TNG QUAN V ST V H THNG CHNG ST St (hay cn gi l s phng in dng) l mt ngun in t mnh ph bin nht xy ra trong t nhin.

Nguyn nhn lm xut hin st l do s hnh thnh cc in tch khi ln. Ngun st chnh l cc m my ma dng mang in tch dng v m cc phn trn v di ca m my. Chng to ra xung quanh m my ny mt in trng c cng ln. Trong qu trnh tch ly cc in tch tri du, mt in trng c cng lun c gia tng hnh thnh xung quanh m my. Khi in th mt im bt k ca m my t gi tr ti hn vt qu ngng cch in ca khng kh (vi p lc kh quyn bnh thng khong 3.106 V/m), xy ra s nh xuyn hay cn gi l st tin o. Theo c tnh trong mi giy ng h c khong mt trm st nh xung mt t. St gy ra cc tai nn cho con ngi, ph hoi cc cng trnh xy dng, nng lng in, hng khng, thit b in t, cc i, trm quan st t ng, cc h thng thng tin lin lc, trm vin thng,.v.v. Trong nhng nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca k thut hin i th s ph hoi ca st ngy cng tng. Theo bo co v kho st thng k cc h hng do st gy ra i vi cc cng trnh vin thng l cc k nghim trng : lm cht v b thng hng trm ngi, ph hng hng chc my bin p (trong c trn 11 trm bin p c cng sut t 100kA n 180kA), gy h hng nghim trng cho h thng chuyn mch v truyn dn ca tng cng ty Bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam Thng 5/2000 st nh vo ng dy cung cp trung th AC gy hng thit b chng st phn h p ca trm bin th, dng st cm ng vo cp in thoi, cp trung k t chuyn mch sang truyn dn gy ra thit hi nghim trng cho cc card ngun, card trung k, v card thu bao h thng tng i NEAX 61S ti trm HOST Ph L H Nam. Vo cui thng 10/2000 st nh gy hng 5 Card Modem trm VMS2 thit hi c tnh 3000Dolas.v.v. CC DNG TC NG CA ST N THIT B IN NHY CM

1. Cc dng tc ng Cc thit b in t nhy cm trong qu trnh s dng chu cc dng tc ng chnh nh sau: Cc thit b in t nhy cm trong qu trnh s dng chu cc dng tcng chnh nh sau: -Tc ng tnh in Tc ng tnh in ca st n cc thit b lin quan n s nh hng ca trng in giai on trc lc xy ra st., giai on tin o, giai on st cha kt thc hoc st gia cc m my. -Tc ng in t Tc ng in t ca st c lin quan n nh hng cm ng ca dng in knh st khi cc thit b ny gn vng nh hng khong cch tng ng vi chiu di ca knh st hoc nh hng ca cc xung in t. -Tc ng ca dng st Tc ng ca dng st lin quan n st nh trc tip cc cng trnh xy dng hoc gn cc cng trnh . -Tc ng Galvanic Tc ng Galvanic c lin quan n dng st chy trong t v ng thi mt b phn ca dng st r nhnh i vo thit b thng qua h thng tip t. -Tc ng th cp ( tp m th cp) Tc ng th cp c lin quan n nh hng ca tp m in t ln cc mch th cp ca thit b ( vin thng ) m ngun tp m l t cc mch s cp chu nh hng trc tip ca mt trong cc dng tc ng nu. H Thng Chng St

Con ng m st c th i qua, lm thit hi cho ti sn ca con ngi trn mt t, c th k ra l: - St nh thng vo cng trnh. - St xm nhp qua thit b anten. - St xm nhp qua cc ng dy treo ni. - St xm nhp qua ng cp t ngm. - St xm nhp qua cp ni gia cc thit b. - St xm nhp qua cc mch cung cp in cho cc thit b vin thng. - St xm nhp qua h thng tip t v cc im u chung. Mun chng st c hiu qa ton din th phi tun th 3 nguyn tc: 1. Chng st nh trc tip vo cng trnh, 2. Chng st lan truyn qua ng cp ngun v cp tn hiu, 3. H thng tip t c tng tr thp v an ton cao. C th phn bit 2 loi thit b chng st: thit b chng st trc tip v thit b chng st lan truyn .

