Tng quan v VoIP (Voice over IP)

Internet Voice, cng c bit nh thoi qua giao thc( Voice Over IP), l mt cng ngh m cho php to cuc gi dng kt ni bng thng rng thay v dng ng dy in thoi tng t (analog). Nhiu dch v dng Voice over IP c th ch cho php bn gi ngi khc dng cng loi dch v, tuy nhin cng c nhng dch v cho php gi nhng ngi khc dng s in thoi nh s ni b,ng di, di ng, quc t. Trong khi cng c nhng dch v ch lm vic qua my tnh, hay loi in thoi qua IP(IP phone) c bit. Cng c vi dch v cho php dng in thoi truyn thng qua mt b iu hp (adaptor). VoIP cho php thc hin cuc dng my tnh qua mng d liu nh Internet. VoIP chuyn i tn hiu thoi t in thoi tng t analog vo tn hiu s (digital) trc khi truyn qua Internet, sau chuyn i ngc li u nhn. Khi to mt cuc gi VoIP dng in thoi vi mt b iu hp, chng ta s nghe m mi gi, quay s s xy ra sau tin trnh ny. VoIP c th cng s cho php to mt cuc gi trc tip t my tnh dng loi in thoi tng ng hay dng microphone. VoIP cho php to cuc gi ng di qua mng d liu IP c sn thay v phi c truyn qua mng PSTN ( public switched telephone network). Ngy nay nhiu cng ty thc hin gii php VoIP ca h gim chi ph cho nhng cuc gi ng di gia nhiu chi nhnh xa nhau. Trc y, khi da vo giao tip thoi trn mng PSTN. Trong sut cuc gi gia hai a im, ng kt ni th c dnh ring cho bn thc hin cuc gi. Khng c thng tin khc c th truyn qua ng truyn ny, cho d vn cn tha lng bng thng sn dng. Sau vi s xut hin ca mng giao tip d liu, nhiu cng ty u t cho mng giao tip d liu chia s thng tin vi nhau, trong khi thoi v fax vn tip tc s dng mng PSTN. Nhng ngy nay iu ny khng cn l vn na, vi s pht trin nhanh chng v c s dng rng ri ca IP, chng ta tin rt xa trong kh nng gim chi ph trong vic h tr truyn thoi v d liu, Gii php tch hp thoi vo mng d liu, v cng hot ng bn cnh vi h thng PBX hin ti hay nhng thit b in thai khc, n gin cho vic m rng kh nng thoi cho nhng v tr xa. Traffic thoi thc cht s c mang t do (free) bn trn mng d

liu thng qua c s h tng v thit b phn cng c sn Mc d nhng khi nim v VoIP l n gin, Tuy nhin thc hin v ng dng VoIP l phc tp. gi voice, thng tin phi c tch bit thnh nhng gi (packet) ging nh d liu. Gi l nhng phn thng tin c chia nh d dng cho vic gi gi, cng c th dng k thut nn gi tit kim bng thng, thng qua nhng tin trnh codec (compressor/de-compressor). C rt nhiu loi giao thc dng thc hin dch v VoIP, nhng giao thc bo hiu (signaling) VoIP ph bin l SIP v H323. C SIP v H323 u cho php ngi dng thc hin cng cng vic: thit lp giao tip cho nhng ng dng a phung tin (multimedia) nh audio, video, nhng giao tip d liu khc. Nhng H323 ch yu c thit k cho nhng dch v a phung tin, trong khi SIP th ph hp cho nhng dch vu VoIP. RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) nh ngha nh dng chun ca gi tin cho vic phn phi audio v video qua Internet. VoIP lm vic nh th no? Khi ni vo ng nghe hay microphone, ging ni s to ra tn hiu in t, l nhng tn hiu analog. Tn hiu analog c chuyn sang tn hiu s dng thut tan c bit chuyn i. Nhng thit b khc nhau c cch chuyn i khc nhau nh VoIP phone hay softphone, nu dng in thoi analog thng thng th cn mt Telephony Adapter (TA). Sau ging ni c s ha s c ng vo gi tin v gi trn mng IP. Trong sut tin trnh mt giao thc nh SIP hay H323 s c dng iu khin (control) cuc gi nh l thit lp, quay s, ngt kt ni v RTP th c dng cho tnh nng m bo tin cy v duy tr cht lng dch v trong qu trinh truyn. S ha tn hiu Analog Biu din tn hiu tng t(analog) thnh dng s (digital) l cng vic kh khn. V bn thn dng m thanh nh ging ni con ngi dng analog do cn mt s lng ln cc gi tr digital biu din bin (amplitude), tn s(frequency) v pha (phase), chuyn i nhng gi tr thnh dng s nh phn(zero v one) l rt kh khn. Cn thit cn c c ch dng thc hin s chuyn i ny v kt qu ca s pht trin ny l s ra i ca nhng thit b c gi l codec (coder-decoder) hay l thit b m v gii m. Tn hiu n thoi analog (ging ni con ngi) c t vo u vo ca thit b codec v c chuyn i thnh chui s nh phn u ra. Sau qu trnh ny thc hin tr li bng cch chuyn chui s thnh dng analog u cui, vi cng qui trnh codec. C 4 bc lin quan n qu trnh s ha(digitizing) mt tn hiu tng t(analog): Ly mu (Sampling) Lng t ha (Quantization) M ha (Encoding)

