pham. Ngoi ra n cn gip lm tng s phong ph ca hng v trong kem, to ra mt kt cu c tnh bi trn mt m bng khu v. h tr vic bi trn cc thng lnh trong sn xut. Gii thiu v sa Sa l 1 cht lng sinh l c tit ra t tuyn v ca ng vt v l ngun thc n nui sng ng vt non. Phn sa u tin trong 1 chu k tit sa ca ng vt c gi l sa non, n v cng phong ph protein (ln n 27%) v c bit l globulin min dch, gip cc ng vt s sinh non chng cc bnh nhim trng. Sa non l rt him khi c s dng lm thc n cho ngi v cng ch trong ch trong 1 s khu vc nht nh. Sa rt giu cht dinh dng, hu nh c cc cht cn thit cho vic to thnh cc t chc c th. Thnh phn ha hc ca sa Sa l 1 hn hp vi cc thnh phn chnh bao gm nc, lactose, protein v cc cht bo. Ngoi ra sa cn cha 1 s cht khc vi hm lng nh nh cc hp cht cha nit phi protein, vitamine, hormone, cc cht mu v kh. ng lactose Lactose l 1 disaccharide do 1 phn t glucose v 1 phn t galactose lin kt vi nhau to thnh. Trong sa ng lactose tn ti di 2 dng: -lactose v -lactose. T l hm lng gia 2 loi ny cn ph thuc vo gi tr pH v nhit ca sa Cc hp cht c cha nit + Protein(95%)
4

+ Casein(7585%): Casein l thnh phn protein ch yu c trong sa, chng tn ti di dng micelle. Mi micelle cha khong 65% nc, phn cn li l cc loi casein v khong(gm calci, magie, phosphate v citrate). +Protein ha tan(1525%), cc hp cht cha nito phi protein(5%): acid amin t do, nucleotide, ure, acid uric. + Enzyme Chng do tuyn v tit ra hoc do cc vi sinh vt trong sa tng hp nn. enzyme l nhng cht xc tc phn ng c bn cht l protein. S c mt ca enzyme trong sa l nguyn nhn chnh gy bin i thnh phn ha hc ca sa trong qu trnh bo qun, t lm gim cht lng hoc h hng sa. Mt s enzyme c vai tr khng khun, chng tham gia vo vic n nh cht lng cht lng sa trong qu trnh bo qun trc khi ch bin. Gm 1 s loi: lactoperoxydase, lipase, phosphatase, lysozyme, protease. Cht bo + Lipid n gin: Triglyceride + Lipid phc tp: _Hp cht vi glycerol _Hp cht vi sphingosine

Khong - Hm lng cht khong trong sa dao ng t 810g/l,cc mui trong sa dng ha tan hoc dung dch keo. - Calci, phosphore, magie chim hm lng cao nht, 1 phn tham gia vo cu trc micelle, 1 phn tn ti di dng mui ha tan. - Cc nguyn t kali, natri, clo ng vai tr cht in li(electrolyte). Cng vi lactose, chng gp phn cn bng p lc thm thu ca sa trong bu v ng vt vi p lc mu. - Thng thng vo cui chu k tit sa, c bit khi con vt vim v, hm lng NaCl tng vt lm cho sa c v mn. - Ngoi ra, sa cn c cc nguyn t khc nh Zn, Fe, I, Cu, Mo chng cn thit cho qu trnh dinh dng ca con ngi.1 s nguyn t c hi nh Pb v As i khi cng c tm thy dng vt trong sa b. Vitamine - Vitamine ha tan trong nc gm: B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, C: c tng hp ch yu trong ngn th nht d dy ca nhm ng vt nhai li, khng b nh hng bi ngoi cnh - Vitamine ha tan trong cht bo: A, D, E: b nh hng su sc bi thnh phn thc n v thi tit Hormone
5

Do tuyn ni tit tit ra v gi vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh sinh trng ca ng vt. Chia thnh 3 nhm: proteohormone, hormone peptide, hormone steoride. Hm lng prolactine trong sa b l 50g/ml, trong sa non l 230g/l. Cc hp cht khc Trong sa b cn cha cc cht kh: CO2, O2, N2, chim 5% n 6% th tch sa,tn ti dng ha tan,dng lin kt ha hc vi cc cht khc v dng phn tn. Ngi ta cn pht hin trong sa cn cha: cht khng sinh, cht ty ra, kim loi nng, nguyn t phng x, Chng tn ti dng vt v gy c cho con ngi, b nhim vo t ngun thc n ng vt, mi trng bn ngoi hoc do vi sinh vt trong sa ung hp nn. ng: ng giup tao v ngot, hieu chnh ham lng chat kho, tang gia tr dinh dng va gop phan tao cau truc san pham. Ngoai ng lactose co san trong sa, thng s dung ng saccharose, ng nghch ao va syrup giau fructose. Tu theo cc sn phm khc nhau m sn xut phi trn cc loi ng theo nhng t l ring cho ra v ngt mong mun. My va Chau Au con s dung chat ngot ngheo gia tr dinh dng nh sorbitol, aspartam, polydextrose e san xuat kem phuc vu cho ngi b tieu ng hay beo ph.
1.2.2.

