2 december 37 out of 50

1. Instructional technology is a network of techniques pressed into service for realizing

instructional objectives.
1. Instructional technology is the branch of education concerned with the
scientific study of instructional design and development.
2. The main purpose of instructional designers is to create engaging, effective
learning experiences.
3. It is the systematic application of strategies and techniques derived from
behavioral and physical sciences concepts and other knowledge to the solution
of instructional problems.
4. Instructional tech precludes practical techniques of instruction deliveryy that
systematically aim for effective learning, whether or not they involve the use
of media.
5. it is a basic purpose of the field of instructional technology to promote and aid
the application of these known and validated procedures in the design and
delivery of instruction
2. Computer-aided instruction can replace the teacher if the goal of education is
personality development.
1. Technology cannot replace a teacher.
2. Technology is merely an augmentation to a teacher.
3. It can help the process of learning, but it certainly cannot replace the role of
the teacher.
4. Technology can make it easy to get educated by sitting at home but that
education is also provided by a teacher.
5. Even in online courses, we see that teachers are necessary to give lectures,
whether in the form of videos, tutorials, Skype sessions, etc. Children still
need to learn computers to operate those online sessions, which of course are
taught by teachers.
6. It is significant that we remember, a teacher is more than just a facilitator of
knowledge. A teacher also acts as a guide, a mentor, and an inspiration for
students, a role that cannot be replaced by technology of any kind.
7. Taking critical skills into account like decision making, time management, etc,
a child needs a teacher as technology cannot teach these human skills.
8. Also, personality development involves the enhancement of social skills which
requires an organic social environment that can be found in traditional
classrooms and not in a virtual environment.
3. Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the
classification of educational learning objectives. In the taxonomy, Bloom identified
three domains of learning which include cognitive, affective and psychomotor.
1. These three domains have been divided in a way that proceeds from the
simplest process to the complex.
1. Affective domains: This domain comes into play when we grow in
emotional areas such as feelings, attitudes, etc. It includes how we deal
with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation,

enthusiasm, motivations, and attitudes.

 2. Cognitive domains: In this domain, a child deals with knowledge and
hence, learns to create, evaluate, analyze, etc.
3. Psychomotor domains: It is concerned with acquiring skills that require
the integration of mental and physical movements.
2. Let's Understand the Levels of Affective Domain Sequentially in Brief:
1. Receiving: When a learner shows sensitivity to certain stimuli.
2. Responding: It is defined as the tendency to respond to an object or
stimuli.
3. Valuing: It refers to the acceptance of behavior and commitment to it.
One values certain behaviors not by desires but by commitment.
4. Organizing: It refers to organizing the value system which is attained
when one develops one's code of conduct or standard of public life.
5. Characterizing: It deals with behavior as per values or attitudes a child
has imbibed; children show teamwork.
4. The teaching-learning process generally operates at three levels;
1. Memory level
2. Understanding level
3. Reflective level
5. The reflective level is at the highest in the hierarchical order of the mental process.

o This level is also known as the introspective level.

o Reflecting on something means giving careful thought to something over a
period of time. It also means thinking deeply about something.
o It is highly thoughtful and useful.
o A student can attain this level only after going through memory level and
understanding level.
o Teaching at the reflective level enables the students to solve the real problems
of life.
o At this level, the student is made to face a real problematic situation.
o The student by understanding the situation and using his critical abilities
succeeds in solving the problem.
o At this level, emphasis is laid on identifying the problem, defining it, and
finding a solution to it.
o The student's original thinking and creative abilities develop at this level.
o The role of the teacher in this level of teaching is democratic. He does not
force knowledge on the students but develops their talents and capabilities.
o The role of the students is quite active.
o A reflective level of teaching is that which is problem-centered and the student
is busy with original imagination.
o The students at this level develop curiosity, interest, inquiry, and persistence
which culminates in a scientifically determined conclusion or solution to a
problem.

Therefore the reflective level of teaching involves careful and critical examination of an idea
or problem through the 'problem-solving approach'
6. DIKSHA (Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing) is a national platform for
school education, an initiative of the National Council for Education Research and
Training (NCERT), Ministry of Education.
1. NTP envisages to provide:
1. Teacher training courses (example - training on learning
outcomes, CCE, etc.)
2. Teaching resources such as lesson plans, concept videos,
worksheets, mapped to curriculum
3. Assessments for teachers, to find out their strengths and areas
of improvement
4. Teachers will be able to access this material offline on their
smartphones, tablets, and other devices anytime and anywhere.
The material will be contextualized to local languages as well
as mapped to the curriculum.
2. DIKSHA Initiative:
1. It was launched by the Hon' Vice President of India on Sept
5th, 2017
2. DIKSHA is the nation's digital infrastructure for providing
quality e-content for school education in states/UTs and QR-
coded Energized Textbooks for all grades (one nation, one
digital platform).
3. It leverages existing highly scalable and flexible digital
infrastructures while keeping teachers at the center.
4. It is built considering the whole teacher's life cycle - from the
time student teachers enroll in Teacher Education Institutes
(TEls) to after they retire as teachers.
5. It will aid teachers to learn and train themselves for which
assessment resources will be available.
6. It will help teachers to create training content, profile, in-class
resources, assessment aids, news, and announcement and
connect with the teacher community.
7. States, government bodies, and even private organizations can
integrate DIKSHA into their respective teacher initiatives based
on their goals, needs, and capabilities.
8. In the context of COVID-19 related disruption of schooling,
DIKSHA makes it possible for all states/UTs to enable
learning/education at home through innovative state programs;

7. Grounded theory is one of the basic approaches and most prominently used
techniques in qualitative research. The grounded theory refers to 'the process of
generation of a theory which is based on the collection of data from multiple sources'.
1. It is the only method of qualitative research that uses quantitative data also, as
and when required.
2. The grounded theory approach aims to collect data and interpret the data from
the textual base (for example, a collection of field notes or video recordings).
 3. After the process of interpreting, the database is categorized into different
variables and then the interrelationship between these variables are analyzed
and studied
4. The basic outcomes of the grounded theory are:
 Since the approach consists of a series of systematic steps and the data
is collected from more than one source, it assures to provide a 'good
theory' as the output.
 The grounded theory approach emphasizes the process by which the
theory is evaluated. This determines the quality of the theory.
 The grounded theory approach also emphasizes on enhancing the
theoretical sensitivity.
 One goal of grounded theory is to formulate hypotheses based on
conceptual ideas.
 On the basis of the questions asked the researcher tries to discover the
participants' main concern and how they continually try to resolve it.
 It also aims to generate those concepts which explain people's actions
regardless of time and place.
 In grounded theory, the ground theorist selects one category to be the
center or the major one and then tries to relate the other categories with
the selected major category.
5. Note: Narrative refers to study the storied experience of an individual or
number of individuals. Hence, it is not an outcome of grounded theory.
8. Types of Research:
1. Experimental Research:
 It is a systematic and scientific approach to research in which the
researcher manipulates one or more variables, and controls and
measures the other variables.
 It uses Standardized tests for Data collection Tools.
 The experiment is always quantitative in terms of results.
2. Ex Post Facto Method:
 The ex-post facto research is a kind of research in which the researcher
predicts the possible causes behind an effect that has already occurred.
 For data collection tools it used typical characteristic tests.
 Ex-post-facto research can be defined as an empirically based
investigation that does not involve the researchers' direct control over
the independent variables because they have already led to effects
which can no Ex-Post Facto Research more be manipulated.
3. Descriptive Method
 It is designed to obtain pertinent and precise information concerning
the existing status of phenomena and to draw valid generalizations for
the facts discovered without making any interference or control over
the situation.
 Such type of studies is restricted not only to fact-finding but may often
result in the formulation of important principles of knowledge and
solution of significant problems concerning local, state, national and
international issues.
 Descriptive surveys investigate phenomena in their natural setting and
used the Questionnaire as a tool for data collection.
4. Historical Method:
  It is the research conducted to examine past events. It uses primary and
secondary sources for data collection.
 Basically, historical research answers the question: what is the nature
of events that have happened in the past? Here, primary data sources
are persons who had witnessed or experienced the problem under
study.\\
9. Research
1. Research is a systematic effort towards unravelling the mysteries surrounding
us. It involves putting in persistent efforts to know the unknown. Research is
an important activity affecting the society as a whole therefore, it involves a
lot of decision making. Research design also involves a lot of decision -
making. It provides a structure and shape to your research project. There are
different types of research design. These include: Nature ot investigation, Data
collection methods, Number of contacts made with the subjects, and the
Period of reference of your study.
2. Nature of Investigation:

