Tutorial Questions CHM101

1. What is the fundamental building block of chemistry?

a) Molecule
b) Atom
c) Proton
d) Neutron
2. Which subatomic particle has a positive charge?
a) Electron
b) Neutron
c) Proton
d) Nucleus
3. Who proposed that atoms were indivisible and indestructible spheres?
a) J.J. Thomson
b) Niels Bohr
c) John Dalton
d) Ernest Rutherford
4. Which atomic model proposed that electrons move in specific orbits around the nucleus?
a) Rutherford's Nuclear Model
b) Thomson's Plum Pudding Model
c) Bohr Model
d) Modern Quantum Mechanical Model
5. Which principle states that electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first before moving to
higher energy ones?
a) Aufbau Principle
b) Pauli Exclusion Principle
c) Hund's Rule
d) Quantum Principle
6. What describes the probable location and energy of an electron within an atom?
a) Quantum Numbers
 b) Electron Clouds
c) Electron Orbitals
d) Energy Levels
7. Who proposed that atoms were made up of a positively charged "pudding" with negatively
charged electrons embedded within it?
a) Ernest Rutherford
b) Niels Bohr
c) J.J. Thomson
d) John Dalton
8. What principle states that no two electrons within an atom can have the same set of quantum
numbers?
a) Aufbau Principle
b) Pauli Exclusion Principle
c) Hund's Rule
d) Quantum Principle
9. What is the smallest unit of matter that has the characteristic properties of a chemical element?
a) Proton
b) Electron
c) Atom
d) Neutron
10. Which subatomic particle contributes to the atomic mass without adding any net charge to
the atom?
a) Proton
b) Electron
c) Neutron
d) Nucleus
11. Who expanded on Rutherford's model by proposing that electrons move in specific orbits or
energy levels around the nucleus?
a) John Dalton
b) J.J. Thomson
 c) Niels Bohr
d) Ernest Rutherford
12. Which model proposed that atoms were made up of a positively charged "pudding" with
negatively charged electrons embedded within it?
a) Rutherford's Nuclear Model
b) Bohr Model
c) Thomson's Plum Pudding Model
d) Dalton's Atomic Model
13. What is the current model of the atom based on?
a) Classical mechanics
b) Quantum mechanics
c) Relativity
d) Newton's laws
14. Which principle states that electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins?
a) Aufbau Principle
b) Pauli Exclusion Principle
c) Hund's Rule
d) Quantum Principle
15. What describes the probable location and energy of an electron within an atom?
a) Quantum Numbers
b) Electron Clouds
c) Electron Orbitals
d) Energy Levels
16. Who proposed that atoms were indivisible and indestructible spheres?
a) J.J. Thomson
b) Niels Bohr
c) John Dalton
d) Ernest Rutherford
 17. Which principle states that electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first before moving to
higher energy ones?
a) Aufbau Principle
b) Pauli Exclusion Principle
c) Hund's Rule
d) Quantum Principle
18. Who proposed that atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at their center,
surrounded by electrons orbiting in mostly empty space?
a) Ernest Rutherford
b) J.J. Thomson
c) Niels Bohr
d) John Dalton
19. What determines the identity of an element?
a) Number of electrons
b) Number of neutrons
c) Number of protons
d) Number of orbitals
20. Which atomic model arose from the famous gold foil experiment?
a) Dalton's Atomic Model
b) Thomson's Plum Pudding Model
c) Rutherford's Nuclear Model
d) Bohr Model
21. What term refers to the specific regions within an atom where electrons are likely to be
found?
a) Electron Shells
b) Quantum Numbers
c) Electron Orbitals
d) Energy Levels
22. Who proposed that no two electrons within an atom can have the same set of quantum
numbers?
 a) John Dalton
b) J.J. Thomson
c) Niels Bohr
d) Wolfgang Pauli
23. What is the current model of the atom based on?
a) Classical mechanics
b) Quantum mechanics
c) Relativity
d) Newton's laws
24. What is the fundamental unit into which matter can be divided without the release of
electrically charged particles?