1.2.3. Chat beo: Chat beo la thanh phan chu yeu tham gia vao cau truc cua kem, co the s dung dau thc vat nh dau nanh, dau cai, dau da hay dau hng dng ket hp vi chat beo cua sa e san xuat kem. Ham lng cht bo co the chiem 610% khoi lng kem thanh pham. Cht bo trong kem c vai tr rt quan trng to nn hng v ca sn phm. 1.2.4. Chat nhu hoa: Chat nhu hoa co vai tro tang kha nang lien ket gia cac hat cau beo, ieu nay quyet nh ln en kha nang gi nc cua kem. Trong san xuat kem co the s dung chat nhu hoa thong dung nh long o trng nhng gia thanh thng kha cao, ngoai ra co cac loai chat nhu hoa khac re tien hn nh monoglyxeride hay diglyceride, cac ester cua sorbitol hay cua cac phan t ng

 th 1: nh hng ca cht nh ha v bt n cht bo trong kem

1.3.5. Chat on nh:

Cac chat on nh tao ra mang li khong gian e han che s chuyen ong t do cua cac phan t nc, nh o trong qua trnh lanh ong hon hp nguyen lieu e san xuat kem, cac tinh the a xuat hien se co kch thc nho, kem tr nen ong nhat. Ngoi ra cn n nh cc bt khng kh v gi hng liu trong s phn tn. Cc cht n nh c nhim v ngn chn s tng trng tinh th lactose v lm chm, gim s tng trng tinh th nc trong qu trnh bo qun. Bn cnh khi s dng cc cht n nh cng gp mt s hn ch nh: xut hin cc c tnh tan chy khng mong mun do nht qu cao, khi lng tinh th ln Chat on nh dung cho san xuat kem thng co ban chat protein nh gelatin, casein, albumin, globuline hay carbohydrate nh agar-agar, gum arabic, CMC (carboxymethylcellulose).

 th 2: nh hng ca cht n nh trong kem

1.3.6. Chat tao hng:

Hng lieu cung vi s tao hnh kem tao ra s a dang cho san pham kem. Cac loai hng lieu thng s dung nh vanilla, mui cam, mui sau rieng, dau, chocolate, mui ca phe Chung c trch ly t thc vat hoac c san xuat bang phng phap tong hp hoa hoc. Ngoai ra, trong san xuat kem, ngi ta cung co the bo sung tht qua cat nho, cac loai hat (ho ao, hanh nhan, ph, hach, ho tran, au phong, ieu), bot cacao, dch chocolate Nhng nguyen lieu tren ngoai muc ch tao hng con giup tang gia tr dinh dng cho kem thanh pham.
1.3.7. Chat mau:

Mau sac tao s loi cuon hap dan cho kem t cai nhn au tien. Cac nhom san pham can tao mau la cac san pham kem co hng v trai cay. Kem co hng v trai cay nao th can co mau cua loai trai cay ay, v du nh kem nho can co mau nau o, kem sau rieng co mau vang Nhom chat mau t nhien co o ben mau kem hn so vi chat mau tong hp trong ieu kien san xuat cong nghiep. Viec s dung chat mau tuan theo quy nh s dung phu gia moi quoc gia.
1.3.8. Nc 8

Nc co tac dung tao tinh the a, tao o cng can thiet va tao cam giac mat lanh khi s dung san pham. Nc l thnh phn thit yu trong kem. Nc c tc dng to tinh th , to cng cn thit v to cm gic mt lnh khi s dng sn phm. Nc dng trong sn xut l nc n sung bnh thng. Nc ung c, khng mu, trong sut, khng c amoniac, H2S hoc axit t nito. Trong nc ung c phi khng c vi sinh vt gy bnh. Cc ch s v sch ca nc phi theo ng tiu chun nh nc. cng ca nc (c trng bng hm lng Ca2+ v Mg2+ ) c ngha quan trng trong sn xut thc phm, v ca nc cng khng ngon v nc ny khng dng trong cng nghip sn xut cc loi bn, bnh canh, ph tic. cng ca nc thng c quy nh khng qu 7-9mg ng lng trong 1 lt.
1.3.9. Nguyen lieu khac:

Khong kh Khong kh giup cho san pham co o mem, xop.

Acid: Viec bo sung acid hu c nh acid citric, acid tartricngoai viec tao o chua thch hp cho kem, con co tac dung c che s phat trien cua mot so vi sinh vat co trong san pham. Phu gia chong vi sinh vat Thng s dung natri benzoat, tuy nhien nhieu nc tren the gii khong cho phep s dung phu gia nay.
Tinh bot

Trong cong thc kem cua nhieu nc tren the gii thng khong s dung, nhng cac nha san xuat kem cua Viet Nam thng s dung tinh bot bnh thng hay tinh bot bien tnh nham muc ch gia tang o ket dnh cua khoi kem.

CHNG II: QUY TRNH CONG NGHE 2.1. QUY TRNH CNG NGH

10

Nguyen lieu chnh: Sa, cream, bot sa gay, syrup ng

Nguyen lieu phu: chat tao nhu, chat on nh mau, mui

Chuan b

Phoi tron ong hoa Thanh trung U chn Lanh ong s bo

Chuan b

Hop /ly

Rot hop/ly Lanh ong ket thuc

o khuon Lanh ong trung gian Que at que vao khuon kem Lanh ong ket thuc Thao khuon Tao mang bao chocolate Bao b Thung Bao goi Xep vao thung Kem que

Thun g

Xep vao thung Kem hop/ly

2.2.

GIAI THCH QUY TRNH CONG NGHE:

11

2.2.1. Chuan b nguyen lieu Nguyen lieu c nh lng theo ung cong thc phoi tron cho moi loai kem san xuat. Nguyen lieu kho c em can, nguyen lieu dang long co the can hay o the tch e xac nh ham lng can s dung. oi vi chat beo phai c gia nhiet len 35-50oC e de phoi tddoanjp 2.2.2. Giai on phoi tron Mc ch: to hn hp ng nht, chun b cho qu trnh ng ha. Trong qu trnh trn khng c s bin i nhiu v ha hc, ha sinh. Nguyen lieu c a vao thiet b phoi tron theo mot trat t nhat nh, s dung qua trnh c hoc e lam nguyen lieu c ong nhat. S dung thiet b phoi tron hnh tru ng vi bo phan ieu nhiet va canh khuay hoat ong toc o cao, nhiet o phoi tron thng la 50-65oC. Co the ket hp loc va bai kh sau phoi tron nham muc ch tang hieu qua truyen nhiet, ho tr qua trnh ong hoa va thanh trung.