Nn ging ni (Voice Compression) Multiplexing: Ghp knh l qui trnh chuyn mt s tn hiu dng thi qua mt phng tin truyn dn. PAM(pulse-amplitude modulation)- iu ch bin xung TDM(Time Division Multiplexing)-Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian:Phn phi khong thi gian xc nh vo mi knh, mi knh chim ng truyn cao tc trong sut mt khang thi gian theo nh k. FDM(Frequency Division Multiplexing)-Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s: Mi knh c phn phi theo mt bng tn xc nh, thng thng c b rng 4Khz cho dch v thoi. PCM(Pulse code modulation)- iu ch theo m: l phng php thng dng nht chuyn i cc tn hiu analog sang dng digital ( v ngc li) c th vn chuyn qua mt h thng truyn dn s hay cc qu trnh x l s. S bin i ny bao gm 3 tin trnh chnh: ly mu, lng t ho, m ho. Tin trnh ny hot ng nh sau: Giai on u tin cu PCM l ly mu cc tn hiu nhp (tn hiu i vo thit b s ho), n to ra mt tun t cc mu analog di dng chui PAM. Cc mu PAM c di bin ni tip nhau, sau phn chia di bin ny thnh mt s gii hn cc khong. Tt c cc mu vi cc bin no nu mu no ri vo mt khong c bit no th c gn cng mc gi tr cu khong . Cng vic ny c gi l lng t ho. Cui cng trong b m ho, ln ca cc mu c lng t ho c biu din bi cc m nh phn Ly mu (Sampling)

Tn hiu m thanh trn mng in thoi c ph nng lng t n 10Khz. Tuy nhin, hu ht nng lng u tp trung phn thp hn trong di ny. Do tit kim bng thng trong cc h thng truyn c ghp knh theo FDM v c TDM. Cc knh in thoi thng gii hn bng tn trong khong t 300 n 3400Hz. Tuy nhin trong thc t s c mt t nng lng nhiu c chuyn qua di dng cc tn s cao hn tn s hiu dng 3400Hz. Do ph tn s c th c m rng n 4Khz, theo l thuyt Nyquist: khi mt tn hiu th c ly mu ng thi mi khong nh k v c tc t nht bng hai ln ph tn s cao nht, sau nhng mu ny s mang thng tin cho php vic ti to li chnh xc tn hiu thit b nhn. Vi ph tn s cao nht cho thoi l 4000Hz hay 8000 mu c ly trong mt giy, khong cch gia mi mu l 125 micro giy.

Lng t ho (Quantization)

Tin trnh k tip ca s ha tn hiu tun t l biu din gi tr chnh xc cho mi mu c ly. Mi mu c th c gn cho mt gi tr s, tng ng vi bin (theo chiu cao) ca mu. Sau khi thc hin gii hn u tin i vi bin tng ng vi di mu, n lt mi mu s c so snh vi mt tp hp cc mc lng t v gn vo mt mc xp x vi n. Qui nh rng tt c cc mu trong cng khong gia hai mc lng t c xem c cng gi tr. Sau gi tr gn c dng trong h thng truyn. S phc hi hnh dng tn hiu ban u i hi thc hin theo hng ngc li.

M ha (Encoding)

Mi mc lng t c ch nh mt gi tr s 8 bit, kt hp 8 bit c 256 mc hay gi tr. Qui c bit u tin dng nh du gi tr m hoc dng cho mu. By bt cn li biu din cho ln; bit u tin ch na trn hay na di ca dy, bit th hai ch phn t trn hay di, bit th 3 ch phn tm trn hay di v c th tip tc. Ba bc tin trnh ny s lp li 8000 ln mi giy cho dch v knh in thoi. Dng bc th t l ty chn nn hay tit kim bng thng. Vi ty chn ny th mt knh c th mang nhiu cuc gi dng thi. Nn ging ni(Voice Compression) Mc d k thut m ha PCM 64 Kps hin hnh l phng php c chun ha, nhng c vi phng php m ha khc c s dng trong nhng ng dng c bit. Cc phng php ny thc hin m ha ting ni vi tc nh hn tc ca PCM, nh tn dng c kh nng ca h thng truyn dn s. Chc hn, cc m ha tc thp ny s b hn ch v cht lng, t bit l nhiu v mo tn s. Mt s v d h thng m ha ting ni tc thp: CVSD( Continuously variable slope delta modulaton) K thut ny l mt dn xut ca iu ch delta, trong mt bit n dng m ha mi mu PAM hoc ln hn hoc nh hn mu trc . V khng hn ch bi 8 bit, m ha c th hat ng tc khc nhau vo khang 20 Kps. ADPCM( Adaptive differential PCM): K thut ny l mt dn xut ca PCM chun, s khc bit gia cc mu lin tip nhau c m ha, thay v tt c cc mu iu c m ha, c truyn trn ng dy. CCITT c ngh mt chun ADPCM 32 Kps, 24 Kps, 16Kbs cho m ha ting ni. Chun PCM th cng c bit nh chun ITU G.711 Tc G.711: 64 Kps=(2*4 kHz)*8 bit/mu Tc G.726: 32 Kps=(2*4 kHz)*4 bit/mu Tc G.726: 24 Kps=(2*4 kHz)*3 bit/mu Tc G.726: 16 Kps=(2*4 kHz)*2 bit/mu Packetizing voice

Mi mt khi ging ni c s ho v c nn li, n phi c chia thnh nhng phn nh, t vo gi IP, VoIP th khng hiu qua cho nhng gi tin nh, trong khi nhng gi tin ln th to ra nhiu tr, do nh hng ca vi loi header m kch thc cu d liu thoi(voice data ) cng s nh hng. V d header cu IP, UDP, RTP l 40 byte, nu gi tin voice cng ch khong 40 byte th hon ton khng hiu qu, kch thc gi tin ln nht c th trong mi trng Ethernet l 1500 byte, dng 40 byte cho header cn li 1460 byte c th s dng cho phn d liu thoi, tng ng vi 1460 mu(samples) khng c nn hay thi gian t phn d liu vo gi tin. Nu gi b mt nhiu hay n ch khng ng th t s lm cho cuc thoi b ngt qung. Thng thng, cn khong 10us n 30 us (trung bnh l 20us) t d liu thoi vo bn trong gi tin, v d phn d liu thoi(voice data) v kch thc 160 byte khng nn cn khong 20us t phn d liu thoi vo bn trong gi tin. S lng d liu thoi bn trong gi tin cn cn bng gia s hiu qu trong s dng bng thng v cht lng ca cuc thoi

