ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF EARTHQUAKE

RESISTANT BUILDING USING REINFORCED

CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS
A Report submitted
in partial fulfillment for the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Civil Engineering
by

B. Pavan Kumar (15245A0114)

B. V. Sai Pradeep (14241A0164)

V. Akhil (14241A01A5)

G. Rohan Reddy (14241A0168)

S. Bhoja Reddy (14241A01A1)

Under the guidance of
Mr. AMITH K S
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering

GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
AUTONOMOUS UNDER JNTUH BACHUPALLY, KUKATPALLY
HYDERABAD, TS (April-2018)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING USING REINFORCED CONCRETE
SHEAR WALLS” submitted by

B. Pavan Kumar (15245A0114)

B. V. Sai Pradeep (14241A0164)

V. Akhil (14241A01A5)

G. Rohan Reddy (14241A0168)

S. Bhoja Reddy (14241A01A1)

To the Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, in

partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering is a bonafide record of project work carried out by him under our supervision.
The contents of this report, in full or in parts, have not been submitted to any other institution
or university for the award of any degree or diploma.

MR. AMITH K S Dr. V. Mallikarjuna Reddy

Project guide, Assistant Professor Professor and Head

Dept.of Civil Engineering, GRIET. Dept .of Civil Engineering, GRIET

External Examiner

i
 DECLARATION

We declare that this project report titled “ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING USING REINFORCED CONCRETE
SHEAR WALLS” submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of B.Tech in Civil
Engineering is a record of original work carried out by us under the supervision of
Mr.AMITH K S (Assistant Professor) and has not formed the basis for the award of any
other degree or diploma, in this or any other institution or university. In keeping with the
ethical practice in reporting scientific information, due acknowledgements have been made
wherever the findings of others have been cited.

SIGNATURE

DATE:

B. Pavan Kumar (15245A0114)

B. V. Sai Pradeep (14241A0164)

V. Akhil (14241A01A5)

G. Rohan Reddy (14241A0168)

S. Bhoja Reddy (14241A01A1)

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to express our gratitude to all the people behind the screen who helped
us to transforms an idea into a real application.

We are grateful to our Advisor Prof. P.S. Raju, Director Dr. J.N.Murty and Principal
Dr. J. Praveen who most ably ran the institution and has the major hand in enabling us to do
our project.

We profoundly thank Dr. V. Mallikarjuna Reddy, Head of the Department of Civil

Engineering who has been an excellent guide and also excellent source of inspiration to our
work.

We would like to thank our project guide Mr. Amith K S, Assistant Professor for his
technical guidance, constant encouragement in carrying out our project at college.

We express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Anantharayulu (Project Manager at DEC

infrastructure limited.,) for providing the information regarding practice of shear wall design
and construction.

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the task
would be great but incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible with their
constant guidance and encouragement crown all the effort with success.

B. Pavan Kumar (15245A0114)

B. V. Sai Pradeep (14241A0164)

V. Akhil (14241A01A5)

G. Rohan Reddy (14241A0168)

S. Bhoja Reddy (14241A01A1)

iii
 ABSTRACT

Most earthquake-related deaths are caused by the collapse of structures and the
construction practices play a tremendous role in the death toll of an earthquake. Several
methods such as base isolation techniques, use of seismic dampers etc., have been immensely
used to avoid earthquake failures by resisting lateral loads. Also, several design philosophies,
analytical simulations, past histories of earthquake have been used to analyze the seismic
threat at the site of interest. However, providing shear wall in the building proves to be
efficient method in seismic active regions for adequate performance as an lateral loading
system with reasonable cost.

In this regard researches have shown that shear walls proved that shear walls
increases the stiffness, moment resisting capacity of the building by fixing them at accurate
position. Horizontal forces at any floor level are generally transferred to the foundation by
using the strength and rigidity of shear walls.

In the present study, twelve configurations have been proposed to predict the
appropriate position of shear wall. The appropriate position of shear wall is predicted by
analyzing the trail configurations of shear walls based on the minimum lateral drift by using
STAAD.ProV8i and the proposed shear wall is designed analytically based on IS
13920:2016. The influence of trail configurations of shear wall on lateral drift of earthquake
resistant building is compared with earthquake resistant building without shear wall
graphically. The values of lateral drifts obtained from analysis are [32.705mm, 32.883mm,
16.406mm, 16.644mm] of position 12 and [60.542mm, 48.513mm, 48.434mm, 48.513mm]
of building without shear wall. The reinforcement detailing of proposed shear wall
configuration (Position 12) is represented using Auto CAD drawing.

Key words: Earthquake, Lateral drifts, Shear walls, STAAD.Pro V8i, Reinforcement
detailing.