12

Hnh 3: He thong bon phoi tron cua Tetra Pak

2.2.2. Qu trnh ong hoa

Mc ch ca qu trnh ng ha: trong san xuat kem, hon hp nguyen lieu thng co cha ham lng chat beo cao, do vay phai s dung qua trnh ong hoa nham lam giam kch thc cac hat beo va phan bo eu chung trong hon hp. Thit b s dng: ta s dung thiet b ong hoa hai cap, ap suat dao ong trong khoang 140-250bar. Hon hp c gia nhiet len 65-75oC trc khi vao thiet b ong hoa. Giai oan ong hoa au tien thng s dung 2/3 en 3/4 ap lc tong, kch thc hat phan tan sau ong hoa la 10-12 microns. Tac ong cua ap suat en qua trnh:

13

Hnh 4: Tac nhan ap suat anh hng en cac hat cau beo trong he nhu tng. A) Mau tham khao, 141-35 kg/cm2; B) Khong ong hoa; C) 281-35 kg/cm 2 ; D) 35 kg/cm 2. 800. ong hoa ap suat ong hoa ap suat cao thap Kch thc Kch thc cua cac Kch thc hat cau hat cau beo phan beo ln hn, tuy tan nho en mc theo yeu cau san toi a (0.1-0.3 m) pham. Tnh chat, cam Giup on nh Be mat kem quan bot kh va tao khong on s trn bong nh. be mat kem. S phan bo S phan bo khong ong pha phan tan eu. tr nen ong eu, cau truc on nh. Giam o nht Tranh hien tng ket tinh a. Chat tao nhu Can chat tao nhu Yeu cau chat tao nhieu hn nhu khong cao. S tan chay Khong tac ong Lam cham s tan en s tan chay chay kem nhng lam mat mat 1 lng nho chat beo. Chi ph nang Tieu ton nang Tiet kiem 1 phan lng lng nhieu. nang lng Ap suat Ap suat cao t Ap suat thap t 4000-30000 psi, tuy 500-2500 psi lng beo trong khoi tron. Khoi kem sau pha ac biet oi vi oi vi khoi co tron khoi t beo (pha ham lng chat phan tan t) muon kho cao va nhieu tao s ong nhat beo, san pham hn na th bat khong oi hoi o buoc phai s dung ong nhat toi a th
14

co the ap dung phng phap nay cho ton nang lng. oi tng san ng dung cho dong ng dung oi vi pham san pham cao cap, san pham co s oi hoi chat lng ket hp pha phan cam quan sau sac. tan mc o va phai. Chi ph thiet b Cao, oi hoi o ket oi hoi t hn cau vng chac cua thiet b. Chi ph van hanh Cao Thap
2.2.3. Qu trnh thanh trung

phng phap nay.

Mc ch ca giai on thanh trng: e tieu diet hoac c che he vi sinh vat va enzyme, v hn ch cc bin i v nguyn liu do nhit . i vi cc sn phm nguyn liu l sa u qua qu trnh thanh trng. Cch thc hin: ch o thanh trung thng c chon la 83-85oC trong 15 giay, hoac thanh trung 63oC trong 30 phut. Trong thc te san xuat 2 qua trnh thanh trung va ong hoa thng c tien hanh xen ke. au tien hon hp nguyen lieu c dan vao thiet b trao oi nhiet e hieu chnh nhiet o, sau o c dan vao thiet b ong hoa, roi lai c quay tr lai thiet b trao oi nhiet e thanh trung va lam nguoi.

15

Hnh 5: Thiet b thanh trung HTST 2.2.4. Giai on chn Mc ch ca qu trnh ny: lm cho hn hp nguyn liu t c mt s tnh cht ha l cn thit, chun b cho qu trnh lnh ng tip theo. Phng php thc hin: nguyn liu sau khi thanh trng v ng ha c lm lnh v 2-40C, sau em i chn. Qua trnh u chn c thc hien trong thiet b vo ao trong 4-24 gi, nhiet o 2-4oC. Lp vo ao ben ngoai co tac dung lam lanh va cach nhiet, han che s ton that nang lng, ben trong thiet b co canh khuay hoat ong lien tuc, khuay cham va eu an. Nhng bin i trong qu trnh chn: cac chat protein se c hydrate hoa hoan toan, mot phan chat beo ket tinh, mot so phan t protein se hap phu len be mat tiep xuc pha gia cac hat cau beo va pha lien tuc. Ket qua lam cho kem thu c sau qua trnh lanh ong se co cau truc mn va ong nhat. Qua trnh u chn c thc hien trong thiet b vo ao trong 4-24 gi, nhiet o 2-4oC. Lp vo ao ben ngoai co tac dung lam lanh va cach nhiet, han che s ton that nang lng, ben trong thiet b co canh khuay hoat ong lien tuc, khuay cham va eu an.
16

Hnh 6: Thiet b u chn

2.2.5. Qu trnh lanh ong s b

Qua trnh nay co hai muc ch quan trong: - Thoi mot lng khong kh vao hon hp nguyen lieu e lam tang the tch cua chung. - Lanh ong mot phan nc trong hon hp e tao cac tinh the a vi kch thc that nho va ong nhat, ong thi phan bo eu cac tinh the a nay trong hon hp. Tuy thuoc vao loai san pham ma lng khong kh thoi vao hon hp la khac nhau. Thong thng, the tch hon hp sau khi nap khong kh tang t 80-100%. Cac bot kh that mn xuat hien trong kem se tao nen cau truc ac trng cho san pham. Khong kh c s dung trong san xuat kem can c x ly bi he thong loc nham loai cac tap chat nh bui va vi sinh vat nham am bao chat lng cua kem thanh pham. Trong giai oan lanh ong s bo co khoang 30-70% lng nc ket tinh, tuy theo phng phap tao hnh kem ma ngi ta se hieu chnh ty le nc ket tinh giai oan nay cho phu hp. Sau qua trnh lanh ong s bo ta thu c kem ban thanh pham vi cau truc rat mem va xop. Tiep theo tuy theo tng qua trnh tao hnh se thc hien theo cac phng phap khac nhau, se c trnh bay chi tiet phan gii thieu thiet b san xuat. 2.2.6. Qu trnh to hnh Mc ch ca qu trnh lm cng: to vng chc cho cu trc kem v to hnh cho sn phm. Sn phm kem sau khi ra khi thit b lnh ng s b c th c chia thnh hai loi: - Nhm khng cn lm cng to hnh
17

