Satetite Uink Deigh

Basic Uink analysa

Satelite unk Aray ss
Downink

Uplnk Analysis
tT is ink in which FSis hrarg mitina

Nojo
J
Caieto) Receber VteeSpace
ikotre Antena tog
Pow e Tadtated Oain to Otherloss
power
eBystem
Noise
lampoahue
 Satellito

satu xation flux olenot

2 Y P Backoff

Hgh pouer Amplior

Plun density undlehaiy seguà red
Satuatton

at

Nceivà nq antenna TD on dee power sahrahn

= EIRP

J ndecbel

LEIRE]Iolog-4
from faeO space loss
FSLlo lag( ) A= wave length +
-lo log T
2
 Sub ) in()

whene 0 lo4.
4
etiective area of
antennaa iSotro

tolog 4 Ao

fo a cleo Shy
sky condihons
pot secojer feeda bs
EIRP Pm+ Bot losses REL
tor a speuhed-susaion ftux density,

Tis is equi red nminimum Value of EIRe

to pruce proper bux density at sataltàe
 Japut Hackoff &o).
whe multiple caier opexation pctusa in
intotadutation distorion
When mone han one cames acceLs an ponde..
ah pouer ampüfie generate Sane maximurn
put power for Single cariex So it Yesus in
iatemoclulation diatoion
In onder to reduce the ope eating Poiri of
ir leLs than ts sabaate Op j uplink inps
Cte tattetd tp Batkotfthite in callod a
Back off and tis pesformed in upinkpalled
at Tle Backotf C Bo;) while doun link, itis
Bo,)itohyb
ofp Back of

Eoxth station E|RP wlI|l be nedue d by LBo]:

LEIRFJ
Sub in
 Sub egn (5)

Hlah pouwe ampliern ([HPe)

Eorth Station HPA PoVdes Yodiaded pougk
ond trans mit feeder loss (TE
TrantHer antenna gan
P
HPA = EIRP+ GT TEL
Sjnce ES Supprts multiple caier ope vahon
its op rerires back off (ie) (Bo NPA

Power ofp
 Downlink Pnalysit
Seitoste
which the Satetto 7
ink in
is 1
ceiing it tiansritirg the
'IEIRF),* o i),-t
includes Satellite ERP, ES
ES pe0eiver foode

SaMi' Si nal Ebfas hoise B-w'it is inelded

in abore epuation

[No

Out put Bac koff

proces, the op bac ka s
For doun link
elated to input BO.
hot ünearly
lhe vetation bhs iP oP Bo
- 5 dB
Bo3,
 op Bo (da9

5ds
Singie arrer
Boo matipe corier
(Go;
e Bo(dBm)
(EIRE (iRPsJ, (tal,

|No

Satelite TwTA Olp(HPA

’TwTA iS Satelite poue anputies
troryi
> pro vi deJ Baciated power and ago
feede toss (ie) waneguide, filtex 44coula e
Pouor

po TtA (EIRFJ-CG)t CTF

Satuated power op of TwTA' is

|Prarajs
KCasier to Noise Ratio
power to hoise (eNE] ’ ratio of caer
powa at
N Pa
T)s Used fo PN:
fhags ure performance of
detemne link power budaet.
satelito 4
Caleulatin
In terms of deibets

CP-C :l]inofdeci
fonmbel
CPR.[ERP]+ hg]- to sSE SJ tentodty
fR=(ÉIRF)aa

Tatio Ratio of seceinng antema gain Ga

System nise tempexatre (Ts).

en beomes
J laRB]+ [A)-Creses)--(BJ-)
 C Tatio of cader p6u0er to hase
No pouen denaty ie

No
Sab a n)in abore

LN

Combined Upiok´2 Douotinkatioi:

Trarsmitrg

Satollite
nteona

amplites
/ES

pawea gain from satebte p

 power flow dipram
PNp

Upin Uok
At satelite

Downtnk
LPu
vato

tt
Combinat (G) satia

eeu Taking recipocal of (A).