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 Table of contents
CERTIFICATE ........................................................................................................................... i
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. iv
List of figures ...........................................................................................................................vii
List of tables ........................................................................................................................... viii
Chapter-1.................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 General: ............................................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Effects of earthquake: ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1. Direct effects: ........................................................................................................... 1
1.2.2. Indirect effects: ........................................................................................................ 2
1.3. Types of earthquakes and faults:..................................................................................... 3
1.3.1. Tectonic earthquakes: .............................................................................................. 3
1.3.2. Non-tectonic earthquakes: ....................................................................................... 3
1.4. Seismic zones in India: ................................................................................................... 4
1.5. Civil engineering considerations in earthquake resistant design: ................................... 5
1.5.1. Size of the building: ................................................................................................. 5
1.5.2. Horizontal layout of building: .................................................................................. 5
1.5.3. Vertical layout of building: ...................................................................................... 5
1.5.4. Adjacency of building: ............................................................................................. 5
1.5.5. General principles: ................................................................................................... 6
1.6. Modern technologies adopted for resisting earthquakes:................................................ 6
1.6.1. Base isolation: .......................................................................................................... 6
1.6.2 Seismic dampers: ...................................................................................................... 7
1.6.3. Shear walls: .............................................................................................................. 8
1.7 Objectives of present study: ............................................................................................. 9
CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................ 10
LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................ 10
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................ 12

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METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 12
3.1 General: .......................................................................................................................... 12
3.3 Numerical investigation [STAAD. pro V8i]:................................................................. 13
3.3.1 Modeling and analysis of earthquake resistant building: ........................................ 13
3.3.2 Configurations of shear wall: .................................................................................. 15
3.3.3 Analysis and selection of shear wall configurations: .............................................. 19
3.4 Analytical design of shear wall: ..................................................................................... 19
Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................................. 24
Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................ 24
4.1: General .......................................................................................................................... 24
4.2 Discussion on numerical investigation results: .............................................................. 24
4.2.1: Load-lateral drift behavior of earthquake resistant building with and without shear
walls: ................................................................................................................................ 25
4.2.2 Design of the beam and column of earthquake resistant building: ......................... 32
4.3 Analytical design of shear wall: ..................................................................................... 33
Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................................. 35
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 35
CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................................ 36
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 36

vi
 List of figures
Figure 1.1 Seismic zones in India .............................................................................................. 4
Figure 1.2 Base Isolation ........................................................................................................... 7
Figure 1.3 Seismic Dampers ...................................................................................................... 7
Figure 1.4 Building with shearwall ............................................................................................ 8
Figure 3.1 Earthquake resistant building ................................................................................. 13
Figure 3.2 Deflection analysis ................................................................................................. 14
Figure 3.3 Creating surface panel (wall).................................................................................. 15
Figure 3.4 Trail configuration of shear wall ............................................................................ 16
Figure 3.5 Lateral drifts of shear wall ...................................................................................... 19
Figure 4.1 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 1 ................................................................ 25
Figure 4.2 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 2 ................................................................ 25
Figure 4.3 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 3 ................................................................ 26
Figure 4.4 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 4 ................................................................ 26
Figure 4.5 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 5 ................................................................ 26
Figure 4.6 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 6 .............................................................. 267
Figure 4.7 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 7 .............................................................. 268
Figure 4.8 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 8 .............................................................. 268
Figure 4.9 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 9 ................................................................ 26
Figure 4.10 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 10………………………………………29
Figure 4.11 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 11 ............................................................ 30
Figure 4.12 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 12 ............................................................ 30
Figure 4.13 lateral drifts of shear walls for position 12………………………………...……31

Figure 4.14 Reinforcement detailing of beam……………………………………….………32

Figure 4.15 Reinforcement detailing of column……………………………...…….………..33

Figure 4.16 Reinforcement detailing of shear wall……………………………….…………34

vii
 List of tables

Table No 3.1 Input parameters for modeling a structure……...…………..…………..14

Table No 4.1 Lateral drifts for trail configurations…………….........................……..24

Table No 4.2 Results of numerical investigation………………...…….………………32

viii
 Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General:
Rocks are made of elastic materials which undergoes deformations due to gigantic
tectonic plate actions that occur in the earth. But, the material contained in rocks is brittle.
Thus, when the rock along the weak region in earth crust reaches their strength, a sudden
movement take place opposite to fault plane. This movement results in shaking of the ground
in all the three directions. Structures designed for gravity loads, in general may not be able to
earth shaking. Hence, it is necessary to ensure adequacy of structures against horizontal
shaking and the study of earthquakes and the waves they create is called seismology. Modern
day scientists use a instrument called a seismograph to record earthquake. The point within
earth where faulting begins is the focus or hypocenter and the point directly above the focus
on the surface is the epicenter.

Earthquakes are the most critical loading condition for all land based structures.
Earthquakes cause damage to high rise buildings and tremendous loss of life. This damage
due to earthquakes has shown that designers and structural engineers should ensure to offer
adequate earthquake resistant provisions with regard to planning, design and detailing in high
rise buildings to withstand the effect of an earthquake.

1.2. Effects of earthquake:

1.2.1. Direct effects:
1. Damage due to surface faulting: it may totally demolish houses, rupture the
foundation, tilt the foundation slabs and walls are may cause minor damage to the
houses.
2. Damage due to liquefaction: this may cause instability due to internal seismic waves
and may cause damage in the form of settlements, tilting and rupture of the structure.
The extent of damage depends upon the properties of soils of different layers, depth of
water table, intensity and magnitude of earthquake and its duration.