Chng St Trc Tip

Phng php ny dng nhng thit b chng st to thnh mt khung sn bao ph bn ngoi khu vc cn bo v. Bng phng php ny, c th c 2 loi h thng: h thng chng st ch ng (cp tin) v h thng chng st th ng (c in). H thng chng st ch ng: H thng ch ng dng thu li phng trc tip mt lung ion v pha m my, lm tng thm kh nng phng in c th xy ra trong m my.

Kim thu st c t ti mt hoc nhiu im nh cao ca mt cng trnh kin trc. Phm vi bo v ca n c tnh ton nm trong vng trn bn knh tng ng vi chiu cao ca v tr tr t kim so vi mt t. Kim thu st Franklin dng l tng bo v nhng ni m c mt phn cu trc nh hn ln cao trong phm vi cn bo v. H thng chng st th ng: L h thng khng kch ng c st nh thng. N khng lm tng thm kh nng phng in c th xy ra ti khu vc cn bo v nh phng php ch ng. Mt trong nhng h thng chng st th ng ng tin cy nht c bit di tn gi Faraday Cage, Mt cng trnh kin trc c bao ph trn vn bi mt mng li gm nhng ng kim loi, v dn xung mt vng rng ln di t. Loi h thng ny c p dng ti nhng nh my hoc building c ga tr lch s... Mt loi h thng chng st th ng khc c tn l overhead line. N gm mt h thng ng dy "ng-ten" ni ti cc cc ca cng trnh cn bo v v dn xung t bng loi dy dn thch hp, Loi h thng chng st ny c dng bo v cc ng dy din, cc container nh cha cc cht d chy, trm phn phi in, hoc cc building nh c nguy c b st nh trc tip.

Chng St Lan Truyn

Nhng ai c S dng cc thit b dng in, hoc in thoi, hoc cc h thng x l d liu, u phi i din vi vn rc ri l lm th no gi cho nhng thit b ny vn hot ng c khi c sm st. Sm st khin in p tm thi gia tng t ngt. ch ng n, chng ta c khuyn co dng loi thit b chng st lan truyn. S tng t bin in p trn ng cp in c th gy nguy him cho ngi v lm gin on cng vic do h hng thit b. N gy ra nhiu ph tn nh: chi ph sa cha v thay th, chi ph khi phc li d liu, s hao tn do ngng hot ng v mt cc c hi lm n. Ngoi ra, con ngi c th b nguy him do h thng thiu an ton.

C nhiu nguyn nhn gy nn qu p trn h thng -Tc nhn bn ngoi: st l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy qu p. St khng nht thit phi nh trc tip n ng nng lng mi gy nguy him, mt st nh cch xa vi trm mt c th gy ra vng nguy him rng ln, nh hng ngay c n cp di t. -Tc nhn bn trong: Hu ht nhng qu p pht ra bn trong h thng do vic ng ngt cc ti in cng sut ln nh h thng nhit, ng c v.v N chim t 70 80% trong tt c nhng

s c qu p. Do , bo v qu p l vic cn c lu tm v khuyn khch. Xung qu p t bin (Transient overvoltage): Xung qu p t bin l s tng vt in p trong thi gian ngn khong mt phn triu giy hay mt phn ngn giy v c o lng gia hai hoc nhiu dy dn. in p tng vt t vi vn cho ti hng ngn vn. in p ny tn ti gia hai hoc nhiu dy dn tc gia cc dy pha/pha, pha/ trung tnh, pha/t, trung tnh/t. a/ CHNG ST CP NG TRC AN-TEN PHI chng st trn cp ng trc an-ten phi , ta dng cc thit b bo v tn s cao (High frequency protection). Thit b ny c thit k chng st v chng nhiu do cc xung cm ng in t trn cp ng trc. Thng tn s s dng l HF, VHF, UHF. Cc thit b chng st cho cp ng trc thng dng cc kiu u ni N, BNC. Cc yu cu chnh khi chn la thit b bo v: Tng thch v u ni. Chc chn v c hc. Tha mn v di tn s v bng thng. Suy hao xen vo v suy hao phn x nh. Tha mn cc yu cu k thut khc.
b/ CHNG ST CHO MNG MY TNH

