Definiti A ratio is a comparison between two quantities that shows how many times one value contains or is mn of Ratio: contained within the other. Its expressed in the form a : bor as a fraction £. Example of Ratio: If there are 3 apples and 5 oranges in a basket, the ratio of apples to oranges is 3 : 5 or Definition of Proportion: {A proportion is an equation that shous two ratios are equal. It can be written as 2 = § ora: b= e:d. Example of Proportion: If 2 pencils cost $4, then 4 pencils will cost $8, This can be expressed as a proportion: 24 8 Key Difference: * Aratio compares two quantities. * Aproportion shows equality between two ratios. The three main types of proportion are: 1, Direct Proportion (Direct Variation): This occurs when two quantities increase or decrease in the same ratio. If one quantity doubles, the other doubles as well. The relationship is expressed as: or Example: If the cost of 1 apple is $2, the cost of § apples will be $10. This isa direct proportion because the cost increases as the number of apples increases.2, Inverse Proportion (Inverse Variation): This occurs when one quantity increases while the other decreases, such that their product remains constant. The relationship is expressed as: axb—k where k is a constant. Exampl If 4 workers take 6 hours to complete a task 8 workers will take 3 hours to complete the same task. This isan inverse proportion because as the number af workers increases, the time decreases. 3. Part-to-Part or Part-to-Whole Proportio: ‘This type compares a part of a quantity to another part or the whole. It is often used in probability or mixing problems. Example: fa mixture contains 2 liters of water and 3 liters of milk, the ratio of water to milk is 2 + 3, and the propertion of water to the total mixture is:1. Percentage: isis the part or portion of the base expressed as @ percent (%). It answers the question “What part of the base is being considered?" Formul Percentage = Base x Rate Exampl If 20% of 50 is calaulated, the percentage is 20% x 50 = 10. 2. Rate: The rate the percentage value expressed as a fraction or decimal. It tells “what percent of the base \g considered.” Formula: Example: If 10 is 20% of 50, the rate is 44 = 0.2 or 20%. 3. Base: The base is the total or whole amount to which the rate is applied. It answers the question "What is the whole amount being considered?” Formula: _ Percentage Rate Base Example: If 10 is 20% of a number, the bas:Summary of Relationship: Percentage = Base x Rate Where: * Base is the whole or total. * Rate is the percent (expressed as a decimal). © Percentage is the part or result. Exponential Notation: Exponential notation is a way of expressing repeated multiplication of a number by itself using a base and an exponent (or power). Itis written in the form: a Where: * ais the base, the number being multiplied. «mis the exponent (or power), the number of times the base is multiplied by itself. 1. Simple Example: B=2xI*x2=s Here, 2 is the base, and 3 is the exponent. Uses of Exponential Notation: © To simplify large or small numbers, such as in scientific notation (6.02 x 10”). * To represent powers and roots efficiently.Order of Operations (GEMDAS): The GEMDAS rule is similar to PEMDAS but emphasizes Grouping symbols instead of just parentheses. This includes all types of grouping symbols, such as parentheses (), brackets |], braces {}, or absolute value bars ||. The steps in GEMDAS are: 1. G- Grouping Symbols: Solve expressions inside all grouping symbols first. 2. E- Exponents: Solve powers, roots, or exponential expressions. 3. MD - Multiplication and Division: Perform these operations from left to right. 4. AS - Addition and Subtraction: Perform these operations from left to right. Detailed Explanation: 1. Grouping Symbols: * Solve expressions inside all grouping symbols first. © Example: [3 + (2 x 4)] +2 Solve inside parentheses first: 2 x 4= 8 B+8)42-1+2=-55 2. Exponents: * Solve powers, roots, or exponential expressions next, + Example: 2% +4=8+4=12 3. Multiplication and Division (Left to Right): * Perform these operations in the order they appear, from left to right. * Example:6 + 2% 3=3%3=9 4. Addition and Subtraction (Left to Right): * Perform these operations in the order they appear, from left to right. * Example: 10-4+2=-6+2=8Set of Integers: The set of integers, denoted by the symbol Z, includes all whole numbers (positive, negative, and zero). it can be written as: 1,0, 1, 2,3,. Types of Integers: 1. Positive Integers: © Whole numbers greater than zero. © Example: {1, 2,3, 2. Negative Integers: ‘* Whole numbers less than zero. + Example: {—1, -2,-3,...