1
 3. Damage due to sliding of superstructure on its foundation: it is essential that the
whole structure and foundation should work as a unit especially for the seismic
resistant design. For this purpose the superstructure should be anchored properly to
the foundation.
4. Damage due to structural vibration: the inertia forces are developed as vibration
response of a structure due to earthquake ground shaking. The intensity of inertia
force is directly proportional to the product of mass and acceleration. Hence, the
reduction of mass is very effective to minimise the inertia force. Timber as the
maximum advantage as a potential construction material due to its low mass.
Concrete, though a heavy material when reinforced with steel bars, has good strengths
in compression and tension.

1.2.2. Indirect effects:

Tsunamis, landslides, floods& fire are the indirect effects of earthquake these may
occur either alone or in combinations to add the damages during an earthquake.

1. Tsunami is a very large sea wave that is generated by a disturbance along the
ocean floor. This disturbance can be an earthquake, a landslide, or a volcanic
eruption. A tsunami is undetectable far out in the ocean, but once it reaches
shallow water, this fast travelling wave grows very large. Tsunamis are very
destructive, as this wall of water can destroy everything in its path.
2. Landslide means descent of a mass of earth and rock down a mountain slope.
Landslides may occur when water from rain melting snow sinks through the earth
on top of a slope, seeps through cracks and pore spaces in underlying sandstone,
and encounters a layer of slippery material, such as shale or clay, inclines toward
the valley. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can also cause severe, fast moving
landslides. Landslides that suddenly rush down a steep slope can cause grate
destruction across a wide area of habitable land and sometimes cause floods by
damming up bodies of water.
3. The amount of damage caused by post-earthquake fire depends on the types of
building materials used, whether water lines are intact, and whether natural gas
mains have been broken. Ruptured gas mains may lead to numerous fires, and fire
fighting cannot be effective if the water mains are not intact to transport water to
the fires. Earthquakes may also give rise to floods. Many times, large earthquakes
can cause cracking in dams. So, to contain the increased pressure, the authorities

2
 have to immediately release a lot of water to reduce the reservoir pressure. This
gives rise to heavy flooding in the region, causing great destruction.

1.3. Types of earthquakes and faults:

The earthquakes occur along the boundaries of tectonic plates are called interplate
earthquakes. The earthquake occurs within the plate away from the plate boundaries these are
called intraplate earthquakes.

Based on the depth of the origin of the earthquake, earthquakes are divided as shallow
or intermediate or deep. Earthquakes with a focus depth less than 60kms are called as shallow
earthquakes. If the depth is more than 60kms but less than 300kms are intermediate
earthquakes. The earthquakes having focus depth more than 300kms are called deep
earthquakes.

Based on the causes responsible for their occurrence, earthquakes are described as
tectonic or non-tectonic.

1.3.1. Tectonic earthquakes:

Tectonic earthquakes are exclusively due to internal causes such as due to
disturbances or adjustments of geological formations taking place earth’s interior. These
earthquakes occur when the plates move against one another. This movement can create
stress that causes the earth’s exterior shell, the lithosphere, to shift or break.

1.3.2. Non-tectonic earthquakes:

The non-tectonic earthquakes are generally due to external or surfacial causes.
Earthquakes which occurs due to volcanic eruptions are termed as non-tectonic earthquakes.
Volcanic earthquakes occur in conjunction with volcanic activity. Explosive earthquakes
results from the explosion of nuclear and chemical devices. Collapse earthquakes are small
earthquakes in underground caverns and mines.

3
1.4. Seismic zones in India:
Based on the levels of intensities sustained during damaging past earthquakes the
Indian map is subdivided into five zones as shown in the figure 1.1

Figure 1.1 Seismic zones in India

Courtesy: National center for seismology

4
1.5. Civil engineering considerations in earthquake resistant design:

The behavior of building during earthquakes depends critically on its overall shape,
size and geometry, in addition to how earthquake forces are carried out to ground.

1.5.1. Size of the building:

In tall buildings with large height to base size ratio, the horizontal movement of the
floors during ground shaking is large. In short but very long buildings the damaging effects
during earthquake is high, and in buildings with large plan area like ware houses the
horizontal seismic forces can be excessive to be carried by columns and walls.

1.5.2. Horizontal layout of building:

In general, buildings with simple geometry in plan such as circular, hexagonal have
performed well during strong earthquakes. Buildings with re-entrant corners like those U, V,
H have sustained significant damage. Many times the bad effects of interior corners in the
plan of building are avoided by making the building into two parts by providing a space of
25mm to 50mm. This is provided to prevent the twisting action during earthquake.

1.5.3. Vertical layout of building:

The earthquake forces developed at different floor levels in the building need to be
brought down along the height to the ground by shortest path; any deviation or discontinuity
in the load transfer path results in poor performance of building. Building that have fewer
columns or walls in a particular story tend to damage. Buildings with open ground story
intended for parking are prone to severe damage.