a) Electron
b) Proton
c) Neutron
d) Atom
25. Which subatomic particle has a neutral charge?
a) Proton
b) Electron
c) Neutron
d) Nucleus
26. Who proposed that electrons move in specific orbits or energy levels around the nucleus?
a) J.J. Thomson
b) John Dalton
c) Niels Bohr
d) Ernest Rutherford
27. Which model proposed that atoms were indivisible and indestructible spheres?
a) Rutherford's Nuclear Model
b) Bohr Model
c) Dalton's Atomic Model
 d) Thomson's Plum Pudding Model
28. What describes the probable location and energy of an electron within an atom?
a) Quantum Numbers
b) Electron Clouds
c) Electron Orbitals
d) Energy Levels
29. What is formed when two or more atoms bond together?
a) Proton
b) Electron
c) Molecule
d) Neutron
30. Which type of bond arises from the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
a) Ionic bond
b) Covalent bond
c) Metallic bond
d) Hydrogen bond
31. What is the characteristic of metallic bonds?
a) Sharing of electrons
b) Transfer of electrons
c) Delocalization of electrons
d) Formation of ions
32. Which model describes the arrangement of valence electrons in metals?
a) Octet rule
b) Lewis structure
c) Electron sea model
d) VSEPR theory
33. What is the guiding principle of the octet rule?
a) Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
 b) Atoms form ionic bonds to achieve stability.
c) Electrons are delocalized in metals.
d) Covalent bonds are formed by electron sharing.
34. Which molecule demonstrates resonance?
a) Water (H2O)
b) Methane (CH4)
c) Ozone (O3)
d) Sodium chloride (NaCl)
35. What is used to determine the most stable Lewis structure of a molecule?
a) Octet rule
b) Formal charge
c) VSEPR theory
d) Resonance
36. Which theory predicts the shape of molecules based on electron pair repulsion?
a) Octet rule
b) Lewis structure
c) VSEPR theory
d) Resonance
37. What is the shape of methane (CH4) according to the VSEPR theory?
a) Linear
b) Trigonal planar
c) Tetrahedral
d) Bent
38. What is the molecular geometry of water (H2O)?
a) Linear
b) Trigonal planar
c) Tetrahedral
d) Bent
39. Which type of intermolecular force occurs between polar molecules with permanent dipoles?
a) London dispersion forces
b) Dipole-dipole interactions
c) Hydrogen bonding
d) Covalent bonding
40. What gives rise to regions of partial positive and negative charge in molecules?
a) VSEPR theory
b) Resonance
c) Intermolecular forces
d) Molecular polarity
41. Which type of bond forms between ions through the transfer of electrons?
a) Covalent bond
b) Metallic bond
c) Ionic bond
d) Hydrogen bond
42. What type of bond is characterized by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
a) Ionic bond
b) Covalent bond
c) Metallic bond
d) Hydrogen bond
43. What does the octet rule state regarding electron configuration?
a) Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
b) Atoms achieve stability by forming ionic bonds.
c) Electrons are delocalized in metals.
d) Covalent bonds are formed by electron sharing.
44. Which model describes the delocalization of electrons throughout a metal lattice?
a) Octet rule
b) VSEPR theory
 c) Electron sea model
d) Lewis structure
45. What principle guides the arrangement of electron pairs around the central atom in
molecules?
a) Octet rule
b) Pauli exclusion principle
c) Hund's rule
d) VSEPR theory
46. What is used to determine the most stable Lewis structure by assigning charges to atoms
within a molecule?
a) Octet rule
b) Formal charge
c) Resonance
d) VSEPR theory
47. What theory predicts the shape of molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs?
a) Octet rule
b) Pauli exclusion principle
c) VSEPR theory
d) Hund's rule
48. What is the shape of a molecule with four electron pairs around the central atom, according
to VSEPR theory?
a) Linear
b) Tetrahedral
c) Trigonal planar
d) Bent
49. Which type of intermolecular force arises from temporary fluctuations in electron
distribution?
a) London dispersion forces
b) Dipole-dipole interactions
c) Hydrogen bonding
 d) Ionic bonding
50. What causes the formation of regions of partial positive and negative charge in molecules?
a) Resonance
b) VSEPR theory
c) Molecular polarity
d) Lewis structures
51. Which type of bond forms through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another?
a) Covalent bond
b) Metallic bond
c) Ionic bond
d) Hydrogen bond
52. What type of bond results from the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
a) Ionic bond
b) Covalent bond
c) Metallic bond
d) Hydrogen bond
53. What principle states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer
shell?
a) Octet rule
b) Hund's rule
c) Pauli exclusion principle
d) Aufbau principle
54. Which model describes the delocalization of electrons in metals?
a) Octet rule
b) VSEPR theory
c) Electron sea model
d) Lewis structure
55. What principle guides the arrangement of electron pairs around the central atom in
molecules?