1. Exploratory: Exploration starts with a vague idea of what is intended to

be researched. It forms the basis of research. It is not very systematic
to the order of research to be undertaken otherwise. It is a flexible
approach to undertaking research where the sampling is generally non-
probability and the data collection methods are unstructured. It
involves a study and analysis of the literature and discussions with
peers and fellow colleagues to know their views on the topic.
2. Descriptive: Descriptive research is carried out to provide information
about a person, thing or process. It describes the characteristics of an
individual, group, organisation, or phenomena, conditions, or a
situation. The characteristics are described in terms of the dependent
variables. Description may be limited to events of past or present but
not of the future. In that case, it becomes experimental research. Most
of the research in social sciences is descriptive in nature
3. Experimental: It studies the effect of independent variables on
dependent variables. The researcher identifies the two different kinds
of variables and the relationship between them. For this, he/she
reviews the literature on the subject and also related studies done by
others. Discussions with peers and other professionals also help in
finding out the relationship. Hypotheses are framed for verifying the
relationships. The research is conducted under controlled conditions so
that the changes in the dependent variables can be attributed solely to
the changes in the independent variables.
4. Semi or Quasi-experimental: These are different from experimental
studies in that the sampling in experimental studies is random sampling
compared to non-random sampling in semi-experimental or quasi-
experimental studies.
5. Non- experimental: These also find out causal relations but they follow
the reverse approach. Experimental studies explain the cause-effect
relation by identifying the independent variables and later inducing
changes in them to find out the resultant effect on the dependent
variables. Its studies ascribe the changes that have the Research
Process taken place in the dependent variables to some independent
 variables. They do not induce changes in the independent variables to
see the effect on dependent variables. This is generally done in the
social sciences and the reason for doing so is the population that are
human beings compared to physical and chemical entities in sciences.
6. Field research: Field research is done in the natural surroundings in
real-life situations. Here the main criterion is doing research in social
settings rather than on the techniques of research.

3. Data Collection Methods:

1. Survey: This is used on a large population. But instead of studying the

whole of the population, a sample is studied. The sample is generally
large in size. It is generally used in descriptive studies, however, it can
also be used in experimental studies. The techniques of data collection
used are questionnaire and interviews
2. Case studies: Case study involves studying a few cases in contrast to
the large sample in the survey. But the level of study in case study is
intensive which is not true of the survey.
3. Content analysis: Content analysis is another type of data collection
method where the data is collected from documentary sources. In this
method, the contents of documents are analysed to arrive at a
conclusion. This is a method used and particularly useful in historical
research.

4. Number of Contacts made with the Subjects:

1. Cross-sectional: These are case studies that involve studying a

phenomenon at one point in time. These are also called one-shot
studies. Examples of these could be attitudes of users towards the use
of IT in libraries
2. Before- and- after: This design tries to overcome the disadvantage of
cross-sectional studies by taking the observation twice. The
observation is done before introducing a change in the independent
variable and after introducing a change in the independent variable.
Thus, we are able to measure change in the variables over a period of
time. Examples of the before and after design are Impact on users of
the use of IT in libraries.
3. Longitudinal: It tries to overcome the disadvantage of the before-and-
after study design. It is able to measure the pattern of change in the
dependent variables over a period of time. A number of observations
are taken over a population after regular intervals of time, which may
vary from a week to even more than a year.

5. Reference Period Research Design

 Retrospective: Retrospective studies study a phenomenon, event, or
situation that has happened in the past. Data is collected on the basis of
documentary evidence or the respondents" recall of the situation.
Examples of retrospective studies are libraries in Ancient India
  Perspective: They try to predict situations that have yet to take place.
They attempt to foresee the future. The studies are concerned with
studying the future of a concept, object, organisation, or even attitudes
of people. These are experimental in nature. Examples of some such
studies are libraries of the future: How will they exist?
 Retrospective-Prospective: Retrospective- Prospective studies are
concerned with the events or phenomena that has happened in the past
and predict it for the future. These are like before-after studies with the
difference that there is no control group here. The dependent variable
is observed before and after variation in the independent variable on
the same population. Examples of such studies are the impact of
automation on the use of libraries.

10. An argument is a statement or set of statements that you use to try to convince people
that your opinion about something is correct.
1. Explanation is a reason you give for something that has happened or
something you have done.
2. Justification is a reason, fact, circumstance, or explanation that justifies or
defends.
3. A proposition of fact is a statement which focus largely on belief of the
listener in its truth or falsehood. Arguments are aimed at getting listener to
accept the statement as being true or false.
4. Based on the above definitions, the given statement -'Every law is an evil, for
every law is an infraction of liberty', will not most certainly fall under the
category of Explanation and Justification.
5. As far as 'A proposition of fact' is concerned it requires a pre-existing belief of
the listener therefore, the given statement will most certainly will be termed as
an argument.
11. School of Philosophy: School of philosophy implies shared styles, approaches, or
aims with a common thought that underlines a specific group of like-minded people.

• The systems of Indian philosophy are mainly divided into two groups - the
heterodox (nästika) and the orthodox (āstika).

Those systems of philosophy which do not accept the validity of Veda are called the
heterodox systems or nästikas

• Those which accept the validity of Veda are called the orthodox systems or astikas.

They all have different views and they accept different pramanas as their means of
valid knowledge.

Pramanas:

1. The means by which a person obtains accurate and valid knowledge

 2. Hinduism identifies six pramanas as correct means of accurate knowledge and
to truths:
1. Pratyaksa (perception): The knowledge gained by means of the senses
2. Anumana (inference): Gaining the right knowledge from a logical
conclusion.
3. Upamana (comparison and analogy): Learning by observing
similarities.
4. Arthapatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances): Supposition of
a fact to support a well-established fact
5. Anupalabdhi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof: Understanding
non-existence by non-perception.
6. Sabda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts): Gaining
authentic knowledge from spoken and written words
12. E-initiatives by the government of India

It is the database of profiles of scientists/ researchers and other faculty members

who are involved in academic institutions and other R & D organizations.
• It provides information like an expert's background, contact, address,
experience, scholarly publications, skills and accomplishments, researcher
Vidwan
identity, etc.
• The database is developed by Information and Library Network center
(INFLIBNET) with financial support from the National Mission on Education
through ICT (NME-ICT).

It is a platform for issuance and verification of documents & certificates in a

digital way.
• It is linked to the Aadhaar (UIDAl) number of those who sign up for a
Digilocker account.
DigiLocker
• Organizations that are registered with Digilocker can upload the electronic
copies of the documents like driving license, Voter ID, School Certificates
directly into citizen's locker.
• Citizen can upload scanned copies of their legal documents in their accounts.

It is an educational portal launched to facilitate lifelong learning for students,

teachers, and those who want to pursue knowledge.
• The content is looked after by the Content Advisory Committee (CAC) for the
Sakshat
respective subjects.
• The representatives for the subjects are from educational institutions like
IGNOU, DU, KVS, NVS, NIOS, NCERT, and some NGOs.

 Research scholars/ Supervisors in universities are advised to deposit the

electronic version of the approved synopsis submitted by research
scholars to the universities for registering themselves for the Ph.D.
Shodh
Ganga
1. The repository reveals the trends and directions of research being
conducted in Indian universities.
13. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC is an
international environmental treaty negotiated at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as

the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.

1. The ultimate objective is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the

atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference
with the climate system."
2. They are the source of most past and current greenhouse gas emissions,
industrialized countries are expected to do the most to cut emissions on home
ground.
3. It includes 12 countries with "economies in transition" from Central and
Eastern Europe.
4. It provides a framework for negotiating specific international treaties (called
"protocols") that may set binding limits on greenhouse gases
14. Anthropogenic contamination is a form of pollution produced directly by human
activities, agricultural operations, industrial processes, combustion of wood and fossil
fuels, construction and demolition activities, and entrainment of road dust into the air.
One of the pollutants emitted by mankind is chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
1. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are gases that are released mainly from air-
conditioning systems and refrigeration. When released into the air, CFCs rise
to the stratosphere, where they come in contact with few other gases,
2. which leads to a reduction of the ozone layer that protects the earth from the
harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.
3. According to a study conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency, or
EPA, it has been found that industrial pollution accounts for approximately 50
percent of the pollution

15.

Polyurethane foam:

16.
1. Polyurethane, mostly in the form of flexible foam, is one of the most popular
materials used in home furnishings such as furniture, bedding, and carpet
underlay.
2. As a cushioning material for upholstered furniture, flexible polyurethane foam
works to make furniture more durable, comfortable, and supportive.
3. The chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11 has extensively been used as a blowing
agent for polyurethane (PUR) insulation foams in home appliances and
residential and industrial construction. The release of CFCs is an important
factor in the depletion of the ozone layer.
4. Therefore, one of the anthropogenic sources of gaseous pollutant
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the air is the Foam industry.
17. NAAC (National Assessment and Accreditation Council)

In 1992, the UGC decided to set up a National Assessment and Accreditation Council
(NAAC) as an autonomous body with the responsibility to carry out an assessment of
 universities and colleges and accredit them according to the grades awarded through a
detailed process of assessment.

The National Assessment and Accreditation Council have identified five core values
for institutions of higher education, as goals of their activities.