- Nhm cn lm cng to hnh

Phng php lm cng: nguyn liu sau khi lm lnh ng s b c ua qua h thng lm cng. H thng ny c bn cht nh mt my lnh, nhit gin lnh c th t ti -800C, thi gian lu ca nguyn liu trong giai on ny l khng qu 2 pht. Mi cht lnh thung s dng l NH3, N2 lng, hay kh CO2. Nhng bin i trong qu trnh ny: nc c kt tinh hon ton nc trong sn phm, qu trinh ny thc hin nhanh, to ra cc tinh th rt nh; iu ny lm cho kem c cu trc cng chc nhng vn c xp khi s dng. 2.2.7. Qu trnh lnh ng kt thc Sau khi lm cng hay ta hnh cho kem th kem s c qua qu trnh lnh ng kt thc. Mc ch ca qu trnh ny gip kem sau khi to hnh s c hnh dng nht nh. Thit b lnh ng c gii thiu chng 3. Trong sn xut th giai on to hnh v lnh ng kt thc lun c thc hin trong cng mt thit b. 2.2.8. Cc qu trnh khc c gii thiu chung 3

CHNG 3: GII THIEU THIET B SAN XUAT THIT B LM LNH Lanh ong la ha nhiet o cua san pham xuong di nhiet o ket tinh cua nc trong san pham o. Co 3 phng phap lam lanh ong chnh la: + Lanh ong bang thiet b hoat ong theo chu trnh lanh.
3.1. 18

+ Lanh ong bang cach tiep xuc vi chat tai lanh bang kim loai. + Lanh ong bang cach nhung trong kh nen long. Trong cong nghe lam kem th thiet b hoat ong theo chu trnh lanh c s dung pho bien, Thiet b nay hoat ong theo chu trnh lanh gom 4 giai oan: +Giai oan 1: Tac nhan lanh c may nen kh nen di ap suat cao e hoa long. +Giai oan 2: Tac nhan lanh long c cho qua thiet b ngng tu e toa an nhiet (ngng tu) ra moi trng ben ngoai (dan nong). +Giai oan 3: Tac nhan lanh long sau khi i qua thiet b ngng tu c cho vao van tiet lu. Khi i qua van tiet lu, tac nhan lanh long b giam ap suat ot ngot, boc hi. +Giai oan 4: Tac nhan lanh boc hi trong thiet b boc hi. V qua trnh nay thu nhiet nen moi trng xung quanh thiet b boc hi b mat nhiet lng, giam nhiet o xuong. Trong phng phap lanh ong bang thiet b hoat ong theo chu trnh lanh ta co 2 phng phap lanh ong kem thng c s dung la: 3.1.1. Lanh ong gian oan

Lanh ong tng lng hon hp phoi tron tai mot thi iem, lien tuc thao hon hp kem ra. Thiet b lanh ong gian oan th t phc tap hn so vi thiet b lanh ong lien tuc. Trong moi me thc hien qua trnh lanh ong th san pham c o lng, bo sung mau, mui va lanh ong rieng biet tng phan. Kieu lanh ong nay c chon s dung khi san xuat kem quy mo nho hoac th nghiem san xuat san pham trong phong th nghiem. Lanh ong gian oan th t ton kem chi ph lap at hn lanh ong lien tuc va no cho phep tao ra nhng san pham kem co mui ac biet vi the tch nho, qua trnh ong goi c thc hien thu cong. Lanh ong gian oan thong thng c thc hien trong thiet b hnh tru nam ngang co sc cha nguyen lieu t 15-40 lit. Nhiet o cua moi chat lam lanh thng c ha xuong -23C-29C e hnh thanh nhng tinh the a nho, tuy nhien cac tinh the a tao ra trong san pham khi thc hien qua trnh lanh ong gian oan van ln hn so vi phng phap lanh ong lien tuc. Lanh ong gian oan thng c s dung cho me kem co the tch 2-40L, moi me mat 15-20 phut e thc hien qua trnh lanh ong.
19

Hnh 7: Thit b lanh ong s bo hoat ong gian oan

3.1.2. Lanh ong lien tuc

La phng phap c phat trien gan ay, phng phap nay co the at c nang suat len en 150-3000L/h. Phng phap nay c ap dung cho san xuat quy mo ln. Phng thc van hanh: hon hp kem c bm lien tuc vao thiet b lanh ong hnh tru, kh se c cung cap bi may nen. Nhiet o trung bnh cua kem khi lanh ong lien tuc la khoang -5C khi nhiet o tac nhan lanh cua dan bay hi ong xoan -30C, tai nhiet o nay th 40% tong lng nc trong kem b ong bang Thiet b lanh ong lien tuc Hoyer cua tap oan Tetra Pak co dung tch hoat ong la 10l/h-4000l/h.
3.1.3. Thiet b lnh ng Hoyer KF