S ng gi cho qu trnh vn chuyn gi thoi

Gii thiu mt s giao thc chnh: H323: y l giao thc chun ca ITU. Giao thc ny ban u c pht trin cho h thng a phng tin(multimedia) phng tin trong mi trng khng hng kt ni (connectionless), nh LAN. H323 l chun nh ngha tt c tin trnh lin quan n vn ng b cho thoi, video, v truyn d liu. H323 nh ngha tn hiu cuc gi end-to-end. MGCP: Chun oc pht trin iu khin cng ra vo (gateway) cho h thng PSTN. MGCP nh ngha giao thc, hay qui tc iu khin (control) cho cng ra vo ca VoIP m kt ni vi thit b iu khin cuc gi (call-control) bn ngoi, thng c gi l tc nhn gi(call agent), MGCP cung cp tnh nng bo hiu cho nhng thit b r tin v tr ra nh l cng ra vo, y l nhng thit b m khng c tnh nng to y tn hiu cho thoi nh l H323. Thc cht, bt k lc no khi xy ra s kin nh qu trnh nhc ng nghe (off hook) ti cng thoi (voice port) ca cng ra vo, cng thoi s thng bo s kin n tc nhn gi. Sau tc nhn gi to tn hiu n thit b m cung cp dch v, nh l tn hiu mi quay s. SIP: y l giao thc chi tit m xc nh nhng ch th v nhng p ng, thit lp hay kt thc cuc gi. SIP cng m t chi tit v cc tnh nng nh bo mt (sercurity), s y nhim (proxy), vn chuyn (transport). SIP nh ngha ra c ch bo hiu cuc gi end-to end gia cc thit b. SIP l giao thc text-based m c nhiu tnh nng tng t HTTP, nh l cng m hnh yu cu (request) v p ng (response). RTP: Giao thc chun ca IETF v media-stream. RTP mang d liu thoi qua mng. RTP cung cp s trnh t v thng s thi gian (time stamp) x l ng th t ca gi tin thoi. RTCP: Cung cp tnh nng iu khin thng tin ngoi bng (out-of-band) cho mt lung RTP. Mi lung RTP c tng ng lung RTCP m thng bo nhng s liu thng k trn

cuc gi. RTCP c dng cho tnh nng thng bo QoS. VoIP v m hnh OSI

tch hp thnh cng lu lng (traffic) thoi trong h thng hng kt ni nh PSTN vo h thng khng hng kt ni nh mng IP cn yu cu tnh nng ca rt nhiu c ch bo hiu. Do ngi dng c th to mng khng hng kt ni xut hin nh mng hung kt ni. Nhng ng dng nh l Cisco IP Softphone v CiscoManager cung cp giao din cho ngi dng to ging ni, chuyn i v nn ging ni my tnh ca h trc khi c mang qua mng. Codecs nh ngha ra tin trnh nn d liu thoi. Loi codec c th c chn bi cu hnh ca ngi dng hay thng qua tnh nng tha thun ca thit b. Trong qu trnh thc hin h thng VoIP, thoi dng RTP bn trong UDP mang d liu thoi qua mng. V lp mng thoi s oc t trong header ca IP, m gi tin IP c th n ch khng ng th t v khng ng b, do nhng gi tin phi c sp xp v ng b li troc khi gi gi tin thoi n ngi dng. V UDP khng cung cp dch v nh l s trnh t (sequence number) v thng s v thi gian, tuy nhin RTP cung cp chc nng xp xp th t. C rt nhiu phng thc bo hiu c dng trong h thng VoIP, nh l H323 v SIP th nh ngha phng thc bo hiu cuc gi end-to-end, MGCP nh ngha phng thc tch bit chc nng bo hiu vi chc nng cuc gi. MGCP dng call agent i din cho tnh nng iu khin bo hiu cho nhng thit b u cui. Thit b iu khin trung tm ch tham gia vo qu trnh thit lp cuc gi. Nhng lung traffic thoi vn c gi trc tip t end-to-end. RTP v RTCP RTP cung cp chc nng mng vn chuyn end-to-end cho nhng ng dng truyn d liu m yu cu thi gian thc (real-time) nh l m thanh v video. Nhng chc nng bao gm nhn din loi d liu, s trnh t, tham s thi gian v gim st tin trnh gi.