 a) Octet rule
b) Pauli exclusion principle
c) Hund's rule
d) VSEPR theory
56. What is used to determine the most stable Lewis structure by assigning charges to atoms
within a molecule?
a) Octet rule
b) Formal charge
c) Resonance
d) VSEPR theory
57. What theory predicts the shape of molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs?
a) Octet rule
b) Pauli exclusion principle
c) VSEPR theory
d) Hund's rule
58. What is the shape of a molecule with four electron pairs around the central atom, according
to VSEPR theory?
a) Linear
b) Tetrahedral
c) Trigonal planar
d) Bent
59. Which type of intermolecular force arises from temporary fluctuations in electron
distribution?
a) London dispersion forces
b) Dipole-dipole interactions
c) Hydrogen bonding
d) Ionic bonding
60. What causes the formation of regions of partial positive and negative charge in molecules?
a) Resonance
 b) VSEPR theory
c) Molecular polarity
d) Lewis structures
61. Which type of bond forms through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another?
a) Covalent bond
b) Metallic bond
c) Ionic bond
d) Hydrogen bond
62. What type of bond results from the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
a) Ionic bond
b) Covalent bond
c) Metallic bond
d) Hydrogen bond
63. What principle states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer
shell?
a) Octet rule
b) Hund's rule
c) Pauli exclusion principle
d) Aufbau principle
64. Which model describes the delocalization of electrons in metals?
a) Octet rule
b) VSEPR theory
c) Electron sea model
d) Lewis structure
65. What principle guides the arrangement of electron pairs around the central atom in
molecules?
a) Octet rule
b) Pauli exclusion principle
c) Hund's rule
 d) VSEPR theory
66. What is used to determine the most stable Lewis structure by assigning charges to atoms
within a molecule?
a) Octet rule
b) Formal charge
c) Resonance
d) VSEPR theory
67. What is the shape of a molecule with four electron pairs around the central atom, according
to VSEPR theory?
a) Linear
b) Tetrahedral
c) Trigonal planar
d) Bent
68. Which type of intermolecular force arises from temporary fluctuations in electron
distribution?
a) London dispersion forces
b) Dipole-dipole interactions
c) Hydrogen bonding
d) Ionic bonding
69. What causes the formation of regions of partial positive and negative charge in molecules?
a) Resonance
b) VSEPR theory
c) Molecular polarity
d) Lewis structures
70. Which type of bond forms through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another?
a) Covalent bond
b) Metallic bond
c) Ionic bond
d) Hydrogen bond
71. What type of bond results from the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
a) Ionic bond
b) Covalent bond
c) Metallic bond
d) Hydrogen bond
72. What principle states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer
shell?
a) Octet rule
b) Hund's rule
c) Pauli exclusion principle
d) Aufbau principle
73. Which model describes the delocalization of electrons in metals?
a) Octet rule
b) VSEPR theory
c) Electron sea model
d) Lewis structure
74. What principle guides the arrangement of electron pairs around the central atom in
molecules?
a) Octet rule
b) Pauli exclusion principle
c) Hund's rule
d) VSEPR theory
75. What is used to determine the most stable Lewis structure by assigning charges to atoms
within a molecule?
a) Octet rule
b) Formal charge
c) Resonance
d) VSEPR theory
76. What theory predicts the shape of molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs?
 a) Octet rule
b) Pauli exclusion principle
c) VSEPR theory
d) Hund's rule
77. What is the shape of a molecule with four electron pairs around the central atom, according
to VSEPR theory?
a) Linear
b) Tetrahedral
c) Trigonal planar
d) Bent
78. What is the Periodic Table primarily organized based on?
a) Atomic mass
b) Atomic number
c) Number of electrons
d) Number of protons
79. How are elements arranged in the Periodic Table?
a) Vertically in rows
b) Horizontally in columns
c) Horizontally in rows
d) Vertically in columns
80. Which trend describes the general decrease in atomic size across a period?
a) Atomic radius
b) Ionization energy
c) Electronegativity
d) Electron affinity
81. Which type of element is typically shiny, malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat
and electricity?