1. Contributing to National Development: That higher education activities are a

visible part of the society and its contribution to national development and
well being are now being widely recognized by governmentsworldwide
2. Fostering Global Competencies among Students: Most higher education
institutions have proved themselves highly effective and entrepreneurial in
expanding their student intakes both from within and beyond national borders.
As there is an explicit policy for taking higher education abroad, this has
become a major factor in India's external accounts through fee-paying foreign
students and the sale and promotion of services.
3. Inculcating a Value System among Students: Education as a socialization
process of acquiring necessary values for a living is well recognized and
emphasized. It is also increasingly realized that the present education system is
largely oblivious of its role as a value-building institution.
4. Promoting the Use of Technology: The potential of technology for the
extension of educational opportunities is well recognized. The open
universities and many conventional universities and colleges are making
significant efforts to use technology for educational purposes.
5. Quest for Excellence: Quality, from a functional perspective, is viewed as a
means for achieving something. This is also considered as a managerial view
of quality or a market view of quality. Alternatively, quality may be viewed
from an intrinsic perspective, which regards it as a value in itself. This is how
genuine academics consider quality in education, and thus this may be
considered as the academic view of quality.
18. e-content generation for undergraduate courses has been assigned by the Ministry of
Human Resource Development to Consortium for Educational Communication.
1. Consortium for Educational Communication:
1. CEC is one of the Inter-University Centres set up by the University
Grants Commission of India.
2. It has been established with the goal of addressing the needs of Higher
Education through the powerful medium of Television along with
appropriate use of emerging Information Communication Technology
(ICT).
3. Realizing the potential and power of television to act as a means of
educational knowledge dissemination, UGC started the Countrywide
Classroom Programmes in the year 1984.
4. For the production of such programs, Media Centres were set up at 6
Universities.
5. Subsequently, CEC emerged in 1993 as a nodal agency to coordinate,
guide & facilitate such Educational production at the National level.
6. Today 22 Media Centres located at various higher educational
institutes in the country.
7. These programs are telecast on Doordarshan and Gyandarshan
Channels.
 8. Under the NME-ICT (National Mission on Education through ICT)
project of MHRD, CEC has developed e-content on 87 undergraduate
subjects.
2. INFLIBNET:
1. INFLIBNET (Information and Library Network) started as a project in
1991. In 1996, it became a UGC center.
2. The mission of INFLIBNET is to create a virtual network of people
and resources.
3. INFLIBNET provides seamless, reliable, and ubiquitous access to
scholarly, peer-reviewed electronic resources.
4. It builds and strengthens ICT infrastructure in educational institutions
and develops systems for secure and convenient access management
enabling users to access information from anywhere.
3. National Knowledge Comission:
1. The National Knowledge Commission (NKC) was established on 13th
June 2005
2. Also known as Sam Pitroda Committee after the name of the chairman
Mr. SamPitroda
3. The focus area is literacy, elementary education, secondary education,
higher education, professional education, vocational edication,
diatance education, continuous learning and language.
4. IGNOU
1. The Indira Gandhi National Open University(IGNOU), established by
an Act of Parliament in 1985, has continuously striven to build an
inclusive knowledge society through inclusive education.
2. It has tried to increase the Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) by offering
high-quality teaching through the Open and Distance Learning (ODL)
mode.
3. The University began by offering two academic programs in 1987, i.e.,
Diploma in Management and Diploma in DistanceStrength of 4,528
students.
19. Commissions:
1. Kothari commission:
1. National Education Commission (1964-1966), popularly known as
Kothari Commission, was an ad hoc commission set up by the
Government of India to examine all aspects of the educational sector in
India, to evolve a general pattern of education, and to advise guidelines
and policies for the development of education in India
2. With a view to accelerating the growth of the national economy,
science education and research should receive high priority. Science
and mathematics should be an integral part of general education till the
end of the school stage.
2. Acharya Narendra Deva Committee
1. This was concerned with education and its organization in relation to
political and constitutional conditions and potentialities of progress.
The terms of reference imposed serious limitations on the Committee
and much narrowed down the scope of its inquiry.
2. The Committee, however, actually surveyed the educational policy of
the Government, studied the salient facts of the present system of
education, examined the cognate problems and the effect of political
 reforms on the educational progress of the country, pointed out the
defects and weaknesses of the system and made recommendations for
its improvement.
3. The Committee submitted its report to his Majesty's Government in
1929. The report is a valuable document- and being the first in the
field.
3. Mudaliar Commission
1. The Secondary Education commission known as Mudaliar
Commission was appointed by the government of India in terms of
their Resolution to bring changes in the present education system and
make it better for the Nation. Dr. A. Lakshmanswami Mudaliar was the
Vice-Chancellor of Madras University.
4. Radhakrishnan Commission 1948
1. This Commission was appointed by the Government of India to report
on Indian University Education and suggest improvements and
extensions that may be desirable to suit the present and future
requirements of the country.

1. Effective Teaching: Effective teaching and learning process is essential to bring out
desirable behavior as well as academic changes in learners. It is a process in which the
teacher teaches and realize the objectives of the lesson on the one hand and children
engage in active learning on the other hand.

Effective teaching can be defined in many ways including a range of teacher

behaviors (such as approachability, clarity, humility, empathy), subject knowledge
( mastery in a specific subject area, teacher belief, teacher aptitude, focus on
improving learners experience, etc,

According to Borich, the responsibilities of effective teachers are to have lesson

clarity, instructional variety, teacher task orientation, engagement in the learning
process, and student success rate.

1. Lesson clarity: Making the lessons clear, organized, and engaging/interesting;

and maintaining interactions (questioning and answering, discussing) and
rapport with students (interest in and care/concern about students and their
learning, motivating students). Ideas should be clear to all learners at all
levels. Ideas should be conveyed in a clear step-by-step order, they should be
uncomplicated and with minimal distractions.
2. Instructional variety: It comprises of the general teaching behaviors of
clarity, organization, and engaging/interesting presentation. Used a variety of
teaching tools (technology, materials, activities, space, and displays). Use a
variation in voice and gestures, rewards, and reinforcers.
3. Student success rate: It implies the rate at which students understand and
correctly complete the exercises. The content should reflect prior learning,
with easy to grasp steps for the new material.
4. Teacher task orientation: To maximize the time spent teaching, be sure to
handle inevitable interruptions quickly, expedite the giving and collecting of
 materials, prevent or quickly put an end to distracting behavior, organize
lessons well, and establish smooth transitions.
5. Engagement in the learning process: Constantly monitor any seat work and
group work, set rules for when students can leave class without disruption,
keep a daily schedule to minimize confusion of students, give independent
work that is interesting.
2. 4 Levels of Teaching and Learning
1. Autonomous Development Zone:
1. The autonomous development level is student-centered.
2. there is little or no leadership, direction, coercion, prescription, or
imposition of student thought or behavior to promote self-feelings
leading to a sense of freedom.
3. 'Intellectual development is something that just naturally happens'.
4. The obvious implication of this level is that there is no need for any
kind of formal teaching.
2. Memory Level:
1. Memory level teaching or learning is the least thoughtful.
2. Recall, recognition, and retention are especially emphasized in this
form of teaching or learning.
3. The instructional arrangement is such that the learner is helped in
cramming or parroting the content presented to him.
4. In this process, the learner may not show thoughtful assimilation or
understanding of the elements or items of knowledge.
5. Thus the memory level teaching and learning is marked by the
teacher's arrangement of the material to help or aid the process of
quick recall, recognition, and retention.
3. Understanding level
1. The understanding level is characterized by seeing relationships and
tool use of a fact. •
2. The learner assimilates knowledge. • Teaching becomes a highly
systematic and ordered set of activities in the 'understanding level'
presentations.
3. • The main objective is to know the subject in.depth and developing
insight leading to clarity of structures. •
4. Preparation, presentation, comparison, generalization, and application
are five Herbartian steps indicated here to equip the students to
generalize insights which can be employed in problematic situations
both in and outside the school.
4. Reflective Level:
1. The term 'reflective level' is indicative of the highest level of teacher as
well as the learner.
2. This level basically involves the use of the scientific method to the
understanding of the problems with which a person is confronted.
3. It consists of two phases Problem raising and Problem-solving. During
these phases learner develops curiosity, interest, inquiry, and
persistence.
4. The personal involvement of the learner and his intensity of feeling for
obtaining a solution are the indicators of the success of a reflective
level of teaching and learning.
3. Bloom and his associates classified educational behaviour from the simple to the
complex, based on the level of learning The desirable outcome of learning
experiences the way individuals are to act, think or feel as a result of participating in
some instructional activities - can be classified into three domains, viz. Cognitive,
Affective and Psychomotor.
1. Cognitive domain: This domain includes learning objectives which deal with
the "recall' or 'recognition' of knowledge and the development of intellectual
abilities and skills. This is known as the knowledge component of educational
objectives (distance teaching is particularly effective in developing the
cognitive domain of learners).
2. Affective domain: This is related to the attitudinal domain of educational
objectives. Learning in the affective domain pertains to changes in interest,
attitudes, values, and to the development of appreciation and adequate
adjustment needed for effective learning. This is a higher level of learning, and
it has a close relationship with cognitive and behavioural changes. This
relationship is operative at the instructional as well as the evaluative level.
Each form/instance of affective behaviour has a corresponding one of
cognitive behaviour. In certain cases, promoting attitudinal changes may
demand an element of face-to-face teaching in distance education. Therefore,
in certain cases, audio-visual media and face-to-face contact sessions are
resorted to.
3. Psychomotor domain; This domain pertains to the manipulative or
psychomotor skills of educational competency. Face-to-face teaching within
the overall framework of distance teaching can ensure learning of this kind.
For example, driving can be learnt more effectively under the direct
supervision of an instructor, after the learner has attended to a television
lesson on 'how to drive a car.
4. There are various characteristics in the process of research. Validity is one of those
desirable characteristics in the research process.
1. Validity holds the accuracy of procedures, research instruments, tests, etc.
2. Validity claims that research must be unbiased and free form any systematic
error.
3. Without validity, research may lead to the wrong path.
4. There are various types of validity that include internal validity, external
validity, face validity, content validity, criterion validity, construct validity.