Thiet b Hoyer KF c cung cap cho nhng nha may san xuat kem tren quy mo ln, c t ong hoa va san pham at tieu chuan chat lng cao. Thiet b Hoyer KF th hoan toan khac cac thiet b lanh ong khac cac yeu to c ban nh: toan bo thiet b c lam bang thep khong r, co gng quan sat e biet c qua trnh lanh ong ket thuc, thep khong r chu c s va cham va co the dng qua trnh lanh ong mot cach de dang. Moi loai model cua thiet b nay eu co he thong ieu khien, van hanh khac nhau. N-model c ieu khien bang cach nhan cac nut ieu khien chnh nh: moto, lanh ong va bm. Overrun control at c bang cach thng xuyen duy tr ap lc khong kh . XC-model la mot thiet b lanh ong hoat ong c ieu khien hoan toan t ong. u iem cua thiet b nay la: de
20

dang van hanh thiet b, co man hnh vi tnh the hin o th va cac thong tin nh: nhiet o va lu lng phoi tron, nhiet o cua kem, lu lng khong kh, o nht cua kem Model Hoyer KF 80 Hoyer KF 500N Hoyer KF 500XC Hoyer KF 1000N Hoyer KF 1000N-2 Hoyer KF 1000XC Hoyer KF 2000N Hoyer KF 2000XC Hoyer KF 3000XC Hoyer KF 4000XC Nng sut (l/h) 10-100 75-500 50-500 150-1000 100-1000 100-1000 350-2300 230-2300 300-3000 400-4000

600): la thiet b hnh tru c lam lanh theo chieu doc, be mat c ma Cr. Mot bm piston dung e o lng hon hp kem va lng kh vao.

3.Thiet b lanh ong Hoyer Figus (gom cac model t 200-

Hnh 8: Thiet b lanh ong Hoyer Figus Model Hoyer Figus 200 Hoyer Figus 300 Hoyer Figus 400 Nng sut (l/h) 90-220 180-300 170-450
21

Hoyer Figus 600 Hoyer Figus 1200

150-600 106-317

Trong san xuat kem ngi ta s dung thiet b lanh ong co ong chay (continous ice cream barral freezer). ay la thiet b lanh ong lam viec lien tuc. Cau tao cua thiet b lanh dung trong san xuat kem nh sau:

Hnh 9 : Mo hnh cau tao cua thiet b lanh ong s bo Nguyen ly hoat ong cua no giong nh may lanh cong nghiep, tuy nhien cau tao cua no khac vi may lanh cong nghiep. iem khac nhau chnh la c cau lam lanh dang ong barrel freezer co cau truc nh sau

Hnh 10: Cau truc barrel freezer cua may lanh ong s bo ay la mot ong dai co nhieu lp. Trong o co lp cach nhiet, lp tai lanh va phan loi cha hon hp nguyen lieu. Trong phan loi nay co canh khuay. au ra cau ong
22

con co them dao cao va cac khe e ay kem ra ngoai. Thiet b nay lam viec che o lien tuc, thi gian e nguyen lieu chay suot ng ong khoang 15-20 phut. Ong co the ong bang khoang 50-70% nc trong nguyen lieu. Hon hp nguyen lieu khi i vao ong va c lanh ong, va c khuay tron k. ieu nay lam cho cac tinh the a rat nho, tao nen o xop cho san pham. Mat khac, do nc trong san pham cha ong bang het nen nguyen lieu ra khoi thiet b van con o set, o mem nhat nh. V vay, thiet b nay con c goi la thiet b lanh ong s bo. Nguyen lieu ra khoi thiet b dang paste, sau o nguyen lieu c phoi tron vi mt, trai cay mieng, au phong, hanh nhan va chuyen qua giai oan tao hnh.

Hnh 11: Thit b lnh ng s b

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Hnh 12: u ra ca berrel freezer

Hnh 13: Sn phm dng paste sau qu trnh lnh ng s b

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THIT B LM CNG, TO HNH 3.2.1. Qua trnh lam cng

3.2.

Qua trnh lam cng tao o vng chac cho cau truc kem va tao hnh cho san pham. San pham kem sau khi ra khoi thiet b lanh ong s bo co the c chia thanh hai nhom: Nhom khong can lam cng tao hnh: bao gom kem hop, kem ti, cung cap cho cac may ban kem lu ong, kem cung cap cho nha hang, nha san xuat thc an e bo sung vao san pham cua mnh. Vi nhom san pham nay, kem sau khi lam lanh ong s bo c rot trc tiep vao hop, bnh cha e trong kho lanh hay van chuyen trc tiep en ni s dung. Nhom can lam cng tao hnh: nhom nay gom kem cay, cac loai kem co hnh dang, kem sau khi c lam lanh ong s bo se c a vao may lam cng tao hnh. Lam cng thc chat la qua trnh ket tinh hoan toan nc trong san pham, qua trnh nay phai c thc hien nhanh, tao ra cac tinh the a rat nho; ieu nay lam cho kem co cau truc cng chac nhng van co o xop khi s dung. Nguyen lieu sau khi c lam lanh ong s bo c a qua he thong lam cng. He thong nay co ban chat nh mot may lanh, nhiet o gian lanh co the at en -80oC, thi gian lu cua nguyen lieu khong qua 2 phut. Moi chat lanh thng s dung la NH3, Nit long hay a kho CO2.

Hnh 14 : Nguyen ly hoat ong cua c cau lam cng.

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Nguyen lieu c van chuyen trong cac ng ong, moi chat lanh hay khong kh lanh c phun trc tiep vao khoang khong gian gia cac ong. C cau tao hnh thng c tch hp cung vi c cau lam cng thanh mot he thiet b. Co the tao hnh roi lam cng hoac ngc lai. Tao hnh trc, lam cng sau, c cau lam cng dang bang tai: nguyen lieu sau khi tao hnh c at len bang tai, khong kh lanh c thoi trc tiep vao he thong, bang tai chuyen ong a nguyen lieu vao buong lanh e lam cng.