RTP l thnh phn quan trng ca VoIP bi v n cho php thit b ch sp xp v iu chnh li thi gian cho gi tin thoi trc khi c gi n ngi dng. Mt header RTP cha tham s thi gian v s trnh t nhm cho thit b nhn lu vo b nh m, kh jitter v gc tr (lacency) bng cch ng b nhng gi tin pht li (playback) dng m thanh lin tc. RTP dng s trnh t ch sp xp li th t gi tin. RTP khng yu cu s truyn li nu mt gi tin b mt. V d: Nh nhng gi thoi khi c gi n ch, chng c th i trn nhng con ng khc nhau n ch, mi con ng c th khc nhau v khong cch, tc truyn, kt qu l gi tin n khng ng th th khi chng n ch. Khi ngun to ra cuc gi, d liu thai s c ng gi li, RTP s gn vo nhng gi tin vi tham s thi gian v s trnh t v gi i. dch dn, RTP s sp xp nhng gi tin v gi chng n b x l tn hiu s (digital signal processorDSP) cng tc khi chng c gi i ngun gi. RTCP(Real-Time Transport Control Protocol) RTCP gim st cht lng ca qu trnh phn phi d liu v cung cp tin trnh iu khin thng tin. RTCP cung cp thng tin phn hi da theo iu kin ca mng: RTCP cung cp c ch cho nhng thit b lin quan trong phin (session) RTP trao i thng tin v gim st v iu khin phin. RTCP gim st cht lng ca cc yu t nh l m gi (packet count), mt gi, tr, jitter. RTCP truyn gi bng 1% bng thng ca phin, nhng mt tc xc nh trong t nht mi 5 giy. Tham s thi gian Network Time Protocol(NTP) da vo cc xung c ng b. Tham s thi gian RTP tng ng th c to ngu nhin v da vo tin trnh ly my gi d liu. C hai NTP v RTP th c t trong gi RTCP bi ngi gi d liu. V d ng dng RTCP Trong sut mi cuc gi RTP, nhng gi thng bo th c to t nht mi 5 giy. Trong iu kin mng c cht lng km, mt cuc gi c th b ngng kt ni do lng ln gi b mt. Khi xem xt nhng gi tin qua h htng phn tch gi, ngi qun tr c th kim tra thng tin trong header ca RTCP m bao gm s lng gi mt, jitter. Gim kch thc header vi CRTP

Tng ng vi nhiu s lng giao thc cn thit vn chuyn thoi qua mt mng IP, th header ca gi tin c th ln. Dng CRTP (Compression RTP) trn nhng lin kt link-by-link tit kim bng thng. Dng CRTP nn header IP/UDP/RTP t 40 byte xung cn 2 byte vi khng c checksum v t 40 byte xung 4 byte nu c checksum. Nn header RTP th rt c ch trong trng hp kch c d liu ca RTP l nh, v d nh d liu m thanh s c nn trong khong 20 v 50 byte. CRTP lm vic da vo gi thit l hu ht tt c cc trng trong header IP/UDP/RTP l khng thay i hay s thay i c th nhn bit c. Nhng trng khng thay i bao gm a ch ngun-ch ca IP v s cng ngun-ch ca UDP, cng nh nhng trng khc trong tt c 3 header. V d v CRTP: Trong mi trng thoi da vo gi tin th khi ging ni ly mu c ng khung (framing) mi 20 ms, phn d liu 20 byte c to. Khng c CRTP, kch thuc gi bao gm nhng thnh phn sau: IP header (20 byte) UDP header (8 byte) RTP header (12 byte) D liu (20 byte) Header l hai ln kch thc ca d liu: IP/UDP/RTP (20+8+12=40 byte) trong khi phn d liu l 20 byte. Khi to nhng gi tin mi 20 ms trn lin kt c tc chm, phn header chim phn ln bng thng. Lu khi dng CRTP nn header

Nn cu hnh RTCP trn nhng cng giao tip c nhng iu kin sau; Trn nhng lin kt c bng tn hp Lin kt tc thp (<2Mbps) Cn tit kim bng thng trn nhng cng giao tip WAN.

Nn hot ng trn nhng lin kt link-by-link, kch hot nn trn c hai u cui ca lin kt serial c bng thng thp c th tit kim rt nhiu bng thng nu nh c s lng ln traffic RTP trn lin kt serial . Tuy nhin, nn c th yu cu phi x l nhiu s gy ra tnh trng tiu hao ti nguyn sn dng trn cc thit b.

Calculating Bandwidth Requirement

Codec Bandwidth Mt trong s nhng yu t quan trng ngi qun tr mng cn nhc trong qu trnh ln k hoch xy dng nng lc mng voice thch hp. Nhng ngi qun tr mng phi hiu lu lng bng thng c s dng cho mi cuc gi VoIP. Khi hiu r v lu lng bng thng s dng cho mng VoIP th ngi qun tr mng c th a ra nhng cng c tnh ton nhm lp ra nhng k hoch pht trin nng lc mng Voice hiu qu. Di y l danh sch nhng Codec v lng bng thng c s dng lin quan:

G711: C ch iu ch m xung(PCM) G.711 s dng lng bng thng nhiu nht khi so snh vi cc c ch m (coding) khc. C ch ny ly mu vi 8000 mu mt giy, vi mi mu c chiu di 8 bit, tng cng l 64.000 bps G726: C ch m ADPCM(adaptive differential PCM) dng lng bng thng t hn. Trong khi vi PCM ly mu vi chiu di 8 bit, th ADPCM dng 4,3 hay 2 bit cho mi mu, do kt qu tng bng thng c dng trong s 32.000, 24.000, hay 16.000 bps G.728: C ch m G728 LDCELP(low-delay code excited linear prediction) nn nhng mu PCM dng k thut codebook. Lng bng thng s dng tng cng khong 16.000bps G729: C ch m G729 v G728A (CS-ACELP) cng nn nhng mu PCM bng cch dng k thut codebook tin tin. Lng bng thng s dng tng cng l 8000bps G723: C ch m G723 v G729A (MPMLQ) dng thut tan look-ahead. Kt qu ca thut ton ny l lng bng thng s dng nm trong khong 5300-6300bps. Ngi qun tr nn cn bng gia cht lng ca cuc gi vi chi ph s dng bng thng trong mng khi chn loi codec. Vi loi codec chim lng bng thng ln hn th chi ph cho mi cuc gi cng s cao hn. Tc ng kch thc mu v kch thc gi i vi bng thng