 Internal validity: The researcher can establish a causal relationship

between two or more variables with higher internal validity. It is also
known as credibility.
 External validity: It means the external factors that can affect the result
of research must be controlled. It also refers that the outcomes of the
research can be generalized and applied to other cases that are not
under study. For example, the response of a respondent in social
sciences surveys may be affected by mere the presence of a non-
participant observer. It is also known as generalizability or
transferability.
 Face validity: It means the objective of the survey and the
questionnaire is fulfilled and they accurately measure what they are
supposed to measure.
  Content validity: It means the indicator measures all aspects of the
construct not just a part of it.
 Criterion validity: The indicator corresponds with and is predictive of
measurements using related indicators.
 Construct validity: The indicator measures all the constructs in a
manner that is convergent with other measures.

5. Study where the attitudes, values and biases of teachers and students are to be probed
with an eye on disclosing their pattern of adjustment. the type f reseach that would be
done is case study method and descriptive method.
1. For studying attitudes, values, biases, and patterns of adjustment of teachers
and students, the most appropriate methods from the ones listed would be:
1. Case study method: This approach allows for the in-depth study of
individual or group behavior in a real-world context. Researchers can
study the unique behaviors and characteristics of the participants,
capturing a rich, detailed perspective of people's attitudes, values, and
biases.
2. Descriptive method: This method involves observing and describing
the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way. This would
be useful for understanding the regular attitudes, values, and biases in
the normal environment of the participants.
6. Thesis or Dissertation:
1. A thesis statement usually appears at the conclusion of the introductory
paragraph of a paper.
2. It offers a concise summary of the main point or claim of the essay, research
paper, etc. It is usually expressed in one sentence, and the statement may be
reiterated elsewhere
3. A thesis or dissertation is a document submitted in support of candidature for
an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's
research and findings.
4. Definition of terms
1. Definition of terms is usually an annex to a work (book, research
paper, pamphlet, etc.) either at the beginning or more likely near the
end with a list of acronyms, jargon, credits, etc.
2. This is an important part of a Research paper or report is that in which
the key or important terms in the study are clearly defined.
3. The researcher can add an alphabetical list of important terms or
acronyms that he/she define, particularly ambiguous terms or those
used in a special way.
4. These terms include particular theoretical constructs, formulas,
operational definitions that differ from colloquial definitions, schools
of thought, and discipline-specific acronyms.
5. This is very important in a scientific and experimental type of research.
6. However, it is optional and it is not a part of the Qualitative Research
Format.
5. Qualitative Research Format includes:
6. Abstract
 1. An abstract summarizes, usually in one paragraph of 300 words or less,
the major aspects of the entire paper in a prescribed sequence that
includes:
1. the overall purpose of the study and the research problems) you
investigated;
2. the basic design of the study;
3. major findings or trends found as a result.
7. Data Analysis

 Data Analysis is the process of systematically applying statistical

and/or logical techniques to describe and illustrate, condense and
recap, and evaluate data.
 There are a number of issues that researchers should be cognizant of
with respect to data analysis. These include: Having the necessary
skills to analyze.
 Data analysis is the process of cleaning, analyzing, interpreting, and
visualizing data to discover valuable insights that drive smarter and
more effective business decisions.
 Data analysis tools are used to extract useful information from business
data, and help make the data analysis process easier.

8. References
1. Reference is defined as a mention of a situation. An example of
reference is the mention of a person's religion to another. Reference
means someone or something which is a source of information about a
subject.
2. An example of a reference is an encyclopedia.

Therefore, In writing a thesis/dissertation, the Definition of terms, is not a part of the

Qualitative Research Format.

26. Steps of communicatin

Fallacies
What is Fallacy: Fallacies are errors tricks of reasoning. We call a fallacy an error of
reasoning if it occurs accidentally; we call it a trick of reasoning if a speaker or writer uses it
in order to deceive or manipulate his audience. Fallacies can be either formal or informal.
Whether a fallacy is an error or a trick, whether it is formal or informal, its use undercuts the
validity and soundness of any argument. At the same time, fallacious reasoning can damage
the credibility of the speaker/writer and improperly manipulate the emotions of the
audience/reader.
 1. Formal Fallacies: Most formal fallacies are errors of logic: the conclusion doesn't
really "follow from" (is not supported by) the premises. Either the premises are untrue
or the argument is invalid. Below is an example of an invalid deductive argument.
o Example
 Premise: All black bears are omnivores.
 Premise: All raccoons are omnivores.
 Conclusion: All raccoons are black bears.
2. Informal Fallacies take many forms and are widespread in everyday discourse. Very
often they involve bringing irrelevant information into an argument or they are based
on assumptions that, when examined, prove to be incorrect. Formal fallacies are
created when the relationship between premises and conclusion does not hold up or
when premises are unsound; informal fallacies are more dependent on misuse of
language and of evidence.
o Informal fallacies are the result of wrong information, assumptions, misuse of
language, lack of evidence, or wrong analogy.
o Example
 All Desert are sweet
 Camel lives in Desert
 Conclusion: Camel also can live in sweet.

Using Ethos, Logos, and Pathos to Test Arguments for Fallacies

 Ethos is an argument that appeals to ethics, authority, and/or credibility

 Logos is an argument that appeals to logic
 Pathos is an argument that appeals to emotion

Difference Between Formal and Informal Fallacy

 A formal fallacy is an error in reasoning due to its defective logical structure, while an
informal fallacy is an error in reasoning found in the content of the argument, not in
its form or logic.
 A formal fallacy always has a flaw in its logical structure, and its deduction is wrong,
whereas an informal fallacy has errors because it may involve irrelevant information,
ambiguous arguments, incorrect assumptions, etc.

A fallacy of division is an informal fallacy that occurs when one reasons that something that
is true for a whole must also be true of all or some of its parts.
Example: Women in the India are paid less than men. Therefore, my mom must make less
money than my dad.

The fallacy of composition is an informal fallacy arises when an individual assumes

something is true of the whole just because it is true of some part of the whole.
Example: "This tire is made of rubber, therefore the vehicle of which it is a part is also made
of rubber."
The fallacy of accident is an informal fallacy and a deductively valid but unsound argument
occurring in a statistical syllogism when an exception to a rule of thumb is ignored.
Cutting people with knives is crime.
Surgeon cut people with knives
Conclusion: Surgeon are criminals

Fallacy of complex question : A complex question, trick question, multiple question, fallacy
of Coresupposition, or plurium interrogationum is a question that has a presupposition that is
complex. The presupposition is a proposition that is presumed to be acceptable to the
respondent when the question is asked.
Example: Have you stopped beating your wife?
Example: Would you like to take coffee or Juice?

Fallacy of Equivocation: In logic, equivocation is an informal fallacy resulting from the use
of a particular word/expression in multiple senses within an argument. It is a type of
ambiguity that stems from a phrase having two or more distinct meanings, not from the
grammar or structure of the sentence.
Some other examples:

 God: "One million years to me is a second." Man: "What about one million dollars,
my Lord?" God: "A penny." Man: "May my Lord give me a penny?" God: "No
problem, just a second."
 Noisy children are a real headache. Two aspirin will make a headache go away.
Therefore, two aspirin will make noisy children go away.

In a slippery slope argument, a course of action is rejected because, with little or no

evidence, one insists that it will lead to a chain reaction resulting in an undesirable end or
ends. The slippery slope involves an acceptance of a succession of events without direct
evidence that this course of events will happen.
Example

 If you don't do your homework, you'll fail the class.

 If you fail this class, you won't graduate from school.
 If you don't graduate, you won't get into college.
 If you don't attend a good college, you won't get a good job.
 If you don't get a good job, you'll be poor and homeless.
 You don't want to be poor and homeless, do you?

A straw man fallacy occurs when someone takes another person's argument or point, distorts
it or exaggerates it in some kind of extreme way, and then attacks the extreme distortion, as if
that is really the claim the first person is making.
• This fallacy occurs when, in attempting to refute another person's argument, you address
only a weak or distorted version of it. Straw person is the misrepresentation of an opponent's
position or a competitor's product to tout one's own argument or product as superior. Its
common in political debate
eq. make strong question weak than to defend it bravely
A Red Herring is something that misleads or distracts from a relevant or important question.
It may be either a logical failacy device that leads readers or audiences toward a false
conclusion.
For example: Boy- Mom, I want that toy.
Mother-Hey, let's go home, yummy food is waiting for you.