} 3. Zero (0): © Neither positive nor negative. © Itacts as the neutral element in addition.Properties of Integers: 1. Closed under Addition and Multiplication: * Adding or multiplying two integers always results in another integer. 34+(-2)=1, 4x (-5)=-20 2. Not Closed under Division: * Dividing two integers does not always result in an integer. 4+3= 1.33 (not an integer) 3. Include Opposites: * For every positive integer, there is a corresponding negative integer. Sand —5 4, Infinite in Both Directions: * There is no largest or smallest integer. Real-Life Examples of Integers: * Bank transactions (deposits and withdrawals). © Temperatures above or below zero. * Elevations (above or below sea level). When comparing integers with whole numbers, fractions, and decimals, it's important to understand their definitions and how they relate to one another. Here's a breakdown:1. Integers (Z): * Include positive numbers, negative numbers, and zero. 2,-1,0,1,2,3...-}. * Example: 2. Whole Numbers (WW): + Non-negative integers (zero and positive numbers only). * example: {0,1,2,3,...}. 3. Fractions: * Represent parts of a whole, written as 2 where a and bare integers and b+ 0. + Example: 4. Decimals: * Represent parts of a whole using base-10 notation. * Example: 0.5, —2.75, 3.0. Key Comparisons 1. Integers vs Whole Numbers: © Whole numbers are a subset of integers. * All whole numbers are integers, but not all integers are whole numbers (eg., negative numbers are integers but not whole numbers). ‘© Example: 5 (integer and whole number), —3 (integer but not a whole number). 2. Integers vs Fractions: Integers can be written as fractions (e.g, 3 = $), but most fractions (like 3) are not integers. ‘© Fractions include values between integers.3. Integers vs Decimals: Integers can be written as decimals with no fractional part (eg, 4 = 4.0). ‘* Decimals that terminate or repeat can sometimes represent integers, but most decimals (like 0.25) are not integers. 4, Whole Numbers vs Fractions and Decimals: © Whole numbers do not include fractions or decimals (e.g., } or 0.5 are not whole numbers). Examples of Comparisons 1. Comparing an Integer with a Fraction: + Bus Eisine = 3.5,3< 2 2. Comparing an Integer with a Decimal: © —Lvs —1.25: Since -1.25 < —1,-1 > 1.25, 3. Comparing a Whole Number with a Fraction: © Avs $:since $= 45,4 < 3 4. Comparing a Whole Number with a Decimal: ¢ Bys5.0: They are equal 6 = 5.0), Summary of Relationships * Whole numbers are integers, but integers also include negative numbers. * Fractions and decimals can sometimes represent integers or whole numbers, but they mostly represent values between integers.Operations on Integers: The four basic mathematical operations—addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division—can all be performed on integers. The following explains the rules for each operation. 1. Addition of Integers © Same Sign: Add their absolute values, and the result keeps the same si © example: 3+ 5 = 8-3 4+(—5) = —8 + Different Signs: Subtract the smaller absolute value from the larger, and the result takes the sign of the number with the larger absolute value. © example: 5 + (—3) = 2,-5 + 3 = —2 2. Subtraction of Integers To subtract, change the subtraction into addition by adding the opposite of the second integer: a—b=a+(-—b) + Example:5 35 4 (3) — , 5 (-8) = 5 4 3= 2, 3. Multiplication of Integers Same Signs: The product of two integers with the same sign is positive. © Example: 3 x 5 = 15, (—3) x (—5) = 15. © Different Signs: The product of two integers with different signs is negative. © Example:3 x (—5) = —15, (3) x 5 = —15.4. Division of Integers © Same Signs: The quotient of two integers with the same sign is positive. © Example: 10 +2 = 5, (—10) + (—2) =5. ‘* Different Signs: The quotient of two integers with different signs is negative. Example: 10 + (—2) = —5, (-10) +2=—5. © Note: Division by zero is undefined. Properties of Integer Operations 1. Addition and Multiplication: * Commutative Property:a +b=-b+a,axb=bxa * Associative Property: (a + b) +e= a +(b+e),(axb) xe=ax (bxe) «Identity Property: * Addition a +0=a * Multiplication: a x 1 =a * Distributive Property: a x (b +c) -axb+axe 2. Subtraction and Division: * Not Commutative or Associative: Subtraction and division of integers do not follow commutative or associative properties. 2. Subtraction: 6 — (—3) = 6+3=9 3, Multiplication: —2 x 4 = —8 4, Division: —12 + (—3) = 4