Kch thc mu th c th thay i v s nh hng n lng bng thng tng cng c dng, mi mu c ly t codes DSP th c nh ngha nh digital(s) v c ng gi vo PDU(protocol data unit). Cisco dng DSP to ra nhng mu da vo vic s ha vi gi tr 10ms m thanh. Mc nh cc thit b Voice ca Cisco ng gi 20ms m thanh vo mi PDU bt chp loi codec c s dng. Khi nhiu mu c ng gi vo tng PDU th lng bng thng tng cng s gim, tuy nhin ng gi nhiu mu vo tng PDU s gy ra nhiu tr. V d tnh ton lng byte c ng gi: Dng cng thc n gin c th xem xt s lng byte c ng gi trong mt PDU da vo bng thng codec v kch thc ca mi mu l 20ms: Byte_per_Sample=(Kch thc mu* bng thng ca codec) Nu dng G711, ta c kt qu: Byte_per_Sample=(0.20*64000)/8 Byte_per_Sample=160 nh hng ca hearder lp 2 Nhng yu t khc nh hng n bng thng l header giao thc lp 2 m c dng mang gi Voice. Bn thn ca gi voice mang header IP/UDP/RTP l 40 byte, ph thuc vo giao thc lp 2 c dng, th kch c ca gi tin c th gia tng ng k. Kch thc header lp 2 ln th s yu cu nhiu bng thng hn mang gi tin. Di y l kch c header ca vi lai giao thc lp 2: Ethernet: Kch thc header ca ethernet l 18byte trong , 6byte dng cho a ch MAC ngun, 6 byte dng cho a ch MAC ch, 2 byte trng type dng xc nh lai giao thc lp 3, v 4 byte dng cho trng kim tra li (CRC) Multilink Point-to-Point Protocol(MLP): Tng cng l 6 byte, 1 byte cho bit chui bit bt u ca frame, 1byte cho trng a ch, 2 byte cho trng type, 2 byte trng CRC.

FRF.12: Tng cng 6 byte; 2 byte s dung cho trng a ch DLCI, 2 byte cho FRF.12 v 2 byte cho CRC. nh hng Sercurity v Tunneling

S ng gi tun theo mt s c ch bo mt v tnh nng tunneling s cng lm tng kch thc gi tin Voice, v cng nn c xem xt trong qu trnh tnh ton bng thng. Khi dng VPN, IP Security(IPSec) s thm t 50 n 57 byte, y l mt kch thc ng k khi so snh vi vi kch thc nh ca gi tin Voice. L2TP/GRE thm 24 byte. Khi dng MLP, 6 byte s c thm vo mi gi, Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) thm nhn(label) 4 byte cho mi gi tin. Tt c nhng giao thc tunneling v sercurity nn c cn nhc khi ln k hoch cho yu cu v bng thng. V du: VPN thm IP header mi, l 20 byte, cng vi header VPN khong 20 ti 60 byte, ph thuc vo loi VPN c dng.

Vy kch thc gi tin s l 100 ti 160 byte tnh ton tng bng thng cho mt gi 160 byte vi kiu m l G729, kt qu tnh tan nh sau: 160 byte*8=1280 bit Tng bng thng=1280bit/20ms=64000 bps Nhng loi ng gi c bit C rt nhiu loi ng gi cn c xem xt mang gi tin Voice trn mi trng IP. l nhng loi ng gi c bit khi s dng nhng loi giao thc nh l X25, Ipv6 over Ipv4, Layer

2 Forwarding(L2F), v nhng loi giao thc khc cng nn c cn nhc trong qu trnh tnh tan bng thng tng cng. Tnh ton tng bng thng cho mt cuc gi trn mi trng IP Vic chn la loi codec, loi giao thc lp 2, kch thc mu v c ch nn RTP s c nhng nh hng nht nh i vi bng thng tan phn. thc hin s tnh ton cn phi xem xt n nhng yu t gp phn to ra s tng ng: Nhiu bng thng yu cu cho codec=nhiu bng thng tc yu cu Kch thc header ca giao thc lp 2 ln= nhiu bng thng c yu cu Kch thc mu(sample) ln= t bng thng c yu cu. Nn RTP=gim ng k lng bng thng c yu cu.

V d tnh tan lng bng thng : Bng thng tng cng=([Kch thc header lp 2+Kch thc header IP_UDP_RTP+ Kch thc Sample]/Kch thc sample)*Tc Codec Gi s dng codec G.729, vi kch thc sample l 20 ms, dng Frame Relay khng c CRTP: Bng thng tng cng=([6+40+20]/20)*8000 Bng thng tng cng =26.400bps nh hng ca VAD(Voice Active Detection) n bng thng

Trung bnh trong tng s 24 cuc gi ng thi hay nhiu hn c th cha n 35% thi gian khng c thoi (silence). Vi h thng thoi truyn thng, tt c nhng cuc gi dng c nh lng bng thng l 64kbs bt chp cho d l c thoi c truyn i hay khng. Trong mng VoIP ca Cisco, tt c cuc ni chuyn v khong thi gian im lng th c ng vo gi tin. VAD loi b tt c cc gi khng thoi. Thay v phi gi nhng gi tin khng thoi, gateway ca VoIP chn lung d liu vi nhng gi tin khng c khong lng, do hiu qu hn trong vic s dung bng thng. Do VAD s tit kim khong 35% bng thng hn khi so vi lng bng thng cn thit cho 24 cuc gi ng thi. V d: Khi dng G711 vi kch thc phn d liu l 160 byte, bng thng c yu cu l 82.000 bps, vi vic kch hat VAD, c th gim bng thng cn s dng xung 53.560 bps. iu ny c c bng cch gim i 35% bng thng.

