H thng vin thng di ng ton cu (UMTS)

H thng vin thng di ng ton cu (UMTS) l 1 trong cc cng ngh di ng 3G. UMTS da trn nn tng CDMA bng rng (WCDMA), c chun ha bi T chc cc i tc pht trin 3G (3GPP), v l li p ca Chu u cho yu cu pht trin 3G i vi h thng di ng t ong ca t chc ITU IMT2000. UMTS i khi cn c gi l 3GSM, ch s kt hp v bn cht cng ngh 3G ca UMTS v chun GSM truyn thng.

Lch s
Ngay t u nhng nm 90 ca th k 20, Hip hi Tiu chun Vin thng chu u (ETSI) bt u trng cu phng n k thut ca tiu chun3G v vi vng gi chung k thut 3G l UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems) c ngha l cc h thng thng tin di ng a nng. CDMA bng rng (WCDMA) ch l mt trong cc phng n c khuyn ngh (bng rng ln ti 5 MHz). Sau s tham gia tch cc ca Nht Bn vo vic xy dng cc tiu chun ny thc y nhanh chng s pht trin ca cng ngh3G trn phm vi ton cu. Nm 1998, chu u v Nht t c s nht tr v nhng tham s ch cht ca Khuyn ngh CDMA bng rng v a n tr thnh phng n k thut dng giao din khng gian FDD (ghp tn s song cng - Frequency Division Duplex) trong h thng UMTS. V t phng n k thut ny c gi l WCDMA nu r s khc bit vi tiu chun CDMA bng hp ca M (bng rng ch c 1,25 MHz). Tip tc pht trin mt cch logic, UMTS tr thnh mt trong nhng tiu chun 3G ca t chc tiu chun ho th gii 3GPP (T chc nhng ngi bn hp tc v 3G) v khng ch nh ngha giao din khng gian; ch th ca n bao gm cc khuyn ngh v cc giao din v mt lot cc quy phm k thut v cc mch kt ni v mch phn nhm nng ct caCDMA. UMTS l vit tt ca Universal Mobile Telecommunication System. UMTS l mng di ng th h th 3 (3G) s dng k thut tri ph W(wideband)-CDMA. UMTS c chun ha bi t chc 3GPP. UMTS i khi cn c gi l 3GSM ch kh nng "interoperability" gia GSM v UMTS. UMTS c pht trin ln t cc nc s dng GSM. UMTS s dng bng tng khc vi GSM.

c trng
UMTS, dng cng ngh CDMA bng rng WCDMA, h tr tc truyn d liu ln n 21 Mbps (v l thuyt, vi chun HSPDA). Thc t, hin nay, ti ng xung, tc ny ch c th t 384 kbps (vi my di ng h tr chun R99), hay 7.2 Mbps (vi my di ng h tr HSPDA). D sao, tc ny cng ln hn kh nhiu so vi tc 9.6 kbps ca 1 n knh GSM hay 9.6 kbps ca a knh trong HSCSD (14.4 kbit/s ca CDMAOne) v mt s cng ngh mng khc. Nu nh th h 2G ca mng t ong l GSM, th GPRS c xem l th h 2.5G. GPRS, dng chuyn mch gi, khc so vi chuyn mch knh (dnh knh ring) ca GSM, h tr tc d liu cao hn (l thuyt t: 140.8 kbit/s, thc t, khong 56 kbit/s). E-GPRS hay EGDE, c xem l th h 2.75G, l s ci tin v thut ton m ha. GPRS dng 4 mc m ha (coding schemes; CS-1 to 4), trong khi EDGE dng 9 mc m ha v iu ch (Modulation and Coding Schemes; MCS-1 to 9). Tc truyn d liu thc ca EDGE t ti 180 kbit/s. T nm 2006, mng UMTS c nhiu quc gia nng cp ln, vi chun HSPDA, c xem nh mng 3.5G. Hin gi, HSPDA cho php tc truyn ng xung t 21 Mbps. Di hi hn, mt nhnh ca t chc 3GPP ln k hoch pht trin mng 4G, vi tc 100 Mbit/s ng xung v 50 Mbit/s ng ln, dng cng ngh giao din v tuyn da trn Ghp knh tn s trc giao.

Mng UMTS u tin trin khai nm 2002 nhn mnh ti cc ng dng di ng nh: TV di ng hay thoi Video. Tuy nhin, kinh nghim trin khai Nht v mt s nc khc cho thy rng, nhu cu ngi dng vi thoi Video l khng cao. Hin ti, tc truyn d liu cao ca UMTS thng dnh truy cp Internet.