No u PD
PR
PR
PR
 - No
C PR

()=(e), (),
tråm this combined Caries to noise vaho
tan be obtived by ta king apocat of
ink Pouwes Budqot Ssuation
’Relate transitting pouwer d,ecovg pouwar
Powey Yecelved at xe ceiver is

J
Receiver
powed antenna
2r
gain
EIRP Key paromater in ink budget Caleulaty
calaui'a
’Iths an isotnpic vadiatr gadids
equal poue in al disahiond
flux deny
’Tsotrpie Tadiatox produce
ELRP = Gi Ps
 EIRP n tom of
dB G : transtm i ting antenmo
gain
Ps Souce poPr

Losses Uoar sky conditionn are

FSL= tree space Spreading loss dB
REL= in d5
ceives foedex loss
ANL = Antenna mis
alignment lass
Htasjohen'c absosption last
PL = Polanzaton mismatch Jose
Total loss

Problems:
)ASatoLtite dounUnk at 26W2 opoates with
tanst of 6n and antenna
pnex Of gaun of
48-QdB (aloulate ElRP o dew

G= 48adB
- |2 Gt 2
 (EIPR)= [Ps] + foJ

4815 + 482) dBw

JEIRP) 55. 98 dBW 56dR

and a atellito
Range ground Jtatòn
44,0 00 Kn aleulate tespace Logs at 6hit

Solnhiven Y 42,000 km, f=6 6H2'

tie spare foss
fSL =
324 t
a0 log (420o) 2aly
=d00. 42gU

Q0o4 dB
3) A
satelite ink
eating at 14 bH2 has reeeive
feeden losslos of
T55de
d& and soee space
7he atmas pherie 9 ds
poinhg loss is abgenption
osda.
loss is o-5 de &
antem
be ntiected apulathe Depoladaation loss
total cink locs for ma
cloa'sky cOndiion
FSJ= 207 dB.
CRFLJ t5 ds

Zlosse)+)EsJ+ CRELJ+ Can]+ (am+[

In a nk budq ct Caleulation at (2 GHz 4the

freespace toss is do6 dB, antenna poinhng loss is
de 'and atmos pheic absorpbon is ade The
9-5 dB/k and eeee fe ede
Joss ae tdB E|RP is 8 dBW. Calcudate
N spechal density
 Asátelite ink at 14 oh H2
has receiven
Jende loss of 55de and foee space
lbog, da
. The atmaspherie a0smton oss is o-s da &
Ppining locs is 5da.
0 anteama.
antonna
Depolasth
ation to ss mo
nlyloctd Catulate total tink
eleassky conditian tos t

FS]: 207 d&

TANio.5 cdk

204 :5 +0.5 to5

dog. 5 de
4) In a nk budg ct
Caleulation at l2 Gtzthe
fyespace (ox
loss is D6 dB, andenna poining
pointng lous is
Ide 'and atmos phe nc à bserpbion is ade The
TPeines Gis 9-5d Bk and ecee -feeder
los arp da. he E|RP is 48 dew. lal oudate
N spectial density
 lts] a06 dt
(on) : 1de
(on). ade
- lrsjr (rrLJ+
(l0s )
(eiRr)* [ -Crosst)- G

polavFation lott is ragliate

1

H8+19-5 - 2)o- aar-6)

=86-)-dB

(.5 ) Fosa satelite orcwt tho indiduad in

Spectral olergity aias aie
Caswer to' noise
upun k lo0 deH, doundink gdBiz
Caleulato the coHmbin ed c/N satio indB
Civen |00dg2
84 dB #2
 Should not add tose
Values n dB

l00

0,

tog (
b faking

Total
0

B|°4+ .995X1o
(Ne )- a-095 x51.

Convet joto de H2

-lotogl&-o95x16 )
-10x -8.6T88

No
(6) Fox a. 'Sateite. the cames to hoise xata
downink aoda
upliok a3 dB
inte mocluabon 4 ddB alclate the ovea
(n decibala Suggest" a methad to nedue
d8 No

10 log No
= 3

lo

-23 -
 Oveal

O. 0o)9
vall
overal
Conwet into d8 2

To neduce TM noise, TNTA OPexateo in Back oft

COndi'hon

ffets'6fRain io Satplite lommanication

Rain Dduued Attenuation )
R Rain tal s major cause of siqgnal tading in - bard
ku band i
t Signal fading maans in atenuation ot a o wave

by scattering by abkorian of erey9

 msphe

Rain attenuation frepuoncy

t Wien radio wane passes ThroughTainde
it atfecH polan2a'hion of wave (ie)
depolanz2aban of wave
Satellite

Rain fal. *
m

ES
an droplets in
ei pticl shae
Ranfal oause ’’ attenuation of xadio gighal
Tcing sid noise
Tootypes ofmitade masgin.
Upink ran fade margirn -d.. degrada tte
O
()at
No
Satellte in a uways
’Upunk Power tortns