Thc hin h tr thoi trong mng Enterprise

Khi m nhiu Enterprise c nhu cu tch hp nhng ng dng voice, video, audio, data vo cng mt c s h tng chung cn c gi l mng hi t (converged network) hay l mng th h k tip. Mt mng hi t, cho php s kt hp thoi, d liu v nhng s truyn bo hiu khc vo mt giao tp mng n, tc cao, v phc tp hn i vi mng truyn thng hot ng c lp nh thoi v d liu tch bit. Bi v nhng kh khn ny, vic thit k, thc hin, v kim tra trn c s h tng ny, yu cu cn c s quan tm nghim tc ngi dng cui c th chp nhn c

cht lng ca dch v. Qu trnh thit k v thc hin c th chia lm 10 bc, bt u vi s nh ngha r rng ca nhng i tng trong mng hi t v nh ngha nhng ng dng m mng ny h tr. Trong sut qu trnh cn yu cu c ghi nhn li ca h thng. K hach ci t v kim tra cng bao gm k hoch kim tra tnh tng thch ca nhiu gia nhng thnh phn ca nhiu hng. Giai on ci t nn c th nghim trong phng lab hay trn nhng phn an mng m c kim tra k lng cho s vn chuyn tin cy cho tt c cc ng dng:thoi, video, fax v d liu qua c s h tng mng hi t. Mi mt hot ng ca chng trnh th nghim c hon thnh , h thng phn cp sau c th c kim tra, trin khai, v ghi nhn li. Hu ht nhng ngi dng cui u quen thuc vi nhng cuc gi qua PSTN v nhn thy rng tin trnh thit lp v kt thc cuc gi l tin cy v nhanh chng. Do mng hi t cng s phi p ng nhng yu cu ti thiu . Tuy nhin thc t th c rt nhiu yu t c th nh hng n cht lng ca dch v, bao gm bng thng ca nhng knh giao tip, yu t v ti ca mng, ting vng (echo) bn trong mng, v tr (delay). S kh khn trong la chn v thc hin mng VoIP Nhng kh khn xut pht t s khc nhau gia mng thoi v d liu, thoi l mng hng kt ni, trong khi mng d liu l khng hng kt ni, do c hai mng yu cu cch tip cn lung thng tin cng rt khc nhau. V d, mng thoi th c thit k vi 99.999% tin cy. Trong khi phn ln cc mng d liu th tin cy khng cao. S khc nhau cn l loi dch v vn chuyn thng tin. Giao tip ca con ngi th rt nhy cm vi tr, cng vi nhng s thay i trong tr hay cn gi l jitter. Bn trong mng thoi, mch giao tip th c fixed, bng thng oc thit lp v nhng ti nguyn khc th c dnh ring cho trong sut cuc gi, nhm gim ti thiu tr v jitter. Ngoi ra, bt k thng tin b mt c th c khi phc bi nhng ngi dng cui bng cch yu cu ngi tham gia lp li cm t cui. Tri li, mng chuyn gi (packet-switched) truyn thng khng thit lp ng i end-toend c nh m thng qua tin trnh nh tuyn (routing) trn tng gi. tr v jitter l mt vn khng ln, v nhng thng ip (message) ln hu nh s c chia thnh nhiu gi tin nh bn thit b truyn, v sau cng s oc sp xp li bn thit b nhn. Hai tin trnh l vai tr quan trng trong kin trc mng chuyn gi. Tuy nhin, nu mt trong s nhng gi trong trnh t ny b mt, th thng ip ban u khng th ti to li v chuyn ln lp ng dng, ni mt cch khc, thng ip ban u c th ti to li cho d c mt vi gi tin b tr nhng s khng th ti to nu mt trong s gi tin ban u b mt. Th hai, phi c s la chn khi quyt nh loi kin trc oc trin khai, c hai lai chnh v vi dng lai khc. Kin trc u tin da vo h thng chuyn mch thoi c bit nh l tng i chuyn mch hay PBX. Kin trc ny xut pht t kin trc thoi ban u ca n nh l mng

PBX m kt ni nhng ngi dng cui bn trong cng cng ty, hay s lin kt gia nhiu v tr gia nhng chi nhnh vi li tr s chnh. Khi s quan tm n tch hp giao tip thoi v d liu trong nhng t chc kinh doanh pht trin, nhng giao din PBX, nh l nhng kt ni h tr fax v d liu th c thm vo. S pht trin hp l k tip l thm nhng giao din (interface) h tr nhng mng khc nh l ISDN, Ethernet v IP. Cui cng, kin trc ni b th oc chuyn t mng chuyn mch sang mng chuyn gi, m cho php nhng chc nng x l gi tin nh l gateway and gatekeeper cng tn ti vi nhng giao din station v trunk. V khi nhiu giao din th tng thch vi IP , thut ng IP PBX ra i.

IP PBX-based Converged Network Nhng la chn khc l kin trc da vo b nh tuyn m gim nh s u t cho nhng doanh nghip m xy dng mng d liu khng tp trung (distributed). Rt t s cu hnh li th c yu cu nng cp nhng b nh tuyn vi kh nng VoIP, nh l tnh nng qun l giao thng (traffic) v cht lng dch v (QoS), chc nng truy cp v bo mt v nhng yu cu x l VoIP khc. Chc nng qun l v bo mt thng c thc hin trn mt vng, trong khi x l thoi th c thc hin cc b. B nh tuyn th c t nhng ni c mt traffic cao, y traffic c kt hp vn chuyn ti nhng v tr khc. Nu nh dng ca thoi v video dng digital n c th c s ha v vn chuyn qua mng d liu vi email, trang webNhng b x l ng dng a phng tin(multimedia) nh l gatekeeper v gateway c th kt ni vo mng ny nh bt k thit b h tr IP khc.