1.5.4. Adjacency of building:

When two buildings are too close to each other they may pound on each other during
strong shaking. With increase in building height this collision can be great problem. When
buildings heights do no match, the roof of the shorter building may pound at the mid height
of the column of the taller one; this can be very dangerous.

5
1.5.5. General principles:
1. Structures should not be brittle or collapse suddenly rather they should not be tough, able
to deflect or deform a considerable amount.

2. Resisting elements such as bracing on shear walls must be provided evenly throughout the
building in both directions side to side, as well as top to bottom.

3. All elements such as wall and the roof should be tied together so as to act as an integrated
unit during earthquake shaking transferring forces across connections and preventing
separation.

4. The building must be connected to a good foundation and the earth wet soil should be
avoided and the foundation must be well tied together as well tied to the wall where the soft
soils strengthening must be provided.

5. Care must be taken that all materials used are of good quality and are protected from sun,
rain, insects and other weakening actions so that their strength lasts.

6. Unreinforced earth and masonry have no reliable strength intension, and are brittle in
compression. Generally they must be suitably reinforced by steel or wood.

1.6. Modern technologies adopted for resisting earthquakes:

Conventional seismic design attempts to make buildings that do not collapse under
strong earth shaking, but may sustain damage to non-structural elements like glass and to
some structural members in the building. Two basic technologies are used to protect
buildings from damaging earthquake effects. These are base isolation devices and seismic
dampers.

1.6.1. Base isolation:

The idea behind base isolation is to detach the building from the ground in such a way
that earthquake motions are not transmitted up through the building, or at least greatly
reduced. The main feature of the base isolation technology is that it introduces flexibility in
the structure. The isolators are often designed to absorb energy and thus add damping to the
system this helps in further reducing the seismic response of the building. The base isolation
is not suitable for all buildings. Most suitable structures for base isolation are low to medium
rise buildings or buildings on hard soil underneath.

6
 Figure 1.1: Base Isolation
Courtesy: Earthquake tips by IIT Roorkee

1.6.2 Seismic dampers:

Seismic dampers are special devices introduced in the building to absorb the energy
provided by ground motion to the building. These dampers replaces the structural elements
such as diagonal braces. These dampers act like hydraulic shock absorbers. When seismic
energy is transmitted through them they absorb part of it and thus damp the motions of the
building. Commonly used type of seismic dampers include viscous dampers [energy is
absorbed by silicon-based fluid passing between piston-cylinder arrangement], and yielding
dampers [energy is absorbed by metallic components that yield], friction dampers [energy is
absorbed by surfaces with friction between them rubbing against each other].

Figure 1.2: Seismic Dampers

Courtesy: Earthquake tips by IIT Roorkee

7
1.6.3. Shear walls:
These are vertically oriented wide RCC plate like walls that carry earthquake loads
downwards to the foundation. These walls generally start at foundation level and are
continuous throughout the building height. Shear walls are efficient, both in terms of
construction cost and effectiveness in minimizing earthquake damage in structural and non-
structural elements. Shear walls provide large strength and stiffness to building in the
direction of their orientation, which significantly reduces lateral sway of the building and
their by reduces damage to structure and its contents. Shear walls should be provided
preferably along length and width. However, if they are provided along only one direction, a
proper grid of beams and columns must be provided along the other direction. Such frames is
known as moment resisting frame. Door or window opening can be provided ion shear walls,
but their size must be small to ensure least interruption to force flow through walls more over
shear walls should be symmetrically located to reduce the effect of twist in buildings. Shear
walls are more effective when located along the exterior perimeter of the building which
increases resistance of building to twisting.

Figure 1.3: Building with shear wall

Courtesy: Earthquake tips by IIT Roorkee

8
 As an earthquake resisting system, the use of shear walls is one of the best options.
Constructions made of shear walls are high in strength, they majorly resist the seismic force,
wind force and even can be built on soils of weak bases by adopting various ground
improvement techniques.

1.7 Objectives of present study:

The following objectives were kept in view while carrying out the numerical and
analytical investigations:

1. To design the earthquake resistant building without shear wall using

STAAD Pro V8i.

2. To Study the effect of shear wall configuration on earthquake resistant building

based on the lateral drift.

3. To compare the lateral drifts of building with and without shear wall.

4. To design the shear wall analytically.

9
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

M.S.Medhekar et.al [1993]: have studied the seismic behavior of shear wall. They
mentioned the design and detailing of RC shear wall. They explained about the general
requirements of shear walls, calculation of base shear, and design of boundary elements and
designing of a rectangular shear wall with an example. They concluded that selection of type
of shear wall system and detailing are import axial load capacity of boundary element is
2361KNand 12bars of 16mm diameter will be adequate to withstand tension as well as
compression..

Snehalkaushiket.al [2015]: have studied the failure of shear wall slab junction due to
application of lateral loads. They concluded that stress concentrations at the junction resulting
from earthshaking should be considered for the design of shear wall slab junction.