Basic Concepts & Levels of Teaching

 Memory
 Understanding
 Reflective: interspective level of teaching
 Requirement of Teaching
o dependent variable- student
o independent variable- teachers
o intervening variables- interaction

Offline Vs Online Methods of Teaching

Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs
 SWAYAM
o Study webs of active learning for young aspiring minds is a MOOC
o designed to achieve 3 cardinal principles
 access, equity and quality
o Launched on 9th July 2017
o Learning in Swayam gas 4 parts quadrants
 e-tutorial
 e-content
 discussion forums
 assessments
 SWAYAMPRABHA
o The SWAYAM PRABHA is a group of 34 DTH channels devoted to
telecasting of high- quality educational programmes on 24X7 basis using the
GSAT-15 satellite. The channels are uplinked from BISAG, Gandhinagar.
o The contents are provided by NPTEL, IITS, UGC, CEC, IGNOU, NCERT and
NIOS.
 What is INFLIBNET used for?
o information and Library Network centre Gandhinagar is an autonomous Inttr
univrersity centre of UGC
o involved in mordanising universities library in india
 Gyan Vani FM Radio started in 2001
 What is difference between Swayam and Swayam Prabha?
o SWAYAM is a platform for all those students who cannot attend classes
physically. The students can design their courses as per their convenience and
schedule.
 o SWAYAM Prabha telecasts new courses for around four hours and the
courses are repeated after that
 Examples of MooC
o duolingo
o treehouse
o lynda
o codeacademy
o google primer
o education first
 Mooc Platforms in India: NPTEL, mooKIT, edX, Coursera, and SWAYAM are the
prominent online platforms in India. Apart from the above-mentioned platforms,
others also providing online education in various field but are highly unknown.
Following is the list of online course providers in India.

Meaning & Types of Research

1. Basic research: data collected to enhance knowledge. it is non commercial; doesn't
facilitate in creating or inventing anything; an experiment to determine a simple fact
2. Applied Research: on analyzing and solving real-life problems This type refers to
the study that helps solve practical problems using scientific nethods. Studies play
an important role in solving issues that impact the overail well being of humans. For
example: finding a specific cure for a disease.
3. Problem Oriented Research: conducted to understand the exact nature of problem
and find out relevant solutions.
o for example to find the reason for decline in revenue of the car company
4. Problem Solving Research: to find solution for the problem. previous one was to
find the reason for problem, but this one is for finding the cure. It uses applied
research to find solution to the existing problems
5. Qualitative research: it is a process that is about inquiry. it helps to create in depth
understanding of problems or issues in their natural setting. this is a non statistical
method. Types of it are

1. on in one interview
2. focus group
3. ethnographic research: Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the
systematic study of individual cultures. Ethnography, simply stated, is the
study of people in their own environment through the use of methods such as
participant observation and face-to-face interviewing
4. case study research: A case study is a research approach that is used to
generate an in-depth, multi-faceted understanding of a complex issue in its
real-life context. It is an established research design that is used extensively in
a wide variety of disciplines, particularly in the social sciences.
5. record keeping
6. qualitative observation

6. Quantitative research: is a structured way of collecting data and analysing it to draw

conclusions. this method uses a computational and statistical process to collect and
analyse data. Online surveys, questionnaires and polls are preferable data collection
tools used in quantitative research.
 7. Ex-Post Facto Research: after the fact research. example: airplane crash
investigation; how weight influences self esteem levels of adults

Methods of Research
1. Experimental Research: researcher identify and define key variables, formulate a
hypothesis, manipulate the variable and collect data on the results. extraneous
variables are carefully controlled to minimize a potential impact on the outcome of
the experiment
1. independent variables are manipulated to see effect on dependent variables
2. in an experiment an extraneous variable is any variable that you're not
investigating that can potentially affect the outcome of your research study. if
left uncontrolled, extraneous variable can lead to inaccurate conclusions about
the relationship between independent and dependent variables
3. Steps of experimental method:
1. make observation
2. form a hypothesis
3. make a prediction
4. perform an experiment
5. analyze the result of the experiment
6. draw a conclusion

** hypothesis states your prediction about what your research will find. it ia tentative answer
to your research question that has yet not been tested. it is a precise, testable statement of
what the researcher predict will be the outcome of the study.

 Alternative Hypothesis H1: states that there is a relationshio

between the two variables bein studies (one variable has an
effect on the other)
 Null Hypothesis H0: states tht there is no relationship between
the two variables being studies (one variable does not affect the
other).

2. Descriptive Research Method: involves gathering data that describes events and then
organises tabulates dipicts and describes the data. aims to accurately and
systematically describe a population. can use a wide varity of research methods to
investigate one or more variables. unlike in experimental research, the researcher does
not control or manipulate any of the variables, but only observes and measures them.
1. it is an appropriate choice when the research aim is to identify characterstics,
frequencies, trends and categories.
 2. it is useful when not much is known yet about the topic or problem. before you
can research why something happens, you need to understand how, when and
where it happens.
3. 3 types
1. Observational method: done in natural environment
2. case study method
3. survey method
3. Historical Method of Research is collection of techniques and guidelines that
historians use to research and write histories of the past.
1. 2 methods
1. primary source
2. secondary source
2. it is also called the documentary research as it makes use of hostorical
documents and other records
3.

Methods of Sampling
1. probability
o Simple Random Sampling: each individual is chosen entirely by chance and
each member of the population has an equal chance, or probability, of being
selected. One way of obtaining a random sample is to give each individual in a
population a number, and then use a table of random numbers to decide which
individuals to include.
 An example of a simple random sample would be the names of 25
employees being chosen out of a hat from a company of 250
employees. In this case, the population is all 250 employees, and the
sample is random because each employee has an equal chance of being
chosen.
o Systematic Sampling Individuals are selected at regular intervals from the
sampling frame. The intervals are chosen to ensure an adequate sample size.
 Systematic sampling is often more convenient than simple random
sampling, and it is easy to administer. However, it may also lead to
bias, for example if there are underlying patterns in the order of the
individuals in the sampling frame, such that the sampling technique
coincides with the periodicity of the underlying pattern.
o Stratified Random Sampling: In this method, the population is first divided
into subgroups (or strata) who all share a similar characteristic. It is used when
we might reasonably expect the measurement of interest to vary between the
different subgroups, and we want to ensure representation from all the
subgroups.
o For example, in a study of stroke outcomes, we may stratify the population by
sex, to ensure equal representation of men and women. The study sample is
then obtained by taking equal sample sizes from each stratum.
o Cluster Sampling In a clustered sample, subgroups of the population are used
as the sampling unit, rather than individuals. The population is divided into
subgroups, known as clusters, which are randomly selected to be included in
the study. Clusters are usually already defined.
 oFor example individual villages could be identified as clusters for Study of
Rural poverty .
2. Non Probability
o Purpose Sampling Also known as selective, Judgement or subjective,
sampling, this technique relies on the judgement of the researcher when
choosing who to ask to participate. Researchers may implicitly thus choose a
"representative" sample to suit their needs, or specifically approach
individuals with certain characteristics.
 This approach is often used by the media when canvassing the public
for opinions and in qualitative research.
o Convenience Sampling Convenience sampling is perhaps the easiest method
of sampling, because participants are selected based on availability and
willingness to take part. Useful results can be obtained, but the results are
prone to significant bias, because those who volunteer to take part may be
different from those who choose not to.
o Snowball Sampling: This method is commonly used in social sciences when
investigating hard-to-reach groups. Existing subjects are asked to nominate
further subjects known to them, so the sample increases in size like a rolling
snowball.
o For example, when carrying out a survey of risk behaviours amongst
intravenous drug users, participants may be asked to nominate other users to
be interviewed.
o Quota Sampling This method of sampling is often used by market
researchers. Interviewers are given a quota of subjects of a specified type to
attempt to recruit.
 For example, an interviewer might be told to go out and select 20 adult
men, 20 adult women, 10 teenage girls and 10 teenage boys so that
they could interview them about their television viewing. Ideally the
quotas chosen would proportionally represent the characteristics of the
underlying population.

Barriers to Effective Communication

1. Linguistic barriers
2. Psychological barriers
3. Emotional barriers
4. Physical barriers
5. Cultural barriers
6. Attitude barriers
7. Perception Barriers
8. Technological Barriers and
9. Socio Religious Barriers

Semantic barrier in Communication: The Semantic barrier in communication can be

defined as the misunderstanding and interpretation of meaning which restrict effective
communication. It can be in form of language, sign and symbol.

o words with diff meaning

 o faulty translations
o unclarified assumptions
o denotations and connotations
o technical jargons
o bad expression

Denotation: the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that
the word suggests.
Connotation: Connotation is the use of a word to suggest a different association than its literal
meaning, which is known as denotation. For example, blue is a color, but it is also a word
used to describe a feeling of sadness, as in: “She's feeling blue.” Connotations can be either
positive, negative, or neutral

Classical Square of Opposition

 contradictory opposite truth value
 contrary at least one is false ( not both true)
 subcontrary at least one is true
o (Both can true, not both false)
 sab alternation truth slows down word, falsity flows upward
 quantity and quality of a categorical proposition decide mood
 Validity: An argument is valid if and only if in every case where all the premises are
true, the conclusion is true. Otherwise, the argument is invalid.
 Mood:
o The mood of a categorical syllogism is a series of three letters corresponding
to the type of proposition the major premise, the minor premise, and the
conclusion is (A, E, I, or 0).
o The mood will help us to determine when such syllogisms are valid or invalid.
 Figure: The figure of a categorical syllogism is a number that corresponds to the
placement of the two middle terms.