Cng ngh

Mt b pht ca UMTS t trn nc ta nh UMTS kt hp giao din v tuyn WCDMA, TD-CDMA, hay TD-SCDMA, li Pha ng dng di ng ca GSM (MAP), v cc chun m ha thoi ca GSM. UMTS (W-CDMA) dng cc cp knh 5 MHz trong k thut truyn dn UTRA/FDD. Ban u, bng tn n nh cho UMTS l 18852025 MHz vi ng ln (uplink) v 21102200 MHz cho ng xung (downlink). M, bng tn thay th l 17101755 MHz (uplink) v 21102155 MHz (downlink), do bng tn 1900 MHz dng. UMTS l mt mng RAN (mng truy nhp v tuyn) thay v GERAN nh ca GSM/EGDE. UMTS v GERAN c th dng chung mng li CN, v cho php chuyn mch thng sut gia cc RAN nu cn. Mng li CN c th kt ni n nhiu mng ng trc khc nhau nh ca Internet v ISDN. UMTS (cng nh GERAN) gm 3 lp thp nht ca m hnh truyn thng OSI. Lp mng (OSI 3) gm giao thc Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn RRM, qun l cc knh sng mang (bearer channels) gia my di ng v mng.

Kin trc mng UMTS

Kin trc mng UMTS Nh hnh v th hin, Mng UMTS bao gm 2 phn, phn truy nhp v tuyn (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network UTRAN) v phn mng li (core). Phn truy nhp v tuyn bao gm Node B v RNC. Cn phn core th c core cho data bao gm SGSN, GGSN; Phn core cho voice th c MCS v GMSC.
H thng vin thng di ng ton cu l 1 trong s cc chun di ng 3G, pht trin ln t EGDE 2.75G; GPRS 2.5G v mng t ong GSM 2G

Kin trc UMTS

Kin trc mng UMTS Nh hnh v th hin, Mng UMTS bao gm 2 phn, phn truy nhp v tuyn (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network- UTRAN) v phn mng li (core). Phn truy nhp v tuyn bao gm Node B v RNC. Cn phn core th c core cho data bao gm SGSN, GGSN; Phn core cho voice th c MCS v GMSC. Node B: Chc nng chnh ca Node B l x l lp vt l (L1) giao din v tuyn nh m ha knh, an xen, tri ph, iu ch... N cng thc hin mt chc nng ti nguyn v tuyn nh iu khin cng sut vng trong,... RNC: Trong trng hp Node B ch c mt kt ni vi mng th RNC chu trch nhim iu khin Node B c gi l CRNC. Ngc li, khi Node B c hn mt kt ni mng th cc RNC c chia thnh hai loi khc nhau theo vai tr logic ca chng. - RNC phc v (Serving RNC): y l RNC kt ni c ng lu lng v bo hiu RANAP vi mng li.SRNC cng kt cui bo hiu iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn gia UE v UTRAN, x l s liu lp 2 (L2) t/ti giao din v tuyn. SRNC ca Node B ny cng c th l CRNC ca mt Node B khc. - RNC tri (Drift RNC): y l RNC bt k khc vi SRNC, iu khin cc c MS s dng. Khi cn, DRNC c th thc hin kt hp v phn chia phn tp v m. DRNC khng thc hin x l lp 2 i s liu t/ti giao din v tuyn m ch nh tuyn s liu mt cch trong sut gia cc giao din Iub v Iur. MtUE c th khng c hoc c mt hay

nhiu DRNC.

Cc Giao din trong mng:

Giao din Iub Giao din Iub l mt giao din quan trng nht trong s cc giao din ca h thng mng UMTS. S d nh vy l do tt c cc lu lng thoi v s liu u c truyn ti qua giao din ny, cho nn giao din ny tr thnh nhn t rng buc bc nht i vi nh cung cp thit b ng thi vic nh c giao din ny mang ngha rt quan trng. c im ca giao din vt l i vi BTS dn n dung lng Iub vi BTS c mt gi tr quy nh. Thng thng kt ni vi BTS ta c th s dng lung E1, E3 hoc STM1 nu khng c th s dng lung T1, DS-3 hoc OC-3. Nh vy, dung lng ca cc ng truyn dn ni n RNC c th cao hn tng ti ca giao din Iub ti RNC.Chng hn nu ta cn u ni 100BTS vi dung lng Iub ca miBTS l 2,5 Mbps, bit rng cu hnh cho mi BTS hai lung 2 Mbps v tng dung lng kh dng ca giao din Iub s l 100 x 2 x 2 = 400 Mbps. Tuy nhin tng ti ca giao din Iub ti RNC vn l 250 Mbps ch khng phi l 400 Mbps.