Y. Zhuet.al [2008]: have studied the seismic response of coupled shear wall system to
coupling beams with or without bolted steel plates and retrofitting coupled shear wall
structures by plated coupling beams. They concluded that the strengthened coupled shear
wall structure has better seismic performance than original coupled shear wall.

Ravikanthet.al [2014]: have studied the behavior of high rise irregular buildings with and
without shear wall. They concluded that there is increase in resistant to the lateral forces
when the shear wall is placed in appropriate position in irregular buildings.

G.Amaret.al[2016]: have studied the behavior of shear wall in a multi-storied building. They
analyzed the building in STADD pro and designed the rectangular shear wall. They designed
the shear wall in conventional method using Indian Standard codes and check for
serviceability from the results of maximum deflection from STADD pro.

TejasShashaet.al[2016]: have studied the behavior of shear wall placed in a G+20 building
with floor to floor height;3.5m,seismiczone:IV,shear wallthickness;230mm,beam in X and Y
directions are 230 mm ×650mm thick ,column :600mm×600mm ,span between the columns

10
:5m.is modeled with different positions using ETABS software which is based on finite
element analysis and found the best position of shear wall in that building by comparing
lateral displacements at every position. They concluded that shear walls position 1 is most
effective when compared to the position 2 as the deflection is reduced by 23%.and by
comparing the lateral drifts of building with and without shear walls they concluded that the
shear walls are one of the most effective building elements in resisting lateral forces during
earthquakes and increases stiffness of building.

B. Ramamohanareddyet.al [2015]: have designed a multi-storied building with shear walls

to resist lateral forces due to earthquakes. They analyzed and designed the structure in
STADD pro and compared the results with the conventional design done using code of
practice for earthquake design. They concluded about the structural design and said that
analytical and software design almost matched. As per the manual design they used IS code
1893:2000 and the design results for the shear walls are The corner reinforcement of the
shear wall of 20 meters is to be provided with 16 mm bars of 20 In numbers and the middle
area is provided with 10 mm bars with 150 mm spacing in vertical direction and 150 mm
spacing in horizontal direction for 300 mm wall. As per our computerized design we used the
same code and the results are the corner reinforcement of the shear wall of 20 meters is to be
provided with 16 mm bars of 20 in numbers, and the middle area is provided with 10 mm
bars with 140mm spacing in vertical direction and 120 mm spacing in horizontal direction for
300 mm wall. The values in the computer design also almost matched the theoretical design
the slight variation may be due to accuracy of computerized method. It is estimated that
whenever an opening is expected the bar diameter is increase and lateral ties are provided
inside the wall to increase the stiffness.

11
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 General:
The parameters used in the analysis and design are presented in this chapter. Three
dimensional finite element analysis is used to analyze the lateral drifts of various shear wall
configurations. The selected shear wall configuration is designed analytically.

Assumptions:

The following assumptions shall be made in the earthquake resistant design of structure.

a. Earthquake causes impulsive ground motions, which are complex and irregular in
character, changing in period and amplitude each lasting for a small duration.
Therefore, resonance of the type as visualized under steady-state sinusoidal
excitations, will not occur as it would need time to build up such amplitudes.
b. Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind or maximum flood or
maximum sea waves.
c. The value of elastic modulus of materials, wherever required, may be taken as for
static analysis unless a more definite value is available for use in such condition.

General considerations for design of shear walls:

As per clause 10.1 of IS 13920-2016 the requirements of shear walls that are part of lateral
force resisting system of earthquake resistant RC building are as follows:

1. The minimum thickness of special shear walls shall not be less than,
a. 150mm: and
b. 300mm for buildings with coupled shear walls in any seismic zone.
2. The minimum ratio of length of wall to its thickness shall be 4.
3. Reinforcement bars shall be provided in two curtains within the cross-section of the
wall, with each curtain having bars running along vertical and horizontal direction,
when,
a. Factored shear stress demand in the wall exceeds 0.25√fck MPa ; or
b. Wall thickness is 200mm or higher.

12
 4. The largest diameter of longitudinal steel bars used in any part of a wall shall not
exceed 1/10th of the thickness of the part.
5. The maximum spacing of vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall not exceed
smaller of,
a. 1/5th horizontal length Lw of wall;
b. 3 times thickness tw of web of wall; and
c. 450mm
6. Special shear walls shall be founded on properly designed foundations and shall not
be discontinued to rest on beams, columns or inclined members.
7. Special shear walls shall be provided with uniformly spaced vertical and horizontal
directions. At least a minimum area of reinforcement bars as indicated on table 1 shall
be provided along vertical and horizontal directions.

3.3 Numerical investigation [STAAD. pro V8i]:

STAAD.Pro V8i is a comprehensive and integrated finite element analysis and design
offering software capable of analyzing any structure exposed to static loading, dynamic
response, wind, earthquake and moving loads. It provides a scalable solution required as per
designer.