a) Metals
b) Nonmetals
 c) Metalloids
d) Noble gases
82. What is the correct name for the compound with the formula CaO?
a) Calcium oxide
b) Carbon oxide
c) Cobalt oxide
d) Chromium oxide
83. What naming convention is used for binary acids?
a) Prefix-hydro-suffix -ic acid
b) Prefix-hypo-suffix -ous acid
c) Prefix-ic suffix -ate acid
d) Prefix-per suffix -ic acid
84. What is stoichiometry primarily concerned with?
a) Balancing chemical equations
b) Naming compounds
c) Electron configuration
d) Atomic structure
85. What step in balancing chemical equations involves adding coefficients to compounds?
a) Step 1: Write the Unbalanced Equation
b) Step 2: Count the Atoms on Each Side
c) Step 3: Balance Using Coefficients
d) Step 4: Check for Balance
86. What is the balanced equation for the combustion of hydrogen to form water?
a) H₂ + O₂ → H₂O
b) 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
c) H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
d) 2H₂ + O₂ → H₂O
87. What principle guides the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table?
 a) Hund's rule
b) Aufbau principle
c) Octet rule
d) Periodicity
88. Which trend describes the energy required to remove an electron from an atom?
a) Atomic size
b) Ionization energy
c) Electronegativity
d) Electron affinity
89. What type of element is generally a poor conductor of heat and electricity?
a) Metals
b) Nonmetals
c) Metalloids
d) Noble gases
90. What is the correct name for the compound with the formula CO2?
a) Carbon oxide
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Calcium oxide
d) Chromium oxide
91. What is stoichiometry primarily concerned with?
a) Balancing chemical equations
b) Naming compounds
c) Electron configuration
d) Atomic structure
92. What step in balancing chemical equations involves adding coefficients to compounds?
a) Step 1: Write the Unbalanced Equation
b) Step 2: Count the Atoms on Each Side
c) Step 3: Balance Using Coefficients
 d) Step 4: Check for Balance
93. What is the balanced equation for the combustion of hydrogen to form water?
a) H₂ + O₂ → H₂O
b) 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
c) H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
d) 2H₂ + O₂ → H₂O
94. What principle guides the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table?
a) Hund's rule
b) Aufbau principle
c) Octet rule
d) Periodicity
95. Which trend describes the energy required to remove an electron from an atom?
a) Atomic size
b) Ionization energy
c) Electronegativity
d) Electron affinity
96. What type of element is generally a poor conductor of heat and electricity?
a) Metals
b) Nonmetals
c) Metalloids
d) Noble gases
97. What is the correct name for the compound with the formula CO2?
a) Carbon oxide
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Calcium oxide
d) Chromium oxide
98. What is stoichiometry primarily concerned with?
a) Balancing chemical equations
 b) Naming compounds
c) Electron configuration
d) Atomic structure
99. What is Avogadro's number?
A) 6.022 x 10^21
B) 6.022 x 10^22
C) 6.022 x 10^23
D) 6.022 x 10^24
100. What does molar mass represent?
A) The mass of one mole of a substance
B) The number of particles in one mole of a substance
C) The volume occupied by one mole of a substance
D) The number of reactions in one mole of a substance
101. Which type of chemical reaction involves two or more substances combining to form a
single product?
A) Decomposition
B) Single Replacement
C) Combination
D) Double Replacement
102. What is the reactant that limits the amount of product formed in a reaction called?
A) Excess reactant
B) Secondary reactant
C) Limiting reactant
D) Principal reactant
103. What is the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction: aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD?
A) K = ([A]^a[B]^b)/([C]^c[D]^d)
B) K = ([C]^c[D]^d)/([A]^a[B]^b)
C) K = ([A]^c[B]^d)/([C]^a[D]^b)
D) K = ([C]^a[D]^b)/([A]^c[B]^d)
104. Which principle states that if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a stress, it will shift its
position to counteract the effect of the stress?
A) Avogadro's Principle
B) Charles's Law
C) Le Chatelier's Principle
D) Boyle's Law
105. What is the maximum number of electrons that an s-orbital can hold?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
106. What principle states that electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals available before moving
to higher energy ones?
A) Hund's Rule
B) Pauli Exclusion Principle
C) Aufbau Principle
D) Uncertainty Principle
107. Who introduced the concept of the wave-particle duality of electrons?
A) Louis de Broglie
B) Werner Heisenberg
C) Erwin Schrödinger
D) Niels Bohr
108. What does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle state?
A) It is impossible to know both the position and momentum of an electron simultaneously.
B) Electrons fill orbitals singly before pairing up.
C) Electrons exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties.