Basics of Internet, Intranet and Extranet

 1969 advent of internet as the US Dept. of Defence's Advance research project agency
(ARPA) for war communication
 Domain Name System: Domain name system- An Internet address has four fields
with numbers that are separated by periods or dots. This type of address is known as
IP address. Rather than have the user remember long strings of numbers, the Domain
Name System (DNS) was developed to translate the numerical addresses into words

 There are two types of IP addresses IPv4 and IPv6. It's easy to recognize the
difference if you count the numbers. IPv4 addresses contain a series of four
numbers, ranging from 0 (except the first one) to 255, each separated from the next
by a period such as 5162.42.77
  IPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, with the
groups separated by colons. A typical IPv6 address might look like
this:2620:0aba2:0d01:2042:0100:8c4d:d370:72b4.
 Types of IP Addresses
o Local/Private
o Public
 IP Address can be static or dynamic
 SSL Stands for secure sockets layer: is a secure encryption web protocol used to make
data safe when transmitted over the internet. Represented as HTTPS ( S represents
Secure)
 Web Hosting- A web host is a business/company that offers space, storage, and
connectivity in order to enable a website to be viewed by Internet users. Example
GoDaddy, Hostinger etc.
 HTML: Hypertext Markup Language: to display text and graphics in a specific
fashion
 XML is eXtensible Markup Language, a cousin to HTML. XML focuses on
cataloging and databasing the text content of a web page.
 XHTML is a combination of HTML and XML.

Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement & ISA

Kyoto Protocol: It Is an international treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Kyoto
Protocol applies to greenhouse_gases; carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride. It is an extension to the 1992
UNFCCC. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997. Owing to a complex
ratification process, it entered into force on 16 February 2005.

 The protocol's first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012. 36
countries had participated in the first commitment period. 9 countries opted for
flexibility mechanisms since their national emissions were greater than their targets.
Hence these countries funded emissions reductions in other countries. 2012-2020
 Although the 36 developed countries had reduced their emissions, global emissions
increasea by 32 % from 1990 to 2010. The financial crisis of 2007-08 was one of the
major contributors to the reduction in emissions.
 How many countries are parties to the Kyoto Protocol?
o 192 countries are parties to the Kyoto Protocol.
o Canada, ANdora, USA, SOuth sudan are not party
 It is legally binding
 Only members of UNFCCC can become parties to the Kyoto Protocol.
 Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the 3rd session of UNFCCC
 To meet the targets of the Kyoto Protocol, member countries cannot include
international shipping and international aviation
 Countries can use Land Use (LU), land-use change (LUC), and Forestry to meet their
Kyoto targets.
 Conference of Parties (COP): The Official meeting of all countries associated with the
Kyoto Protocol is called the Conference of Parties (COP)
 The 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, more commonly referred to as
COP26, was the 26th United Nations Climate Change conference, held at the SEC
 Centre in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, from 31 October to 13 November
2021. The president of the conference was UK cabinet minister Alok Sharma. COP 1
was held in (Berlin, Germany) in 1995
 COP 28 theme
 The Convention establishes two permanent subsidiary bodies (SBs), namely the
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA), by Article 9, and
the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI), by Article 10. These bodies advise the
COP.
 The secretariat, also known as the Climate Change Secretariat, services the COP, the
SBs, the Bureau and other bodies established by the COP.
 India at the Kyoto Protoçol
o India was exempted from legally binding commitments on greenhouse gas
emissions.
o India emphasized on the differentiation between developed and developing
nations concerning the burden of responsibility for climate action.
o India successfully defended its obligation on socio-economic development
while concurrently forcing developed countries of the Annex I category to
take more responsibilities on curtailing greenhouse gas emissions.
 India has ratified the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol that commits
countries to contain the emission of greenhouse gases, reaffirming its stand on climate
action.
 The first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol was from 2008-2012. On 8
December 2012, at the eighth session of the Conference of Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP), held in Doha, Qatar.

Paris Agreement: Outcome of cop21 on dec 12 2015, entered in force on 4 dec 2016 adopted
by 196 countries

 restrict temp rise beyond 2 degree this centure above pre industrial level
 The agreement talks about 20/20/20 targets, i.e.
o Carbon Dioxide emissions reductions by 20%,
o Work on increasing the kenewable energy market share by 20%
o Target to increase energy efficiency by 20%


Some of the Measures taken by India to Control Emissions:

* National Solar Mission: It is a major initiative of the Government of India and state
Governments

to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India's energy security

challenge.

 Bharat Stage (BS) V norms: These are emission control standards put in place by the
government to keep a check on air pollution.
 National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy 2018: The main objective of the policy is to
provide a framework for the promotion of large grid-connected wind-solar
 photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems for optimal and efficient utilization of wind and
solar resources, transmission infrastructure and land.

1. All these and many other initiatives helped India in cutting CO2 emissions by 164
million kg.

International Solar Alliance Signatories 105

masala bond: to raise money for ISA
and green solar bonds

Hypothesis Testing T-Test, F-Test, Z-Test

and Chi Square Test for UGC NET

 Parametric statistics is a branch of statistics which assumes that sample data comes
from a population that can be adequately modeled by a probability distribution that
has a fixed set of parameters.
 Parametric tests assume a normal distribution of values, or a "bell-shaped curve." For
example, height is roughly a normal distribution in that if you were to graph height
from a group of people, one would see a typical bell-shaped curve.
 Parametric tests are used only where a normal distribut on is assumed. The most
widely used testare the t-test (paired or unpaired), ANOVA(analysis of Variance)
(one-way non-repeated, repeated; two-way, three-way), linear regression and Pearson
rank correlation.
 A non parametric test (sometimes called a distribution free test) does not assume
anything about the underlying distribution (for example, that the data comes from a
normal distribution). That's compared to parametric test, which makes assumptions
about a population's parameters (for example, the mean or standard deviation); When
the word "non parametric" is used in stats, it doesn't quite mean that you know
nothing about the population. It usually means that you know the population data does
not have a normal distribution.
 Z-test A z-test is a statistical test used to determine whether two population means are
different when the variances are known and the sample size is large. In z-test mean of
the population is compared. The parameters used are population mean and population
standard deviation. Z-test is used to validate a hypothesis that the sample drawn
belongs to the same population.

 The z-test is best used for greater-than-30 samples because, under the central limit
theorem, as the number of samples gets larger, the samples are considered to be
approximately normally distributed.
 A ztest compares a sample to a defined population and is typically used for dealing
with problems relating to large samples, (n>30)
 Z test can also be helpful when we want to test a hypothesis. generally they are most
useful when the standard deviation is known.
  T-Test: mean of two given samples are compared. A t-test is used when the
population parameters (mean and Std. Deviation) are not known.
 Paired T-test: Test for the difference between two variables from the same population
(pre and post test score). FOr example In a training programmes performance score
the the trainee before and completion of the program.
 ANOVA Test is a statistical technique that is used to check if the means of two or
more groups are significantly are different from each other. Anova checks the impact
of one or more factors by comparing the means of different samples. if we use a t-test
instead of ANOVA test it wont be reliable as no. of samples are more than two and it
will give error in the result.
 Non Parametric Statistical Test: test-Non parametric tests are used when data is not
normally distributed. Non parametric tests include chi square test.
 Chi-square test( x2 test)- A chi-square test is a statistical test used to compare
observed results with expected results. The purpose of this test is to determine if a
difference between observed data and expected data is due to chance, or if it is due to
a relationship between the variables you are studying.
 The chi-square goodness of fit' test is appropriate when the following conditions are
met: The sampling method s simple random sampling. The variable under study is
categorical. The expected value of the number of sample observations in each level of
the variable is at least 5.

How To Convert Binary To Decimal ? How

To Convert Decimal to Binary
Binary (1010100)2
Decimal (x)10
binary series: 1,2,4,6,8,16,32,64,128,256------

Characterstics of a Good Test in Research

1. Validity
1. It actually measures what is actually designed to measure
2. It can be tests based on careful selection of certain criteria
3. Validity in research mainly stands for accuracy of procedures, research
instruments, tests, etc.
4. The concept of validity can also be understood by posing a question, 'Are we
measuring or able to measure what we originally intended to measure.
5. Validity means that research must be unbiased and free from any systematic
error as these may impact the applicability of research.
6. Without validity, research goes in the wrong direction.

o External Validity:
 It means that external factors that can affect the study must be
controlled.
 For example, the response of a respondent in social sciences surveys
may be affected by the mere presence of a non-participant observer.
 It also refers to the extent to which the research outcome can be
generalized and applied to other cases that are not under study.
 It is also termed as credibility and external validity is termed as
generalizability or transferability.
o Internal Validity:
 It is defined as the extent to which the observed results represent the
truth in the population we are studying and, thus, are not due to
methodological errors.
 It is the extent to which you are able to say that no other variables
except the one you're studying caused the result. Hence, the major
problem is that sample of participants is not representative.
o Convergent Validity:

• Convergent validity, a parameter often used in sociology, psychology, and

other behavioral sciences, refers to the degree to which two measures of
constructs that theoretically should be related, are in fact related.