3.3.1 Modeling and analysis of earthquake resistant building:

1. A ten story building of 20m × 20m in plan and 30m height is modeled using STAAD.pro
V8i is as shown below:

Assumed dimensions of structural elements:

Beam: 300mm × 500mm

Column: 400mm× 400mm

Figure 3.1 Earthquake resistant building without shear wall

13
 Table 3.1: Input parameters for modeling a structure

Number of story’s 10 Height of each story 3m

Number of bays along 5 Length of each bay 4m

length
Number of bays along width 5 Length of each bay 4m

Zone V Zone factor 0.36

Importance factor 1.5 Damping ratio 0.05

Response reduction factor 4.5 Time of vibration along both x and 0.18sec
z directions

Type of building: Important building

Type of structure: Dual system(SMRF with Shear walls)
Thickness of shear wall = 350mm

2. Load combinations:

The building is analyzed under limit state of collapse and limit state of serviceability with the
following load combinations:

a. 1.5(DL+LL)
b. 1.5(DL+ELX±VE)
c. 1.5(DL+ELZ±VE)
d. 1.2(DL+LL+ELX±VE)
e. 1.2(DL+LL+ELZ±VE)

Figure 3.2 Deflection analysis

14
3.3.2 Configurations of shear wall:
The shear walls are configured on the basis of symmetry to avoid torsion and to reduce the
effect of lateral forces on the structure. The trail positions of shear wall are modeled as shown
in the figure. The shear walls are modeled by creating surfaces (wall)as shown in the figure.

Figure 3.3 Creating surface panel (wall)

15
Figure 3.4 Trail configuration of shear wall

16
Figure 3.4 Trail configuration of shear wall

17
Figure 3.4 Trail configuration of shear wall

18
3.3.3 Analysis and selection of shear wall configurations:
The trail shear wall configurations are analyzed by using STAAD.Pro V8i. The appropriate
position of shear wall in the structure is selected on the basis of minimum lateral drift.

Figure 3.5 Lateral drifts of shear wall

3.4 Analytical design of shear wall:

The selected shear wall configuration is to be designed as per IS 13920:2016 by considering
the maximum shear force, bending moment and axial load.

Thickness of shear wall (tw) = 350mm

Length of shear wall (lw) = 4000mm

Shear strength:

As per clause 10.2.1 of IS 13920:2016

Nominal shear stress demand on shear wall (τv) =

Where

Vu = design shear force = 3800KN

tw = thickness of wall = 350mm

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dw= effective depth of wall section (along length of the wall) which may be taken as 0.8 l w for
rectangular section = 0.8×4000=3200mm.

τv= = 3.39 N/mm2

As per clause 10.2.2 of IS 13920:2016 the design shear strength τcof concrete shall be
calculated as per table 19 of IS 456:2000.

Assuming 5% of gross area as area of horizontal and vertical reinforcement. Using M30
grade concrete. From table 19 of IS 456:2000

τc = 0.5 N/mm2

From table 20 of IS 456: 2000 maximum design shear strength is taken.

τc max = 3.5 N/mm2

As τc<τv<τc max required reinforcement is provided.

Vus = (τv - τc) = (3.39-0.5)350×3200 = 3236800N.

Use 20mm diameter 2 legged bars of Fe 415

Vus = = = 3236800

Sv = 224.27mm~200mm.

Maximum spacing is least of

1. = = 800mm

2. 3× = 3×350 = 1050mm
3. 450mm.

As per clause 10.1.7 of IS 13920:2016 the reinforcement bars shall be provided in two
curtains if

1. Factored shear stress demand in the wall exceeds 0.25

2. Wall thickness is 200mm or higher.

20
τv= 3.39 N/mm2> 0.25 and thickness of wall being 350mm the reinforcement should
be provided in two curtains.

As per table 1 of IS 13920:2016 minimum reinforcement in RC shearwalls is 0.0025 of gross

area, this requires the ratio 0.0025×350 = 0.875.

Provided reinforcement ratio = = 3.141 >0.875

Hence, provide 20mm diameter Fe 415 bars @ 200 mm spacing as horizontal and
vertical reinforcement in two curtains.

Flexural strength:

As per ANNEX A of IS 13920:2016 moment of resistance of rectangular shear wall section is

calculated.

Maximum moment (M) on shear wall from design loads is 3500KNm.

Maximum axial load (Pu) from design loads is 1500KN

For ≤

=Φ[( )(0.5-0.416× )-( )2 (0.168+ )]

Φ=[ ]=[ ] = 0.107

λ= [ ]= [ ] = 0.0357

β= = = 0.515

=[ ]=[ ] = 0.358

=[ ]=[ ] = 0.659

Since < the above mentioned equation can be used

21
 = 0.107[(1+ ) (0.5-0.416×0.358) - (0.358)2 (0.168+ )]

Muv = 7812KNm > M

Boundary elements:

Columns between the shear walls act as boundary elements.

Gross-sectional properties:

Column dimensions: 400 mm × 400 mm

Iy = = = 1.86×1012 mm4

M= 3500KNm

Pu = 1500KN

Ag = 350×4000 = 1400× 103 mm2

fc = [ + ]=[ + ] = 4.834N/mm2

Assuming longitudinal reinforcement as 2% of gross area

As = 0.02×400×400 = 3200 mm2

Axial load carrying capacity of boundary element column (taking short column action)

Pu = 0.4 fck Ag + (0.67 fy -0.4 fck ) As

= 0.4×30×16×104 + (0.67×415-0.4×30)×3200

Pu = 2771.36KN > axial load due to design load.