chng st cho mng my tnh, ta cn quan tm n kiu mng v thit b ni mng, bao gm: Kiu mng: thng dng nht l mng kt ni hnh sao , kt ni hn hp thng qua HUB (thit b kt ni v truy xut mng). Kiu u ni cp mng : kiu UTP hay BNC. Tc truyn d liu ca card mng. Lu : bo v y cho mng my tnh, cn thit lp ngun cung cp duy nht cho cc my n l trong cng mt khu vc v lp t cc thit b ct st ngun. c/ CHNG ST CHO MNG TRUYN D LIU Kiu tn hiu truyn: dng ngun p hay ngun dng ( 4 - 20mA) Kiu u ni : RS232, RS485 v.v.. Cc kiu khc: Token Ring d/ CHNG ST CHO MNG IN THOI , TNG I PABX Ph thuc s line vo, ta c th chn loi bo v n hay bo v dy (cc thit b KRONE).

e/ CHNG ST CHO CC MNG KHC Cc h thng c thit b chuyn dng bo v: H thng bo chy v camera quan st. H thng cn cng nghip ( dng Load cell) H thng iu khin cng nghip, SCADA v.v.. CHNG ST LAN TRUYN TRN NG DY CP NGUN Cc thit b in t d b ph hng do cc xung st t bin hay do qu in p lan truyn trn dy cp in ngun. Kh nng ct gim bin v lc dng st trn ng cp in ngun c thc hin bng cch lp song song mt thit b ct st 1 hoc 3 pha ngay cu dao tng ( im dn vo to nh) v sau lp thit b ct v lc st ni tip vi h thng cp in ngun gn thit b in t nhy cm cn bo v. Cch ny s gim c s ph hoi cc trang thit b, gim tn tht trong vn hnh v thit hi v kinh t. LI CH CA B LC ST ( FILTER DEVICE) Bo v nhng mch nhy cm i hi khng phi ch n gin gii hn mc qu p. N cng v cng quan trng lm gim thp s t bin ca dng v in p hin hu do tc ng ca nhiu sng sinh ra. Thit b cn c tng lc gip hn ch s thay i cc dng thc k thut ca Sine Wave, loi b cc hi bc cao, nh th s bo v tt hn cho cc thit b in nhy cm. N c mc ni tip vi thit b cn bo v. Hiu qu ca vic s dng thit b lc st: Chnh sa li t l nh xung, iu chnh li cnh nhn d sau tng ct bng thit b SPD . Lm gim qu p n thit b. Lm gim nhiu RFI/EMI. NHNG LI CH CA K THUT TD K thut ny tng thm mt bc v sng to trong thit b bo v qu p. N phn bit gia tnh trng qu p khc thng c duy tr lin tc v nhng qu p t ngt tm thi, qu p do st gy ra hay do cng tc ng ngt. Khi tn s qu p c d ra, Quick-Switch (c cung cp bng sng ch) a ra mt s bo v mnh m n gii hn qu p a n. N cho php thit b vn hot ng, cung cp an ton, v bo v qu p c tin cy ngay c sau mt tnh trng qu p bt thng xy ra. iu ny khng ch bo m c an ton cho nhng ng dng thit thc m cn ko di tui th ca thit b nh cch thc bo v khnng phi ngt thng xuyn. K thut TD c bit ch ra ni c duy tr lin tc m qu p xy ra v ni m k thut SPD c b h khng c kh nng chu ng.(theo th nghim nhng ch to SPD thit k cho nhng sn phm ngt c nh mTVSS vn hot ng mc trn in p danh nh 10%. V hu ht nhng thit k ca nhng ch to danh ting cho php qu p 25%,nhng vi k thut