Giao din Iur Ta c th thy r v tr ca giao din Iur trong cu hnh ca phn t ca mng UMTS. Giao din Iur mang thng tin ca cc thu bao thc hin chuyn giao mm gia hai Node B cc RNC khc nhau. Tng t nh giao din Iub, rng bng ca giao din Iur gn bng hai ln lu lng do vic chuyn giao mm gia hai RNC gy ra.

Giao din Iu Giao din Iu l giao din kt ni gia mng li CN v mng truy nhp v tuyn UTRAN. Giao din ny gm hai thnh phn chnh l: Giao din Iu-CS: Giao din ny ch yu l truyn ti lu lng thoi gia RNC v MSC/VLR. Vic nh c giao din Iu-CS ph thuc vo lu lng d liu chuyn mch knh m ch yu l lng ting. Giao din Iu-PS: L giao din gia RNC v SGSN. nh c giao din ny ph thuc vo lu lng d liu chuyn mch gi. Vic nh c giao din ny phc tp hn nhiu so vi giao din Iub v c nhiu dch v d liu gi vi tc khc nhau truyn trn giao din ny.

Giao din Uu y l giao din khng dy (duy nht) ca mng UMTS. Tt c giao din khc u c dy dn ht. Lin lc trn giao din ny da vo k thut FDD/TDD WCDMA. Tht ra, nu nhn trn tng th kin trc mng UMTS ta s thy l "nt c chai" ca mng UMTS chnh l capacity ca giao din Uu ny. N s gii hn tc truyn thng tin ca mng UMTS. Nu ta c th tng tc data rate ca giao din ny th ta c th tng tc ca mng UMTS. Th h tip theo ca UMTS s dng OFDMA kt hp MIMO thay v WCDMA tng tc ....

Li mng Core Network

Trong phn mng li (core) c 2 phn, mng li data (gm 2 thc th chnh l SGSN v GGSN) v mng li cho voice (gm GMSC v MSC). Ngoi 4 thc th va nu, chng ta cn c cc thnh phn khc nh l HLR (HSS), VLR, AuC, EiR, BG. Vi tr, v cc chc nng chnh ca tng thnh phn s c miu t ngn gn trong bi vit ny.

SGSN = Serving GPRS Support Node. Trong mng li GPRS ca 1 operator c nhiu SGSN ch khng phi ch c 1. Mi SGSN kt ni trc tip vi 1 s RNC. Mi RNC li qun l 1 s Node B, v mi node-B s c mt s UE ang ni kt. SGSN qun l tt c cc UE ang s dng dch v data trong vng ca n. Vi tr ca SGSN l - Authenticate (xc minh) cc UE ang dng dch v data ni kt vi n - Qun l vic ng k ca 1 UE vo mng GPRS (data) - Qun l qu trnh di ng ca UE. C th l SGSN phi bit l UE hin ang ni kt vi thng Node-B no ti mt thi im. Ty theo UE ang mode active (ang lin lc) hay idle (khng lin lc) m chnh xc ca thng tin lin quan n v tr UE s khc nhau. SGSN s phi qun l v theo di s thay i v tr (location area identity/ routing area identity) ca UE theo thi gian. - To dng, duy tr v gii phng cc "PDP context" (cc thng tin lin quan n connection ca UE m n cho php/qui nh vic gi v nhn thng tin ca UE) - Nhn v chuyn thng tin t ngoi mng data (Internet chng hn) n UE v ngc li. - Qun l vic tnh tin (billing) i vi cc UE - Tm v nh thc idle UE khi c cuc gi tm n UE (paging) - etc... GGSN= Gateway GPRS Support Node . Nh ng tn gi ca n, n l mt ci gateway gia mng GPRS/UMTS v cc mng ngoi (external network, nh Internet chng hn, cc mng GPRS khc). Vi tr ca n - Nhn v chuyn thng tin t UE gi ra ngoi mng external v ngc li t ngoi n UE. Packet thng tin t SGSN gi n GGSN s c "decapsulate" trc khi gi ra ngoi v thng tin truyn gia SGSN v GGSN l truyn trn 'GTP tunnel'. - Nu thng tin t ngoi n GGSN gi n mt UE trong khi cha tn ti PDP context, th GGSN s yu cu SGSN thc hin paging v sau s thc hin qu trnh PDP context chuyn cuc gi n UE. - Trong sut qu trnh lin lc thng qua ni kt mng UMTS, UE s ch connect vi 1 GGSN (m GGSN ni kt vi dch v m UE ang dng). D c di chuyn i u i na, GGSN vn khng i. D nhin l SGSN, RNC v Node-B s thay i. GGSN cng tham gia vo qun l qu trnh di ng ca UE. SGSN v GGSN u c 1 a ch IP c nh (c th l private IP).