Hnh 15: C cau lam cng dang bang tai Tao hnh sau khi lam cng, s dung he thong lam cng dang ong: nguyen lieu c nap vao cac ong, he thong ong nay c at trong buong lanh, khong gian gia cac ong cung c thoi khong kh lanh vi toc o cao. Tuy nhien nguyen lieu khong tiep xuc trc tiep vi chat tai lanh, ngay nay ngi ta s dung moi chat lanh bay hi trc tiep phan khong gian nay, ieu nay giup giam ton that nhiet va chi ph cho quat gio. Tuy nhien cau tao cua buong lam cng dang nay phc tap hn, oi hoi o kn nghiem ngat e tranh lam thoat moi chat lanh.

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Hnh 16:Thiet b dang ong tunnel Li ch cua phng phap lam cng nhanh: - Chat lng tot hn. - Cau truc kem mn hn. - t b anh hng khi bao goi bang ba cng trong qua trnh cat gi va phan phoi. - Tnh on nh kem tot hn trong cac bao b co kch thc va hnh dang . - Chi ph nhan cong va van chuyen thap hn. Cac phng phap lam cng thong dung: Lam ong lanh Nhung chm Khuon kim loai (a, tam) oi lu khong kh Ket hp khuon kim loai va oi lu khong kh a) Lam cng bang phng phap lanh ong: u iem: - Thi gian lu gi kem ngan - Cau truc be mat kem rat mn - Chat lng toan bo san pham tot hn Nhc iem: - Ton chi ph - Quy trnh yeu cau khu vc sx rat ton kem - Cac bo phan may moc phai am bao ve sinh
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Hnh 17: Lam cng bang phng phap lanh ong (cryogenic hardening) Lam cng bang phng phap nhung chm: u iem: - Phng phap tot nhat e lam san pham dang que - Thi gian lu gi san pham ngan nhat - Toc o san xuat nhanh vi mc o t ong hoa cao - Chat lng san pham cao - Qua trnh truyen nhiet hieu qua cao Nhc iem - Qui trnh he thong n le - Yeu cau khu vc san xuat ton kem - Yeu cau thiet b phai am bao ve sinh - Mot vai bo phan thiet b thai nc tha nhieu - S hao hut san pham trong qua trnh san xuat tng oi cao - Chi ph cho tng bo phan san xuat cao
b)

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Hnh 18: thiet b lam cng bang phng phap nhung chm c) Lam cng trong khuon: u iem - San xuat san pham co dang hnh vuong hay hnh ch nhat - Thi gian lu gi san pham ngan nhat - Qua trnh truyen nhiet hieu qua - Yeu cau khoang khong gian nho vi chi ph san xuat t ton kem - S ton that trong qua trnh lam cng rat t Nhc iem: - Khoang 5% san pham co hnh dang khong ong eu - Ton chi ph cho nhng san pham khong c lam cng - San pham b anh hng khi khong c rot ay - Yeu cau nhiet o lam ong thap

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Hnh 19: thiet b lam cng dang tam (plate) d) Lam cng trong pallet vi luong khong kh lanh: u iem: - n gian ve may moc so voi cac phng phap oi lu khong kh khac - au t chi ph thap - Kch thc bao goi a dang - Chi ph bao dng may thap Nhc iem: - Hieu qua lam cng thap - Yeu cau theo doi nghiem ngat e am bao chat lng san pham - Chi ph nhan cong cao - S hao hut san pham cao - Hnh dang ong goi khong ep

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Hnh 20: Thiet b lam cng trong pallet vi luong khong kh lanh. e) Lam cng bang day chuyen xoan oc: u iem: - May moc n gian hn so vi phng phap oi lu khong kh t ong - khac - Hieu qua lam cng cao v cac thong so cai trc - au t von t thap ti va phai - Lam cng ong thi cac san pham co kch c khac nhau - S hao hut san pham thap - Kch thc co san trong he thong t 250GPH Nhc iem: - Day ai ch san pham gii han 10lbs/ft - Quat s dung yeu cau nang lng cao - Kho khan trong qua trnh ong goi t ong khi nang suat cao - Chi ph bao dng cao( chi ph day ai =35% tong chi ph may)

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Hnh 21: thiet b lam cng bang day chuyen xoan oc.
f) Lam cng bang phng phap s dung cac

khay gia chuoi lien tuc (Tray between continuos chain): u iem: - Thiet b n gian nhat so vi thiet b lam cng bang phng phap lam cng bang oi lu khong kh san pham loai khay - S di chuyen dong oi giup qua trnh lam cng hieu qua hn - Chi ph au t va phai - Lam cng ong thi cac san pham kch thc khac nhau - S ton that trong qua trnh lam cng rat t - He thong khong kh hoat ong hieu qua nen tiet kiem nang lng va giam chi ph - He thong nho 250GPH Nhc iem: - Toc o vat lieu:2500GPH - Khong thch hp cho san xuat ong thi nhieu day chuyen - Chi ph bao dng cao hn so v phng phap tray/transport type systems

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Hnh 22: Thiet b lam cng Tray between continuos chain

g) Lam cng bang phng phap thi gian lu

bien oi Varible Retention Time(VRT) u iem: - Cho phep thay oi thi gian lu san pham vi he thong co kch thc khac nhau - De dang hoat ong vi cac day chuyen t ong - Lam cng ong thi cac san pham kch thc khac nhau - Toc o san xuat cao (tren 10000 GPH) Nhc iem: - Chi ph cho cac khay cao - Chng trnh van hanh phc tap - Yeu cau ap suat cao, khong thay oi, nang lng cao - He thong kch thc nho khoang 1500GPH - Chi ph bao dng cao

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Hnh 23: Thiet b lam cng VRT h) Lam cng bang cach van chuyen nhieu khay: u iem: - He thong khong kh dong oi giup lam cng tot hn - Chi ph bao tr thap vi th gian s dung lau (tren 30 nam) - He thong khong kh hieu qua giam chi ph va nang lng - Lam cng ong thi cac san pham kch thc khac nhau - Thiet b n gian nhat so vi thiet b lam cng bang phng phap oi lu khong kh san pham loai khay - Chi ph au t va phai - He thong 10000GPH Nhc iem: - He thong phc tap hn so vi - He thong day ai xoan - He thong nho nhat 750GPH
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Hnh 24: Thiet b lam cng bang cach van chuyen nhieu khay 3.2.2. Qua trnh tao hnh: Thiet b tao hnh cho kem que: Qua trnh tao hnh cho kem que co 2 giai oan: Giai oan phan chia nguyen lieu: nguyen lieu co dang ong dai va c cat thanh tng thanh (bar) co kch thc phu hp. Kch thc cua cac thanh co the c ieu chnh bang toc o chay cua bang tai va tan so hoat ong cua dao cat. Co 2 dang phan chia: theo chieu ngang (Horizontal etrusion) va chieu thang ng ( Vertical etrusion).