D) Electrons occupy distinct energy levels around the nucleus.
109. What does the Schrödinger equation describe?
A) The behavior of electrons in atoms
 B) The interaction of particles in a nucleus
C) The relationship between energy and mass
D) The evolution of wave functions over time
110. What does the square of the wave function, |Ψ|², represent?
A) The energy of a particle
B) The probability density of finding a particle in space
C) The mass of a particle
D) The velocity of a particle
111. Which quantum number determines the main energy level or shell in which an electron
resides?
A) Principal quantum number (n)
B) Azimuthal quantum number (l)
C) Magnetic quantum number (ml)
D) Spin quantum number (ms)
112. Which of the following sublevels can have orbitals with five possible orientations?
A) s sublevel
B) p sublevel
C) d sublevel
D) f sublevel
E) What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an orbital?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 6
114. Which quantum number describes the intrinsic spin of an electron within an orbital?
A) Principal quantum number (n)
B) Azimuthal quantum number (l)
C) Magnetic quantum number (ml)
D) Spin quantum number (ms)
115. What principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum
numbers?
A) Aufbau Principle
B) Pauli Exclusion Principle
C) Hund's Rule
D) Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
116. How do quantum numbers help organize electrons within an atom?
A) By determining the energy levels of electrons
B) By specifying the shape of orbitals
C) By describing the orientation of orbitals in space
D) All of the above
117. What technological application relies on the behavior of atomic nuclei in a magnetic field?
A) Nanotechnology
B) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
C) Semiconductors
D) Lasers
118. Which principle guides the filling of electrons into orbitals with the lowest energy first?
A) Aufbau Principle
B) Pauli Exclusion Principle
C) Hund's Rule
D) Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
119. What does temperature measure according to the Kinetic Theory of Matter?
a) Volume
b) Pressure
c) Average kinetic energy
d) Internal energy
120. Which state of matter has no definite shape or volume?
a) Solid
b) Liquid
 c) Gas
d) Plasma
121. What is the capacity to do work or transfer heat known as?
a) Temperature
b) Energy
c) Heat
d) Pressure
122. What is the sum of all the kinetic and potential energies of the particles in a system?
a) Temperature
b) Heat
c) Internal energy
d) Enthalpy
123. Which type of reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings?
a) Endothermic
b) Exothermic
c) Isothermic
d) Isochoric
124. What does ΔH > 0 indicate for a reaction?
a) Endothermic reaction
b) Exothermic reaction
c) Equilibrium reaction
d) Spontaneous reaction
125. Which device measures the heat of combustion for a substance?
a) Bomb calorimeter
b) Coffee cup calorimeter
c) Spectrophotometer
d) pH meter
126. What principle states that the total enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the
pathway taken?
 a) Le Chatelier's Principle
b) Hess's Law
c) Boyle's Law
d) Charles's Law
127. What is the enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements in
their standard states?
a) Standard enthalpy of formation
b) Standard enthalpy of combustion
c) Standard enthalpy of reaction
d) Standard enthalpy of solution
128. What expression shows how the rate of a reaction depends on the concentrations of
reactants?
a) Equilibrium constant
b) Rate law
c) Arrhenius equation
d) Activation energy
129. What factor usually leads to faster reactions?
a) Lower concentration
b) Lower temperature
c) Higher concentration
d) Lower pressure
130. What do catalysts do in a reaction?
a) Decrease the rate of reaction
b) Increase the rate of reaction
c) Change the equilibrium constant
d) Change the activation energy
131. What is a dynamic equilibrium?
a) A state where all reactions have stopped
b) A state where reactants are consumed
 c) A state where the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal
d) A state where only forward reaction occurs
132. What does Le Chatelier's Principle state about a disturbance to a system at equilibrium?
a) It will remain unchanged.
b) It will shift to maintain equilibrium.
c) It will stop reacting.
d) It will reverse the reaction.