Hence provide 2% of gross area as longitudinal reinforcement.

Provide 12 bars of 20mm diameter equally distributed on the four sides of column.

Special confining reinforcement in boundary element as per clause 10.4.4 of IS 13920:2016

is provided.

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Ash = 0.05 Sv ×h×

Taking 2 legged 8mm diameter bars of Fe 415 for ties in the boundary element.

= 0.05 × Sv × 300×

Sv = 90mm.

Maximum spacing is least of :

1. = 133mm

2. ×20 = 120mm
3. mm

Hence provide 2 legged 8mm diameter ties at 90mm c/c spacing.

23
 Chapter 4

Results and Discussion

4.1: General
The various results obtained from STAAD.Pro V8i and analytical design are
presented and discussed in this chapter.

4.2 Discussion on numerical investigation results:

STAAD.Pro V8i is used to analyze lateral drifts of various trail configurations of
shear walls. The lateral drifts obtained from the analysis of trail shear configurations are
compared with earthquake resistant building without shear wall.

Table 4.1 lateral drifts for trail configurations

24
4.2.1: Load-lateral drift behavior of earthquake resistant building with and
without shear walls:
The variation of lateral drifts for various trail configurations of shear walls are
represented graphically as shown below:

Figure 4.1 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 1

Figure 4.1 compares the variation of lateral drift values of position 1 (65.012mm, 65.087mm,
38.026mm, 38.285mm) for the various load combinations with respect to lateral drift values
(60.542mm, 48.513mm, 48.434mm, 48.513mm) of earthquake resistant building without
shear wall.

Figure 4.2 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 2

Figure 4.2 compares the variation of lateral drift values of position 2 (25.341mm, 25.596mm,
43.965mm, 44.041mm) for the various load combinations with respect to lateral drift values
(60.542mm, 48.513mm, 48.434mm, 48.513mm) of earthquake resistant building without
shear wall.

25
 Figure 4.3 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 3
Figure 4.3 compares the variation of lateral drift values of position 3 (41.099mm, 41.465mm,
41.172mm, 41.465mm) for the various load combinations with respect to lateral drift values
(60.542mm, 48.513mm, 48.434mm, 48.513mm) of earthquake resistant building without
shear wall.

Figure: 4.4 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 4

Figure 4.4 compares the variation of lateral drift values of position 4 (43.888mm, 43.918mm,
43.888mm,43.918mm) for the various load combinations with respect to lateral drift values
(60.542mm, 48.513mm, 48.434mm, 48.513mm) of earthquake resistant building without
shear wall

26
 Figure: 4.5 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 5
Figure 4.5 compares the variation of lateral drift values of position 5 (29.86mm, 29.797mm,
29.86mm,29.797mm,) for the various load combinations with respect to lateral drift values
(60.542mm, 48.513mm, 48.434mm, 48.513mm) of earthquake resistant building without
shear wall.

Figure :4.6 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 6

Figure 4.6 compares the variation of lateral drift values of position 6 (71.484mm,
71.502mm,28.949mm,29.356mm.) for the various load combinations with respect to lateral
drift values (60.542mm, 48.513mm, 48.434mm, 48.513mm) of earthquake resistant building
without shear wall.

27
 Figure :4.7 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 7
Figure 4.7 compares the variation of lateral drift values of position 7
(28.949mm,29.356mm,71.484mm,71.502mm.) for the various load combinations with
respect to lateral drift values (60.542mm, 48.513mm, 48.434mm, 48.513mm) of earthquake
resistant building without shear wall.

Figure:4.8 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 8

Figure 4.8 compares the variation of lateral drift values of position 8
(33.453mm,33.762mm,33.453mm,33.762mm.) for the various load combinations with
respect to lateral drift values (60.542mm, 48.513mm, 48.434mm, 48.513mm) of earthquake
resistant building without shear wall.

28
 Figure 4.9 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 9
Figure 4.9 compares the variation of lateral drift values of position
9(37.495mm,37.744mm,74.78mm,74.785mm.) for the various load combinations with
respect to lateral drift values (60.542mm, 48.513mm, 48.434mm, 48.513mm) of earthquake
resistant building without shear wall

Figure: 4.10 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 10

Figure 4.10 compares the variation of lateral drift values of position 10 (44.543mm,
44.789mm, 30.309mm, 30.483mm) for the various load combinations with respect to lateral
drift values (60.542mm, 48.513mm, 48.434mm, 48.513mm) of earthquake resistant building
without shear wall.

29
 Figure: 4.11 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 11
Figure 4.11 compares the variation of lateral drift values of position 11 (41.747mm,
41.555mm, 42.411mm, 42.594mm) for the various load combinations with respect to lateral
drift values (60.542mm, 48.513mm, 48.434mm, 48.513mm) of earthquake resistant building
without shear wall .