IneeDein nD0se.
 Upink po uer (onolb Dp ink
held with in Suitable camex pouex is
fade imtto comjensate tox
Here ES- HPA is used sain
powes to meet fade magin to ce the snal
equj rement TE
prorides :9 ds margin orer deéeart
ar sky
ODown link fada mosqin i-
Teceived (N) in a waysRaintall deg sadsade the
PBy attonuotne carnereSnt wave
yBy. inte psing shy noise temperaNoe
Sffective
nolse temp of sain is
Tran Ta (1- )| (Teit)
A power loss raho
lo
Ta Appar ank Absober tempevaer
Itis a
Physical temp of rain l scatteing ettet
of Tan an the mal noi se
lokal gkynoise te mperahue à
Tes clearskynete tenf
 phe

Taàn attenuation Cane for FM sateli

hveshold_Masgin Nin alowable vauent

wbch rain tades do not fake N bel
theshold value more than a &peeifiedhme
hmbebiiy
attonuatio
ex eeds

Attenua ion () da
Pan Rate ’ Yate
Tote at which rain oatex lene
tDg
gae at ESIt is denotad aa fe

Condition is

Ts,s
 Specific sain atenuati on o a
a2 b dependa on trogd polarizaon
otali Nain attenuation in deu'

Ar. dB
sedtuction tactor:
path tenghof of Siqnal
Siqnal tho rain i sfrath

|lonosphete Scintillation
Raduo waves harelling b<isate.lite and ES
must pas th' inasphere earth atmasphe
>Jonosphere uppexegion
is of
which has boen ionized by solav oadiason
Frre e inlonas phere are nt unifomy ditob
but fom in layers
’ The fonosphe ic et feats include Sein tilloaion,
Vamaion ip dì ection of adval,
absorph on
Pr pagaian detay i, disperstán, tegueny
C§asge polaizahon otahion
 decTOase
as
othos
these
' I

Caused
Increse,

Lonasplenc
&intillation

Can sigicamy dis uyt

asphene rangahon' &ystensi
inn lon
Satetite cormunitotion
tho amplitde 2 phao of tado Gp
in
The ineg ulanhes ane fluc1 tuation
to yefiac
oletron
that cae ignal satte
desity scintilahon in Sc'.
Impact of ionosphenc
Simal deg1adaton
’ GPs disnuptions
educed aceusacy
gactor inttueneng scintitlation

lacation
’ bme of day $ean
’Solar actinty
 Goo
‘ tree space
Aayeu ot Sath
tmosphee
300

200 Tonos phe e

Topespher
Sasth susface
Satellite Link Design Without Frequency Reuse

Concept: Without frequency reuse, a unique set of frequencies is assigned to each

communication link or geographic area covered by a satellite. This means that if a satellite has
multiple spot beams or serves different regions, each beam/region uses a completely different
set of frequencies to avoid interference.

Implementation:

1.​ Dedicated Frequencies: Each transponder or channel on the satellite operates on a

distinct frequency band.
2.​ Geographic Separation: Different geographic areas covered by the satellite would be
assigned entirely separate frequency bands.
3.​ Simpler Design (at the cost of capacity): The link design is simpler in terms of
interference management because there's no intentional overlap of frequencies. Each
link is effectively isolated in the frequency domain.
4.​ Limited Capacity: The primary disadvantage is that this approach is highly inefficient in
terms of spectrum utilization. Since the frequency spectrum is a finite resource, using
unique frequencies for every link severely limits the total capacity of the satellite system.
This is often impractical for high-demand services.
Example: Imagine a satellite serving two cities, City A and City B. Without frequency reuse, the
satellite might use the 11 GHz band for communication with City A and the 12 GHz band for
communication with City B. There is no overlap in frequencies.

Satellite Link Design With Frequency Reuse

Concept: Frequency reuse is a technique that allows the same frequency bands to be used
multiple times within the same satellite system, effectively increasing the system's capacity
without requiring additional spectrum. This is achieved by exploiting various forms of isolation to
minimize interference between co-frequency links.

Implementation: Frequency reuse is typically implemented using a combination of methods:

1.​ Spatial Reuse (Spot Beams):

○​ Concept: The satellite's coverage area is divided into multiple smaller,
geographically isolated "spot beams." Frequencies used in one spot beam can
be reused in another non-adjacent spot beam, provided there is sufficient
geographical separation to ensure that interference levels are acceptable.
○​ Implementation: High-gain, narrow-beam antennas on the satellite are used to
create these spot beams. The antenna design ensures that the main lobe of one
beam has minimal overlap with the main lobe of another beam using the same
frequency. The distance between co-frequency beams is carefully designed to
keep co-channel interference below acceptable thresholds.
○​ Analogy: Think of a cellular network where different cells reuse the same
frequencies, but distant cells can use the same frequency without much
interference.
 Parameter Without Frequency With Frequency Reuse (Polarization Isolation)
Reuse