TD c th cao hn. Chng t k thut TD c sc chu qu p cao vi t l in p trit thp. S CN THIT CA BO V PHI HP bo v tt nht cho con ngi v thit b, cn c s hiu bit y v cc nguy c do st gy ra. Phng php kt ni tip t chng st v bo v qu p l rt quan trng, i hi s nghin cu v hiu bit y v n. Vic s dng cc thit b bo v t tin nhng thit k yu km, in tr t khng t yu cu s a n hiu qu bo v khng cao. C nhiu loi v nhiu mc bo v qu p khc nhau. Vic phi hp chn la thit b v cc s bo v ph hp s em li hiu qu an ton cao nht. Chng st lan truyn cho mt thit b bao gm hai hng chnh: - Chng st trn ng cung cp ngun in ca thit b. - Chng st trn ng tn hiu vo/ra ca thit b. Chng st trn ng ngun thng c 3 tng chnh: - Chng st tng s cp, c p dng cho li vo t in chnh hoc ni cn ct st vi cng cao ( >= 100 kA). - Chng st tng th cp, c lp t pha sau tng s cp, c cp ct st thp hn, dng bo v cho cc mch nhnh v cc thit b nhy cm. - Chng xung nhiu tn s cao bng cc b lc thch hp. Chng st trn ng tn hiu: Thit b bo v c la chn phi ph hp v c tnh tn s, in p lm vic, dng u ni v.v.. CC KIU MNG IN H P THNG GP Cc mng in h p thng gp nht trong thc t l cc mng TN-C, TN-S, TN-C-S v TT. Cc mng in ny ty theo cc quy nh a phng, n m t mi quan h gia ngun cung cp, cc b phn h hoc dn in ca vic lp t hoc ni t. Mng TN-C: Trong mng TN-C dy trung tnh v tip t bo v dng chung mt dy t u cui n h thng. Cc b phn dn in b h c ni vi dy ca mng tip t bo v (PEN Protection Earthing Network). Mng TN-S: Trong mng in TN-S, dy trung tnh v dy tip t bo v ring bit t u n cui h thng. Dy tip t bo v (PE) c th l v kim loi ca cp in lc hoc mt dy dn ring.

Cc b phn dn in b h trong lp t c ni vi dy tip t bo v. Mng in TN-C-S: Trong mng in TN-C-S dng mt dy PEN cho cc chc nng trung tnh v tip t bo v. Mng in ny l mng c trung tnh c ni t ti nhiu im (MEN) v dy bo v c xem nh dy tip t trung tnh phi hp (CNE). Dy PEN c ni t ti mt s cc im khp c mng v ni chung cng gn vi b tiu th in cng tt. Cc b phn dn in b h c ni vi dy CNE. Mng in TT: Mng in TT c mt im ca ngun cung cp in c ni t v cc b phn dn in b h trong lp t c ni vi cc in cc tip t c lp. CC THIT B CHNG ST TRN MNG IN H P Cc thit b chng st trn mng in h p thng s dng cng ngh MOV ( Metal Oxide Varistor), MOV kt hp vi cc ng phng in c kh hoc SAD ( Silicon Avalanche Diode) c hoc khng c lc. KT LUN St l hin tng t nhin a dng c nhiu nh hng n i sng con ngi. Vic ch ng st l vn v ang c cc nh khoa hc trn th gii quan tm nghin cu. Phng chng tc hi ca st phi l vn mang tnh tng th. Vi cc gii php c nu bn trn nu c thc hin mt cch y v chnh xc s nng cao hiu qa trong vic phng chng st.Vi kinh nghim cao trong vic bo v an ton cho cc thit b in nhy cm, t ng ha, mng tin hc, trm vin thng, trm cn, cn in t Di y l b tiu chun IEC 61643: Low-voltage power surge protective devices Part 1: IEC 61643-1 Surge protection devices connected to low-voltage power distribution systems - requirements and tests. Part12: IEC 61643-12 Surge protection devices connected to low-voltage power distribution systems - Selection and application principle Part21: IEC 61643-21 Surge protective devices connected to telecommunications and signalling networks - Performent requirements and testing methods. Part22: IEC 61643-22 Surge protective devices connected to telecommunications and signalling networks - Selection and application principle Part311: IEC 61643-311 Specification for gas discharge tubes (GDT) Part321: IEC 61643-321 Specification for avalanche breakdow diode (ADB). Part331: IEC 61643-331 Specification for Metal Oxide Varistors (MOV)