Router-based Converged Network Thit k v thc hin mng VoIP Mng hi t th h tr cho c thai v d liu, tin trnh thit k nn cn nhc cho c hai yu cu . Mi mng c nhng kh khn duy nht. Tuy nhin c 10 nguyn nn c xem xt trong tt c cc trng hp:

nh danh c nhng i tng ca mng hi t, bao gm nhng ng dng c h tr, nh l hi tho qua video, Web site h tr thoi. nh ngha mc ch ngn gn ca nhng i tng cho php nhng ngi tham gia hiu r c nhng kh khn pha trc. Thm na, ghi nhn nhng yu t ph thuc m nh hng n nhng i tng ny. Hiu c nhng mi trng hot ng ca thoi v d liu. Bao gm nhng yu t v ti trn nhng khu vc mng LAN v WAN, cng vi nhng yu cu v d an trc lng bng cho ng dng mi, cn nhc nhng c im ca cc cuc gi hin ti, d tnh c trc kh nng b tc nghn trong thi im no . Chun b ti liu v nhng yu cu ca h thng (System Requiment Document) m m t nhng chc nng mng phi cung cp v bao gm nhng i tng thit k thch hp, nh l tr end-to-end, tnh tin cy, tnh d tha. Xem xt liu mt thnh phn kin trc nh l H323

hay SIP th thch hp cho nhng ng dng mng ny. Cng cn nhc dn nhng s thay i cn thit i vi k hach quay s (dial plan), lin kt WAN, IP subnets, hay nhng vn m c th tc ng n ngi dng cui. Cn nhc nhng h thng ph thuc m s h tr cho cho mng ny, nh l qun l mng, phn tch mng, bo mt, tr gip. Xc nhn rng bt k nhng h thng h tr , nh l b phn tch giao thc, giao tip qun l mng th cng c h tr cho mi trng mi. Chnh sa System Requiments System khi cn thit. Tham kho c hai nh cung cp hin ti v sp ti c c nhng h tr cho yu cu h thng, cng tham kho kin ca nhng ngi c kinh nghim trong cng lnh vc. Ghi nhn li thng tin t kt qu ca qu trnh tham kho. Trin khai k hoch ci t bao gm kim tra s tng tc gia cc thnh phn khc nhau. Cng chc rng nhng giao thc bo hiu gia nhng mng c th tng thch c vi nhau. Chn nh cung cp thit b thng qua vic sp xp nhng bui gii thiu, v tip xc vi nhng nh cung cp c kh nng, nh gi nhng xut . Trin khai k hoch ci t v k hach lm vic vi nhng nh cung cp c chn, v nhng t chc m tham gia vo d n. Kim tra nhng hng i quan trng trong k hoch trin khai, nh l mua thit b, thit lp mch giao tip, t c s tha thun gia cc bn tham gia cho nhng vn quan trng trong k hoch ny. Ci t h thng mi th nghim trc phng lab, kim tra s hot ng v ng dng trc khi c trin khai rng ri. giai an ny rt hu ch dng nhng cng c phn tch giao thc nh Sniffer Portable analyzer nhm document qu trnh giao dch thnh cng nh thit lp cuc gi. Ti liu ny c hnh thnh t qu trnh gim st, s rt c ch nu c nhng vn pht sinh trong qu trnh trin khai. N cng rt c ch xc nh rng tt c dialing plan v s i ca ac ch mng c chuyn i thnh cng ti mi trng mi vi nhng nhm nh trc khi c thc hin mi trng ln hn. Khi i n giai an ci t, kim tra tt c nhng thnh phn mng, bao gm s kt hp hot ng gia nhng h thng khng cng nh cung cp v nhng h thng ph thuc, nh b x l th thoi. Hun luyn ngi dng v ngi qun l v document nhng th tc m nhng c nhn cn bit i vi nhng tc ng n h thng mi. Han thnh bn v y ca mng v nhng ti liu cn thit khc. nh gi cht lng dch v ca mng VoIP S khc nhau c xem xt t phn u gia mng thoi v mng d liu l tin cy, y mng thoi th c thit k cho tin cy rt cao, trong khi mng d liu hot ng theo dch v best-efforts. Nhng nu c k hoch nng cp mng thoi hin ti vi nn tng thoi trn nn IP (VoIP), th khng th mong i ngi dng chp nhn c s suy gim cht lng, c bit nh l cht lng dch v (Qos). C rt nhiu yu t nh hng n Qos bao gm nh s mt gi, tr, lng bng thng sn dng, nhng giao thc c s dng trong kt ni WAN, s xut hin ca tr c th do nguyn

nhn nh tr khng khng khp trong PSTN, kh khong lng (silence suppression) tn dng ti u s thun li trong qu trnh giao tip v nhng iu khc.

Sources of Delays within the VoIP Network Tuy nhin, c l yu t quan trong nht nh hng Qos l s lung ca tr ca qu trnh truyn end-to-end. ITU-T khuyn ngh G.114, tr t a trong mt hng truyn c chp nhn l 0.15 giy, mc d thi gian di hn nm trong khong 0.2 giy, c th c ngi dng chp nhn. Nu tr vt mc ng k th cuc thoi s kh khn hn. Trong phn thit k c th xem xt nhng yu t pht sinh tr sau: Thut tan m v gii m tn hiu, thng vo khong 0.016-0.0375giy im bt u n dim kt thc. Ph thuc vo bng thng, ti, v tc truyn nhng knh LAN v WAN, c th cng to ra tr do framing v queuing nm trong khong 0.005-0.025 giy. tr Routing, queuing, propagation qua WAN ph thuc vo mi trng truyn v khong cch, thng t 0.01-0.04 giy. Jitter, hay s thay i tc n ca gi trong lung audio v video. Thit b nhn s lu tr tm thi nhng gi n trc v i nhng gi n sau, sau mi mang ln lp ng dng, thng t 0.02-0.04 giy hoc hn. Nhiu yu t nh l tr lan truyn trn mi trng WAN, th khng th khc phc v han thin c. Ngoi ra, nh l chn loi m ha (encoder), l ty chn m c th nh hng n hiu sut mng. Nhiu thut ton m ha th c thit k, trong c mt vi loi l chun. Nhn chung vi nhng loi m khc nhau th c hoc khng cc thut ton nn, nn gip tit kim bng thng nhng c tr cao v cht lng thp. Mt s loi m ph bin nh: G.711 dng k thut m PCM vi tc truyn l 64Kbps vi tr do m khng ng k