133. What effect does increasing temperature have on an endothermic reaction?
a) Shifts to the right
b) Shifts to the left
c) No effect
d) Causes equilibrium
134. What law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed?
a) First Law of Thermodynamics
b) Second Law of Thermodynamics
c) Law of Conservation of Energy
d) Law of Entropy
135. What does ΔG < 0 indicate for a reaction?
a) Non-spontaneous reaction
b) Spontaneous reaction
c) Equilibrium reaction
d) Endothermic reaction
136. What does ΔG > 0 indicate for a reaction?
a) Non-spontaneous reaction
b) Spontaneous reaction
c) Equilibrium reaction
d) Exothermic reaction
137. What does ΔG = 0 indicate for a reaction?
 a) Non-spontaneous reaction
b) Spontaneous reaction
c) Equilibrium reaction
d) Exothermic reaction
138. Which gas law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at
constant temperature?
a) Boyle's Law
b) Charles's Law
c) Gay-Lussac's Law
d) Ideal Gas Law
139. What is the primary type of radiation emitted during beta decay?
a) Alpha (α) radiation
b) Beta (β) radiation
c) Gamma (γ) radiation
d) Neutron radiation
140. What is the purpose of carbon dating?
a) To determine the age of inorganic materials
b) To determine the age of geological formations
c) To determine the age of organic materials
d) To determine the age of artifacts based on their decay
141. What is nuclear fission?
a) The combination of two light atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.
b) The splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei.
c) The process that powers the sun.
d) The release of energy during a chemical reaction.
142. Which of the following is an example of a fusion reaction?
a) ²H + ³H → ⁴He + Neutron
b) ²H + ³H → ⁴He + ¹n
c) ²H + ³He → ⁴He + Neutron
 d) ²H + ³He → ⁴He + ¹n
143. How are gas laws applied in everyday life?
a) In nuclear power plants
b) In weather forecasting
c) In medical imaging
d) In chemical reactions
144. What is the primary use of redox reactions in batteries?
a) To generate heat
b) To produce light
c) To store and provide electrical energy
d) To accelerate chemical reactions
145. Which of the following is a medical application of radioactivity?
a) Water treatment
b) Food processing
c) Cancer treatments
d) Weather forecasting
146. Which gas law describes the relationship between pressure and volume at constant
temperature?
a) Boyle's Law
b) Charles's Law
c) Gay-Lussac's Law
d) Avogadro's Law
147. How is nuclear fission utilized in nuclear power plants?
a) To generate electricity
b) To power vehicles
c) To purify water
d) To produce food
148. What is the balanced reaction for the fusion of deuterium and tritium?
a) ²H + ³H → ⁴He + Neutron
 b) ²H + ³H → ⁴He + ¹n
c) ²H + ³He → ⁴He + Neutron
d) ²H + ³He → ⁴He + ¹n
149. What is the primary source of energy in stars like the sun?
a) Nuclear fission
b) Chemical reactions
c) Nuclear fusion
d) Electromagnetic radiation
150. How are acids and bases important in understanding reactions in the human body?
a) They regulate blood sugar levels
b) They help maintain pH balance
c) They facilitate muscle contraction
d) They enhance brain function
151. Which gas law describes the relationship between volume and temperature at constant
pressure?
a) Boyle's Law
b) Charles's Law
c) Gay-Lussac's Law
d) Avogadro's Law
152. What is the role of radioactivity in medical imaging?
a) To treat cancer
b) To monitor blood flow
c) To detect and visualize physiological processes
d) To stimulate nerve activity
153. How are redox reactions involved in the functioning of batteries?
a) By releasing heat energy
b) By storing and providing electrical energy
c) By emitting light energy
d) By converting mechanical energy
154. Which gas law describes the relationship between pressure and temperature at constant
volume?
a) Boyle's Law
b) Charles's Law
c) Gay-Lussac's Law
d) Avogadro's Law
155. In which process is a large amount of energy released when two light atomic nuclei
combine to form a heavier nucleus?
a) Nuclear fission
b) Nuclear fusion
c) Chemical reaction
d) Electrolysis
156. How are gas laws applied in scuba diving?
a) To regulate body temperature
b) To calculate decompression stops
c) To analyze underwater currents
d) To assess marine life populations
157. What is the primary purpose of nuclear fusion in stars like the sun?
a) To generate heat
b) To produce light
c) To synthesize heavy elements
d) To maintain gravitational equilibrium
158. How do acids and bases contribute to water treatment processes?
a) By removing dissolved gases
b) By neutralizing harmful chemicals
c) By facilitating sedimentation
d) By enhancing taste and odor
159. Which gas law combines Boyle's, Charles's, and Gay-Lussac's laws into one equation?
a) Combined Gas Law
 b) Ideal Gas Law
c) Dalton's Law
d) Avogadro's Law
160. What is the primary application of nuclear fission in nuclear power plants?
a) To produce food
b) To purify water
c) To generate electricity
d) To manufacture plastics