Uplink Band 5.925–6.425 GHz 5.925–6.425 GHz (H) and 5.925–6.425 GHz (V)

Downlink 3.7–4.2 GHz 3.7–4.2 GHz (H) and 3.7–4.2 GHz (V)
Band

Capacity 24 transponders 48 transponders (same spectrum but reused on

(example) orthogonal polarizations)

2.​ Polarization Isolation (Polarization Reuse):

○​ Concept: This method exploits the fact that electromagnetic waves can be
transmitted and received with different polarizations (e.g., linear or circular). Two
independent communication channels can occupy the exact same frequency
band if they use orthogonal polarizations.
○​ Implementation:
■​ Linear Polarization: Signals can be transmitted using Horizontal
Polarization (HP) and Vertical Polarization (VP). These two polarizations
are orthogonal to each other. A satellite transponder might transmit one
signal on 11.7 GHz HP and another on 11.7 GHz VP. Earth stations would
then use antennas designed to selectively receive either HP or VP,
effectively separating the two signals.
■​ Circular Polarization: Signals can also be transmitted using Left-Hand
Circular Polarization (LHCP) and Right-Hand Circular Polarization
(RHCP). These are also orthogonal. Similar to linear polarization, a
satellite can transmit two separate signals on the same frequency using
LHCP and RHCP, and the receiving Earth station can differentiate them
based on their polarization.
○​ Polarization Isolation Method Explained:
■​ When an electromagnetic wave is transmitted, its electric field oscillates in
a particular orientation. This orientation defines its polarization.
■​ Orthogonal polarizations are those that are at 90 degrees to each other.
For linear polarization, this means horizontal and vertical. For circular
polarization, it means left-hand and right-hand rotation.
■​ Antennas are designed to be "polarization-matched." A horizontally
polarized antenna will primarily receive horizontally polarized signals and
reject (or strongly attenuate) vertically polarized signals, and vice-versa.
The same applies to circular polarization.
■​ Cross-Polarization Discrimination (XPD): This is a key metric for
polarization isolation. XPD measures the ratio of the power received in
the desired (co-polarized) polarization to the power received in the
undesired (cross-polarized) orthogonal polarization. A high XPD (typically
measured in dB) indicates good isolation, meaning less interference
between the two channels operating on the same frequency but different
polarizations.
■​ Challenges:
■​ Depolarization: Atmospheric effects, particularly rain, can cause
depolarization. Raindrops are not perfectly spherical and can
cause some energy from a desired polarization to "leak" into the
orthogonal polarization, reducing XPD and causing interference.
■​ Antenna Imperfections: Real-world antennas are not perfectly
pure in their polarization characteristics, leading to some degree of
cross-polarization interference.
■​ Faraday Rotation (for Linear Polarization): The Earth's
ionosphere can rotate the plane of linear polarization, which can
degrade polarization isolation, especially at lower frequencies.
Circular polarization is generally immune to Faraday rotation,
making it more robust for certain satellite applications.
 3.​ Combined Spatial and Polarization Reuse:
○​ The most common and effective approach is to combine both spatial and
polarization reuse. For example, a satellite might have four spot beams (A, B, C,
D) and use two orthogonal polarizations (HP/VP or LHCP/RHCP).
○​ Beam A might use Frequencies X (HP) and X (VP).
○​ Beam B (non-adjacent to A) might also use Frequencies X (HP) and X (VP).
○​ This effectively quadruples the capacity for a given bandwidth. The geographical
separation minimizes interference between same-polarized signals in different
beams, and polarization isolation handles the same-frequency signals within the
same beam.

Advantages of Frequency Reuse:

●​ Increased Capacity: The most significant advantage is the dramatic increase in the
amount of data that can be transmitted over a limited frequency spectrum. This is crucial
for meeting the growing demand for satellite communication services.
●​ Improved Spectrum Efficiency: It makes more efficient use of the valuable and limited
frequency resource.
●​ Reduced Costs: By maximizing the use of existing spectrum, it can reduce the need to
acquire additional, often expensive, frequency licenses.

Disadvantages of Frequency Reuse:

●​ Increased Complexity: Link design becomes much more complex, requiring careful
planning of beam patterns, polarization assignments, and interference mitigation
techniques.
●​ Interference Management: While frequency reuse aims to minimize interference, it
inherently introduces the potential for co-channel and cross-polarization interference.
Sophisticated interference cancellation and management strategies are often necessary.
●​ Performance Degradation (due to imperfect isolation): Imperfections in antenna
design, atmospheric effects (like rain depolarization), and misalignments can lead to
some level of interference, potentially degrading signal quality.