35

Hnh 25: Thiet b ep un ngang

Hnh 26: Thiet b ep un ng.

Hnh 27: Thiet b tao hnh lam cng ket hp

Giai oan tao hnh cho cac phan nho: cac phan nho c may ep khuon nh hnh thanh cac hnh dang a dang nh hnh que, hnh thu vat

36

 Thiet b tao hnh cho kem conerto: Corneto la kem c rot trong banh xop (cone). Quy trnh tao kem conerto khong can may phan chia nguyen lieu hay may ep khuon, ch can may rot kem. Nguyen tac hoat ong cung gan nh may rot kem hop.

Hnh 28: Thiet b rot kem conerto vi 8 au rot.

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Thiet b tren co the rot cung luc cho 8 banh cone. Moi ong rot kem cho mot banh cone co nhieu ong nho ben trong, moi ong nho c nap nhieu loai kem, chung khac nhau ve mau sac, mui v. Khi c bm en au ra cac loai kem nay se hoa quyen lai vi nhau, tao cho san pham co hnh thc rat bat mat vi nhieu lp kem xem ke. Hnh dang kem a dang con c tao ra bi au phun, cac au phun khac nhau se tao ra hnh dang kem khac nhau, v du nh hnh xoan oc, hnh vo so, hnh thap

Hnh 29: Mot so loai au phun va san pham cua no Thiet b tao lp ao chocolate Thiet b tao lp ao chocolate bao gom mot bon cha chocolate c pha vi mot so cac nguyen lieu phu khac nh au phong, hanh nhanKem cay sau khi c tach khuon, a qua bon cha dung dch chocolate 40oC e tao ra mot lp ao chocolate cho san pham roi c a vao thiet b bao goi.

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Hnh 30: Cac que kem c ao chocolate, hoac 1 lp mau cam.

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Hnh 31: Day chuyen phan chia, ep khuon, gan que va bao ao chocolate

DY CHUYN SN XUT KHP KN

Hnh 32: Dy chuyn sn xut kem khp kn t ng y l mt dy chuyn sn xut hin i khp kn - t ng hon ton t khu u ti khu cui, c th sn xut c cc sn phm : Kem cy, kem cc cc loi, kem c qu v cc loi kem hp 500ml, 1 lt, 5 lt.

40

CHNG 4: SAN PHAM 4.1. Bao quan Kem thanh pham c bao quan trong phong lanh -30oC, do ac thu rieng ve cau truc, kem thanh pham can c bao quan trong ieu kien ung quy nh e tranh nhng bien oi va h hong ve mat chat lng. Tai c s san xuat, nhiet o bao quan la -30 oC. Kem c van chuyen bang xe lanh 25oC t nha may en ni phan phoi va tieu thu. Ngi tieu dung nen tr kem nhiet o khong ln hn -18oC. Neu nhiet o tang cao khi bao quan, se lam cho lp kem be mat chay ra, gay bien dang san pham va anh hng en cau truc cua kem. Khi ta tien hanh lanh ong tr lai, mot phan ng lactose trong sa co the b ket tinh, va ngi tieu dung se cam nhan c cac tinh the nay khi s dung kem. Bao quan ung quy nh, thi gian bao quan co the keo dai t 6-9 thang.
Cc thit b dng trong phn phi kem : - Cc loi xe vn ti lnh chuyn dng. - Thng ch hng chuyn dng. - Cc loi t ng trng by kem trang b cho cc i l phn phi (nhiu kch c)

bo qun v trng by kem ti i l.

- Quy trnh sn xut v phn phi ng b khp kn t sn xut ti ngi tiu dng

m bo cht lng sn phm v " Tuyt i an ton v sinh thc phm"

4.2.

anh gia chat lng san pham

Ch tieu cam quan: san pham gi nguyen hnh dang,

mau mui v ac trng.

Ch tieu vi sinh: thp hn nhiu so vi gii hn cho php v so vi sn

phm cng loi, ham lng cac vi sinh vat gay benh nh Samonella, Listeria, Staphyloccoccus aureus khong ln hn 10 khuan lac/ml san pham.
41

lactose, o am, ham lng khoang, vitamin dao ong trong mot khoang ln phu thuoc vao dang san pham va quy nh chung cua moi nc. + + tan chy: ng u v lu hn sn phm cng loi ti cng mt iu kin. mn: Cao hn rt nhiu sn phm cng loi.

Ch tieu hoa ly: ham lng protein, lipid, glucid tong,

Ch tiu cm quan: Thm ngon v c mi v c trng i vi tng loi sn phm

hn so vi sn phm cng loi. 4.3. Cac dang san pham kem: 4.3.1. Viet Nam: Th phan kem Viet Nam c phan chia nh sau: Kidos chiem th phan cao nhat 45,8%, tiep en la Vinamilk 20,8%, Thuy Ta la 20,8% Tai TPHCM, kem Ki Do dan au vi th phan hn 50%, ng th 2 la Vinamilk 40% va th 3 la Monte Rosa 8%. th trng kem trung va cao cap, Kidos chiem hn 60% th phan. Hien tai, chuyen phan khuc th trng kem vi cac ten tuoi ln a kha ro rang, vi nhng u the rieng. Vinamilk ang co u the ve cac loai kem hop, kem mang ve nha, Monte Rosa lai co u the ve nhom kem cao cap ban he thong ca hang, con Kidos vi 2 nhan hieu Merino va Kidos Premium lai co v the dan au mang th trng kem cay.