Figure :4.12 load -lateral drift plot for trail position 12

Figure 4.12 compares the variation of lateral drift values of position 12 (32.705mm,
32.883mm, 16.406mm, 16.644mm) for the various load combinations with respect to lateral
drift values (60.542mm, 48.513mm, 48.434mm, 48.513mm) of earthquake resistant building
without shear wall.

The position shear walls are selected such that, for various load combinations lateral drift will
be minimum. The analysis using STADD.Pro V8i showed that the position 12 has minimum
lateral drift and the same is selected for positioning the shear wall. The lateral drifts of shear
wall for various load combinations as shown in figure 4.13

30
 1.2(LL+DL+ELX+VE) 1.2(LL+DL+ELX-VE)

1.2(LL+DL+ELZ+VE) 1.2(LL+DL+ELZ+VE)

Figure :4.13 lateral drifts of shear walls for position 12 .

31
The maximum shear force, bending moment and axial load values obtained from the
numerical investigation are tabulated:

Table No 4.2 results of numerical investigation:

Axial load 1500KN

Shear force 3800KN
Bending moment 3500KN-m

4.2.2 Design of the beam and column of earthquake resistant building:

Beam:

The main reinforcement of the beam of 4 meters length is to be provided with 3 bars of
12mm diameter in top and 4 bars of 10mm diameter at bottom. The shear reinforcement is to
be provided with 2 legged 8mm diameter bars at 170 mm spacing as shown in the figure 4.14.

Figure:4.14 Reinforcement detailing of beam

32
Column:

The longitudinal reinforcement of the column of 3 meters height is to be provided with 8 bars
of 16mm diameter. Provide lateral ties of 2 legged 8mm bars at 200mm center to center
spacing as shown in the figure 4.15.

Figure: 4.15 Reinforcement detailing of column

4.3 Analytical design of shear wall:

The boundary element reinforcement of the shear wall of 30meters length is to be provided
with 12 bars of 20 mm diameter as vertical reinforcement and 2 legged 8mm bars as lateral
ties at 90mm center to center and the middle area is provided with 20mm diameter bars at
200mm spacing in vertical direction and 200 mm spacing in horizontal direction for wall
thickness of 350 mm as shown in the figure.

33
Figure 4.16 Reinforcement detailing of shear wall

34
 Chapter 5

CONCLUSION
The following conclusions are drawn based on the numerical investigations and analytical
design carried out on earthquake resistant buildings with and without shear wall.

1. The shear walls are configured on the basis of symmetry to avoid eccentricity and
torsional effects on the building.
2. The shear wall configuration in position 12 is considered as appropriate position of
shear wall in building as its lateral drift is minimum. Appropriate position of shear
wall reduces the risk of damage during earthquake as the lateral drift of appropriate
position is less when compared with earthquake resistant building without shear wall.
3. The ductile design and detailing of shear wall increases the moment resisting capacity
of the structure as the lateral drift of the structure is reduced.
4. The design obtained is with in limit of acceptability as per standards. Hence, the
earthquake resistant structure with appropriate position of shear wall is safe.

35
 CHAPTER 6

REFERENCES

Journals

1. Aktan,A.E. and Betero ,V.(1985),”RC structural walls: seismic design for shear”
journal of structural engineering,ASCE,volume:111-issue8,pp;1775-1791.
2. B. Ramamohanareddy and M. Visweshwarrao [2015], “earthquake resistant design of
a building using shearwalls”, IJMETMR, Volume2-issue-10,pp414-421.
3. G.Amar1,V.Sanjay Gokul2, K. Vamshikrishna 3, D. Rakesh4, “Analysis and design
of reinforced concrete rectangular shearwalls”, IJIRT,Vol 2 issue no 12, pp 360-368.
4. M.S.Medhekar and Sudhirk.jain, [1993], “seismic behavior, design and detailing of
R.C shearwalls, part2: design and detailing”,Indian concrete journal.
5. Muto,k.(2001),”newly devised reinforced concrete shear walls for high –raise
building structures”,japan concrete institute,volume:200-issue -6,pp717-724.
6. Ravikanthchittiprolu,Ramancharlapradeepkumar, ‘significance of shearwall in high
rise irregular building’ ,IJEAR,volume;112-issue 45,pp:178-184.
Snehalkaushik and kausthabDasgupta, ‘Seismic design in shearwall slab junction in
RC buildings” journal of IIT Guwahati.
7. Tejasshaha and Anirudhbanhatti[2016], “Earthquake behavior of RCC building for
various shearwallconfigurations”,IRJET. Vol 3 issue 7,pp1656-1660.
8. Y.zhu,F.L.Zhou and R.K.L.su ‘Seismic effects on coupled shearwall structure by
coupling beams with side bolted steel plates ”, building structures.

IS code books:

1. IS 1893(Part 1):2002 –“Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures –part1

general provisions and buildings(5th revision).
2. IS 13920:2016-“Ductile Design and Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Subjected to Seismic Forces-Code of Practice (1st revision).
3. IS 456:2000-“Plain and Reinforced Concrete –Code of Practice (4th revision).

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