G.723.1 dng hai k thut m ACELP 6.3 Kbps v MPMLQ 5.3 Kbps vi tr m 0.035 giy G.729 dng k thuyt m CSACELP 8 Kbps vi tr m 0.015 giy. Do ngi qun tr cn phi cn bng gia bng thng v tr v phi cn bng gia mc chi ph cao ca bng thng vi cht lng thp ca Qos t vic tng tr. S cn bng ny i khi c c t vic dng loi m nh l G.711 cho nhng giao tip ni b vi lng bng thng ln v thng khng cn chi ph. i vi nhng cuc gi qua WAN, bng thng t v t tin th c th dng loi m nh l G.729. Kt lun: Vic chn kin trc mng da trn PBX hay router cn tham kho kinh nghim ca nhng nh cung cp, nu nh khng chc ty chn no tt hn, hy xem xt tin trnh gii quyt vn ca tng nh cung cp hay t chc. Chn giao thc H323 hay SIP cho bo hiu cng nn tham kho kin ca nhng t chc hay c nhn c kinh nghim, v v c hai u c nhng thun li v nhc im nn vic chn la lai giao thc s dng cng cn c vo s trin khai v pht trin ca t chc. Cn thn vi cn bng gia chi ph v Qos, bi v ngi dng quen vi cht lng thoi ca cuc gi qua mng PSTN, do o trong qu trnh thit kt cn bt u vi i tng Qos trn mng th nghim v xem bao nhiu bng thng th cn m bo yu cu . Chn loi m (codec) cng c th nh hng n cht lng cuc gi. Vi d, m tc thp s mang cht lng thoi tt cho nhng khu vc ni b. Tri li m tc cao s lm gim cht lng cuc gi, ph hp cho nhng cuc gi nhng khu vc xa nhau. S khc nhau gia VoIP v IP telephony? Mc d nhiu ngi dng hai thut ng VoIP v IP telephony thay th qua li, hai thut ng ny l khc nhau. Tht ra, IP Telephony ph thuc vo VoIP cho cc chc nng hot ng ca n. Bn cnh vn ng ngha, VoIP l cng ngh cho php IP telephony thay th mng PSTN truyn thng (Public Switched Telephone Network) bng mt gii php hon ton da trn my tnh (computer-based solution). Cng ngh VoIP cho php truyn d liu voice trn mt mng d liu. VoIP bao gm vic chuyn i cc tn hiu thoi dng analog sang dng s, truyn cc d liu dng s ny trn mt mng v chuyn i d liu s ny ngc v dng thoi tng t ban u. Nh vy, gii php VoIP thc hin mt cch hiu qu chc nng ca mt h thng thoi analog truyn thng. Mt in thoi bnh thng c th c dng a cc d liu thoi ca ngi gi vo mt h thng VoIP. Mt lot cc chuyn i t analog-sang-digital v cc tin trnh khc trn my tnh thay i tn hiu thoi sang dng data, sau c truyn trn mng cc b LAN hoc mng din rng WAN hoc trn Internet.

Mt chui cc tin trnh trn my tnh sau s chuyn i dng d liu ny ngc v dng tn hiu thoi ban u, dng tn hiu ny sau chuyn thnh m thanh bn in thoi ca ngi nhn. Mt th h in thoi mi, c gi l IP phones, c trang b bn trong n mt my tnh nh, thc hin chc nng chuyn i t tng t-s v t s-tng t. Cc in thoi ny c th cm trc tip vo mt LAN hay WAN. Vi VoIP, mt tng i ni b PBX vn c th c dng phn phi cuc gi trong ton doanh nghip. Cuc gi thoi c th c thc hin thng qua mt mng data hay thng qua cc ng analog n ngi nhn. Nu cuc gi c thc hin bn trong doanh nghip trn mt mng data, nhu cu cho mt ng truyn d liu l khng cn thit v gi tin c th truyn trn LAN nh l gi tin data. IP telephony s dng cc kh nng ca VoIP v bao gm mt my c cc phn mm thay th hon ton h tng ca mng PSTN. IP telephony loi b nhu cu dng tng i PBX v thm ch thay th in thoi bnh thng bng cc softphones cho php mt PC dng nh mt u cui. Vic thay th vn cabling v cc chc nng kim sot trong mng PSTN trc y s cn thm cc cng ngh b sung. V d, mt gii php da trn phn mm c gi l softswitch hay call agent thay th cc tng i PSTN kiu c trc y. Nu dng softswitch, cc server s thay th PBX trong cc h thng IP telephony. Vi cc tng i c, mt cuc gi yu cu thit lp mt ng truyn ring bit trong sut mt cuc gi. Tuy nhin, nu dng softswitch, ngay khi hai thit b u cui thit lp kt ni, softswitch s sn sng cho mt kt ni mi. Hn na, cc tn hiu thoi c truyn trn mng d liu ging nh cc d liu khc, lm cho cc mang d liu c th thc hin nhiu tc v, bao gm truyn thoi, d liu v video. Mc d gii php IP telephony c th bao gm nhiu c im phc tp, gii php ny c th bao gm cc c im tng t nh cng ngh c, chng hn nh hi thoi, chuyn cuc gi trong khi vn duy tr chi ph thp do c truyn trn mng d liu bng thng cao.