San pham kem Vinamilk + Kem sa 2500vnd/cay, hng chocolate, au phong va kem vani + Kem ly Dino 100ml 3000 vnd/ly, cac loai: dau, sau rieng, vani, chocolate, com, trai cay, khoai mon, ca phe, au xanh, da.
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+ Kem cao cap Vinamilk hop 450ml 15000vnd/hop, 26000vnd/hop loai 1l co cac loai: dau, sau rieng, vani, chocolate, com, trai cay, khoai mon, ca phe, au xanh, da.

San pham kem Kido Hien nay, KIDOS ang co 2 nhan chnh la Merino va Kidos Premium vi hn 36 san pham, trong o co 16 san pham mi so vi kem Walls gom cac chung loai: kem hop, kem hu, kem banh va kem que. Cac san pham kem rat a dang gom: Kem Xoai, Kem Mang cau ben canh nhng khau v quen thuoc cua quoc te nh: Kem Chocolate, Kem dau va kem Vani. 4.3.2. Nc ngoai: San pham kem cay

San pham kem hop

43

San pham kem concerto

44

NHNG LU TRONG QU TRNH SN XUT KEM VIT NAM i vi qui trnh sn xut kem, chng ta cn nhng my mc thit yu sau: - My ng ha: C tc dng to s ng nht ca dung dch kem nhm hn ch tinh th (my trn dung dch c tc trong iu kin p sut cao). Cc nh sn xut kem ti Vit Nam do iu kin c hn nn rt t c s c c my trn ng ha (hoc c nhng cha pht huy ht tnh nng ca my), nn v vy cc phng php sn xut vn ng dng theo cc phng php thng thng c truyn hin c nn c nhng hn ch nht nh (kem c nhiu tinh th ). - My xp lnh: L my khy trong iu kin lnh v trong qu trnh khuy , dung dch kem s c lm lnh t t v gi c mt hm lng kh trong khi kem, lm khi kem gia tng th tch (xp), ty theo mi nh sn xut to c th tch nhiu hoc t, hiu qu cu kem thnh phm v gi thnh s c li cho nh sn xut (v kem ang c bn theo th tch), nhng nu cc nh sn xut qu ch trng li nhun th t l th tch nhiu qu th s t l nghch vi cht lng. - Gn y do cnh tranh, p ng nhu cu th tch khi kem xp hn, cc nh sn xut v mt s my nhp (TQ) ch to ra mt loi my xp lnh ngoi tnh nng trn cn c h thng bm kh thm vo trong khi kem, c th lm cho th tch khi kem tng gp 03 ln trc khi vo my xp lnh. - My cp ng: Hu nh tt c cc my lm kem u cp ng kem theo nguyn l lm lnh bng dung dch mui truyn hi lnh. y l phng php hiu qu hin nay. Cc im lu trong qu trnh sn xut kem - Trn nguyn liu: Theo nguyn tc ch bin kem, chng ta phi c my ng ho trn nguyn liu, nhng nu cha c c th chng ta c th p dng mt s gii php k thut chng ti a ra y nhm gia tng s ng nht cu khi kem: +S dng cc cht n nh, nh ho c hot tnh mnh tng s kt cu trong khi kem +Gia tng vng quay ca my khuy + Gia tng nhit v thi gian khuy n khi cc nguyn liu ng nht mt khi (bng cch th trn ming knh thy tinh), Nhit cho php m khng lm nh hng ti cht lng sn phm ca dung dch kem l 75-80oC +Dung dch kem sau khi khuy trn nn mt thi gian cho cc cht c thi gian lin kt trc khi cho vo my xp lnh. - Lm xp lnh: y l khu va khuy va lm lnh nhm gia tng th tch ca kem thnh phm, nn ngi k thut phi kim tra k c ca kem trc khi cp ng:
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 Cc khuyn co:

Khi s dng cc nguyn liu, phi ch ti tnh nng k thut ca nguyn liu nh sa, bt bo, cht n nh tt, trnh s dng cc sn phm km cht lng, tng cng cc cht khcho vo phi t l tng ng % so vi nc l (35-38%), trnh cho qu nhiu nc hn t l trn th kem mi c cht lng. Trong qu trnh kho st chng ti nhn thy (Pha Bc) c mt s cc nh sn xut kem que, khi s dng cht bo l loi du ti ch (du chin rn xong v cho cht lm trong v ty li), hon ton khng c li cho sc khe ngi tiu dng (du ti ch c th l tin ca ung th), khi n vo v kem ny c v gt c..

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TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Nhat An, Viet Hoa, ng vao nghe-Cong nghe thc 2. Le Van Viet Man, Cong nghe san xuat cac san pham 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

pham, NXB Tre, 2007.

9.

t sa, tap1, NXB H Quoc gia TPHCM, 2004 Robert T. Marshall, H. Douglas Goff, Richad W.Hartel, Ice Cream, 6th edition, Kluwerr Academic/Pleum Publishers, May 2003. Tetra Pak, Dairy Processing Handbook, Published by Tetra Pak Processing Systems AB, S-221 86 Lund, Sweden. www.whiteysicecream.com.facility.asp www.florenceicecream.it/index.htm www.tcpionneer.com.tw.products03.htm http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c? hl=vi&langpair=en| vi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&twu=1&u=http://www.foodscien ce.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/icstructure.html&usg=ALkJrhhIyRoHOesa3E2n_6JhFf6ZDKS1w http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c? hl=vi&langpair=en| vi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&twu=1&u=http://www.foodscien ce.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/icmanu.html&usg=ALkJrhj6BU4Ojn6JDi71 fjVFCKWXulZNaA

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