Predictive Validity:

• In psychometrics, predictive validity is the extent to which a score on a scale

or test predicts scores on some criterion measure. For example, the validity of
a cognitive test for job performance is the correlation between test scores and,
for example, supervisor performance ratings.

Therefore, The extent to which the findings of a research study are

generalizable is called External validity.

2. Reliability:

 It means the test should give a similar result even it arrange separately.
 The result could not be varied due to time, space, or the person
conducting it.
 it is a measure of consistency

3. Objectivity

 It is objective when it makes for the elimination of the scorer's

personal opinion bias judgment.
 It is the degree to which equally component users get the same result.

4. Useability
 It has usability for further cases.
 It is important to represent to the observers.
5. Credibility:
  Credibility refers to the extent to which a research account is
believable and appropriate, with particular reference to the level of
agreement between participants and the researcher.

Essential qualities of a researcher:

 Analytical mind: researcher continuously analyse the facts and able to see the bigger
picture
 Critical thinking ability: he/she can think critically
 Clear articulation of a goal: should be focused and objective
 Intelligence: common sense and control over the situation is most important
 Curiosity and interest: should be curious enough and passionate about the research
 Good communication skill: good verbal and nonverbal communication skill requires
 Systematic and organized: a researcher should be an organised person that he/she can
plan well.
 Quick thinking capacity: able to generate quick ideas
 Patience and Perseverance: need to stay calm at all and do things again and again
 Honest and respectful: maintain honesty, ethical issues, and respect for others
 Explanation: Genuine interest in Research, Good understanding of the research
process, and patience and perseverance all are considered as a quality of researcher
but it is essential to have adequate interest in and aptitude for research for a researcher
to come up with a good quality of research.

Steps of Research

 Step 1: Identify the Problem. ...

 Step 2: Evaluate the Literature. ...
 Step 3: Create Hypotheses. ...
 Step 4: The Research Design. ...
 Step 5: Describe Population. ...
 Step 6: Data Collection. ...
 Step 7: Data Analysis. ...
 Step 8: The Report-writing.

Scientific Approach to research

 emperical method of aquiring knowlledge

 careful observation based on a pre specified plan of action to find facts based on
proper evidence

I- ANCIENT EDUCATION- INTRODUCTION

 Book: Surya Siddhantika – Aryabhatta

 In gurukul the knowledge was divided into two broad streams
 o the Paravidya: higher knowledge and spritual wisdom
o The Aparavidya: the Lower Knowledge and the secular sciences.
 a ceremony called upanayana (initiation) was conducted when student reach the age
of 5, formal education to start with the ceremony of vidyarambh
 dvijya born: to be born again at his guru's home.
 the ceremony was conducted b/w 8-12 years post which the student is called
brahmacharin
 two classes of educated women
o sadyodwahas: women who studied till their marriage
o brahmavadinis: who renunciate marriage altogether to pursue higher studies
 Name for Convocation: Samavartana
 4 Goals of Human Life
o Goal 1: Artha- Security (Secondary Goal)
o Goal 2: Kama- Pleasure (Secondary Goal)
o Goal 3: Dharma (Secondary Goal)
o Goal 4: Moksha- Liberation (Primary Goal)
 Aim of Ancient Education System
o The Ultimate objective of Moksha
o Character Shaping
o Imparting Religious Knowledge
o Stress on Social Duties
o development of all round personality
o preservation and promotion of rich culture
 Methods of Instruction
o Sravana - it is the process of listening the words coming from the mouth of
the teacher
o Manana- it makes pupil to think for himself and evaluate the teaching by
himself. it is called self introspection and assimilation of the teaching.
o Nididhyasana- it is comprehension the truth and applying it to the real world
o Srutis- Knowledge was practically called as srutis
 Monistic order of Education was imparted in Vedic Period
 Evaluation System: as per Yaskas and Sayanas who were famous commentators on
rig veda, concluded from the hymns these
o Maha Prazanan Grade: Students of the Highest Ability
o Madhyam Prazanan Grade: Students of Mediocre Ability
o Alpa Prazanan Grade: Students of low ability
 Curriculum in Ancient TImes
o anthropology
o astronomy
o economics
o epistemology
o geology
o ethnology
o human eugenics
o mathematics
o military science
 The Educational Rituals are
o Garvadhana Cereminy
o Jatakarma
 o Annaprasana
o Vidyarambh Ritual
o Upanayana
o Medhajanana
o Upakarma
o Utsarjana
o Samvartana or Convocation Ritual

II- UNIVERSITIES IN ANCIENT INDIA

1. TAXILA
o 1st univ estd around 7th BCE; influenced by greeks
o Huien Tsang who traveledd during the time of harsha mentioned taxila to be at
par with nalanda and vikramshila
o taxila is capital of gandhar
o primarily medicine and military education
o chanakya/ kautilya studied and taught here
o no exam system so no degree or diploma
o popular training centre of indian military science
o panini an expert in surgery and medicine was its. main product
o pt. vishnu sharma is associated with taxila
o buddhism was not taught only brahminical
2. Nalanda _ Bihar
o located near rajgriah; it was a mahavihar
o estd. during gupta dynasty, by king kumargupta 1 in 5th century BCE
o 7th BCE harsshvardhana (kannauj) made it more famous
o hiuen tsan travelled in 8th centure
o birth place of sariputta, fav. desciple of buddha and associated with mahayana
o buddhist learning centre from 427 ce to 1197 ce
o Status of "first Great University" in recorded history
o shibbhadra was chancellor of Nalanda university
o teacher incharge for admission was Dwar Pandi
o 2010 nalanda resetup
o destroyed. by bakhtiyar khilji
3. Valabhi

1. Tsang I Tsing founded vallabhi in western side of india

2. not a religious centre but also of arthshastra, niti shastra (law) and Chikitsa
Shastra
3. learning centre for hinayana form of buddhism
4. till 755 it flourished but some portion destroyed due to invasion. it is still
continued till 12th century

4. Vikramshila

1. set up by emperor dharmapala of pala dynasty in 8th centure in North magadh

on bank of river ganga
 2. later was organies into 6 different college and central building was called
vigyana bhawan
3. mahastavir- kulpati
4. main subjects: vyakaran, logic, astronomy, philosphy, tantra shastra,
karamakanda
5. destroyed by bakhtiyar khilji

5. Odantapuri- Gopala me

1. estd long before king of pala dynnasty came into power in magadh
2. not very famous, but had around 1000 monks and students

6. Jagaddala

1. by pala king ram pal of pala

2. made it as a monastry
3. destroyed in invasion

7. Mithila

1. named as Videha
2. prominent seat of Brahamanical Education
3. continued from raja janak to buddhist period
4. produced devoteed of lord krishna
5. Famous Poet VIdyapati who wrote in hindi and jaidev, prominent poet who
wrote in sanskrit was born here
6. there was nyaya shasta and tarka shasta
7. Gangesh Upadhyay was founder of a school of New logic Navya Nyaya
8. Epoch- making work named Tattva Chintamani had been written
9. flourished till the time of akbar

8. Nadia Unive

1. confluence of ganga and jalangi river in bengal

2. earlier called Navadweep
3. three centres: navadweep, shantipur and Gopaalpura
4. lyrics of Gita Govind by Jaideva reverberated here
5. owed its existence of Raghunatha Shiromani

9. Ujjain

1. aka avanti
2. famous for secular, maths and astronomy

10. Salotagi - Karnataka

11. Ennariyam - Tamil Nadu

 ancient epics Somasthana in an ashram depicts botany

  ancient university known as chief centre for advanced and specialised studies in
Nyaya or Logic was Mithila Universityy
 Women in ancient education
o famous scholars were maitreyi, vishwambhara, apala, gargi and Lopamudra
 Which all were buildings Dharmaganja- the library of Nalanda University had
o Ratnasagara
o Ratnodadhi
o Ratnaranjaka

III- TYPES OF HIGHER EDUCATION UNIVERSITIES AND REGULATORY

INSTITUTIONS

 The Different Types of Universities


 4 types of universities
o Central Universities- 56
o State Universities- 460
o Deemed to be Universities 129
o Private Universities 430
 Manipal Academy of Higher Education was the first pvt institution to be declared a
deemed university in the year 1976
 Meta University currently in DU and Jamia
o
 Cluster Innovation Centre: only present in Du; companies have offices in university
campus

Institute of Emminence Scheme

Institutes of Eminence is a recognition scheme for higher education institutes in India, set by
the University Grants Commission in 2017. The plan encompasses twenty institutions, twelve
of which have already been declared Institutes of Eminence as of April 2021
complete academic and administrative autonomy
both public and private
ROLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION BEFORE INDEPENDENCE
Buddhism: The students would be taken into the buddhist monastry after performing the
Pabbaja Ceremony, and after 12 years they undergo Upasampada and become a monk

 foundation of madarasah were laid down by Warren Hastings in Oct 1780

 for hindus Jonthan duncan founded the Benaras Sanskrit college in 1791
 Important acts
o charter act 1813- 1 lac annyally for education; anglo. orientalistic controversy
o macauley's minute 1835: downward filteration theory
o James Thompson
o Woods Dispatch 1854- b,m,c university in 1857
o hunter commission 1882-83
o Indian University act 1904
o Saddler University commission 1917-19
 o Hartog Committee 1929
o Wardha Scheme of Education
o Zakir Hussain committee 1937
o Sergant plan of Education 1944
 Who first took the initiative for appointing a University education commission during
pre independence period: Lord Curzon
 In the age of four vedas the students were admitted to vedic schools after the
performance of Upanayana Ceremony.

ROLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION AFTER INDEPENDENCE

1. 1948 radha krishna committee: recmmended setting up of UGC

2. Murlidiar commission 1952
3. Hansa mehta
4. Bhakta Vatsala
5. Kothari commission 1964-68: focussed on all levels of education for fist time and had
people from all around the world
6. 1968: NEP
7. Ishwarbhai patel committee : review committee of 1968 committee
8. Review committee 1967
9. 1986: NEP: operation blackboard; minimum level of education at each level; opening
of navodaya vidyalaya
10. Acharya ramamurti review committee 1999
11. Janardhan Reddy committee: cm of andhra
12. Yashpal committee 1992

Objective of Research:

 Explorative/formulative Res. studies: gain familiarity with a phenomena or to achieve

a new insight to it
 Descriiptive Res. Studies: portray accurately characteristics of a particular
individual/situation
 Diagnostic Res. Study: determine frewuency with which something occur or with
which something is associated with something else

TYpes of Research

 Based on Application
o pure/basic/fundamental
o applied/decisional

o
o
 Based on Objectives
o Descriptive
o co-relational (non experimental)
o explanatory
o exploratory
  Based on Injury Mode
o Stuructural Approach
o Unstructured approach

Descriptive (ex-post facto research) Analytical

fact finding enquiries and survey

collected data is analysed and explained
methods

ascertains and describes the

beyond merely describing the characterstics
characterstics of the issue

describe the state of affairs as it

explains existing state of affairs from available data
exists at present

no control over the variables works within the constraints variables

Applied Fundamental

focuses on one discipline takes an interdisciplinary approach

incolves a descriptive study of the makes use of problem solving application to solve a specific
research problem problem

reporting is done in technical

reporting is done using a general terms in a simple language
languahe

concerned with generalizations and

aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem
formulating theories

aims to solve general problems deals with practical problems

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

refers to data that is descriptive and

refers to data that is numerical and objective in nature
subjective in nature

often collected through interviews,

collected through survey, experiment or statistical analysis
observations or focus groups

focus on understanding the meaning

focus on measuring and analysing data
and context of data

Conceptual Empirical

type of research generally related to any research study where conclusions of the study are drawn
 from evidence verifiable by observation or experience rather
abstract ideas or concepts
than theory or pure logic

involve abstract idea and concepts

ans it doesn't involve any practical involves phenomenon that are observable and measurable
experiments

philosophical research studies are an

include both quantitative and qualitative studies
example

 the research antagonistic (opposite) to ex post facto research is experimental studies

 an example of scientific knowledege is
 Diagnostic research is concerned with discovering and testing certain variables with
respect to their association or disassociation
 the main objective of Descriptive study if to acquire knowledge
 research is working in a scientific way to search for truth of any problem
 in order too pursue the research "formulating a research question is primarily
required."
 depth of any research can be judged by its research objectives
 Identifying cause of a problem and possible solution to a problem is diagnostic study
 Second step in problem formulation is "understanding the nature of the problem"
 existing company infor is an example of secondary data.
 wrong questionnaire is an example of primary data collection problem
 conceptual framework in which the research is carried out is: research design
 in the process of conducting research, formulation of hypothesis is followed by
selection of research tools.

Research Method vs Research Methodology

Research Methodology Research Method

refers to a process for effectively addressing describes the method that the researcher used
research problem to conduct the research

investigate the vario\us method that can be actually involves conducting an experiment,
used to conduct experiments, tests surveys test and survey

used to find a solution to a research problem used to achieve the research objective

aims to answer the question: How did the aims to answer the question: what tools did
researcher complete his study the researcher use to complete his research

 Research Problem: A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a

condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that
 exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for
meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.
 Research problem should be funnel based i.e. start from broad to reach narrow
 process of formulation of a RP
o develop a conceptual framework
o refer to available literature on the problem
 bring clarity and focus to the research problem
 improves the methodology
 expand knowledge base in research area
 contextualizes your findings
o Formulation of objective: objective should be
 specific
 measurable
 achievable
 relevant
 time bound
 Steps in developing a research design
o classify the intended outcome i.e. what needs to be understood
o develop the research question
o understand what needs to be measures
o select the population as per the study taken up
o identify the ideal data collection method
o construct interconnected characterstics
o use correct analysis tools
o decide how the findings of the study shall be published.
 Hypothesis: 6 common types of forms
o simple hypothesis
o complex hypothesis
o empirical hypothesis
o null hypothesis
o alternative hypothesis
o logical hypothesis
o statistical hypothesis
 Sampling Design and Data Collection
 Sampling
o The process of obtaining information from a subset (sample) of a larger group
(population)
o The results for the sample are then used to make estimates of the larger group
 Faster and cheaper than asking the entire population
 Two keys
1. Selecting the right people

Have to be selected scientifically so that they are representative

of the population

2. Sclecting the right number of the right people

To sampling errors i.e., choosing the wrong people by chance

 characteristics of good sample
o proportional
o error free
o budgeted
o no bias
o generalization of results
 Types of Sample Designs

 Participant observation-based research: In participant observation, the investigator

becomes a part of the group or phenomenon. Then the investigator becomes a
participant or member of the group and also investigates/observes the situation. It
allows close proximity to the subject studied; therefore, it gives an opportunity for
intimate study. It emphasizes access to reality by sharing the p erspectives of people.
 Grounded theory approach based research:
o It sets out to discover or construct theory from data, systematically obtained
and analyzed using comparative analysis.
o It is used to uncover such things as social relationships and behaviours of
groups, known as social processes.
o It involves line by line coding where concepts and key phrases are identified
and highlighted and moved into subcategories, then categories. This breaks the
data down into conceptual components and the researcher can start to theorize
or reflect on what they are reading and understanding-making sense of the
data.
o The data from each participant will be 'constantly compared' for simlarties,
o Hence, generalizations follow rather than precede the observations in due
course.
 Characteristics of the scientific method of research are:
o Empiricism: It means knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory
experience by doing in real-life settings.
o Objectivity: It means that certain things, especially moral truths, exist
independently of human knowledge or perception of them.
o Verifiable: Any outcome of our observation or research should be verified
and then should come to a conclusion.
o Ethical neutrality: The more socio-psychological participation the society
can make of the researcher, the less likely he is to be ethically neutral (as
calculated by introversion-extroversion scales). The most ethically neutral of
occupations represented are social scientists and the most likely use of
negatively charged principles are psychiatrists and psychologists.
o Systematic: Something people undertake in order to find out things in a
systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge. In addition to it
'Systematic Research,' it is based on logic and not relied on just beliefs.
o Reliability: Reliability means consistency with which an instrument yields
similar results. It concerns the extent to which a measurement of a
phenomenon provides stable and accurate results. Reliability is concerned with
consistency and replicability or with repeatability over time.
 o Precision: It refers to the degree to which several measurements of the same
object show the same or similar results. In this regard, precision is closely
related to reliability.
o Abstraction: Abstraction is the process of taking away or removing
characteristics from something to reduce it to some set of essential
characteristics.
o Predictability: When something is predictable it means that it is likely to
occur because it happened in the past.

Important Research Terms:

 Abstract: a brief overview of a research study

 Benchmarking: comparing operations and outcomes against agreed upon "best - in -
class" frames of reference.
 Construct: a term that describes a human variable that is not dorectly measurable
(e.g. motivation, self esteem) Also known as a psychological construct.
 Causality: r'ship between cause and effect
 Variable: concept that is observable, measurable and has dimension that can vary.
(Dependent variable is the Quality you are observing); ( Independent Variable is the
one you are manipulating)
 Control Group: in experiments, the one that doesn't get the treatment. (the group that
is studied is experimental group and the one not touched upon is the control group)
 Correlation Study: a research design that depicts a r'ship between variables, but not
necessarily one of cause effect.
 Descriptive Study: RD that describe "what is" and reported "as it is"
 Validity: accuracy
 Internal Validity: the extent to which a study measures what is is supposed to
(accuracy within the study)
 Operational Definition: how a term is used in study
 Baseline: a control measurement carried out before and experimental treatment
 Bias: discrimination; a loss of balance
 Chi-Sqaure Analysis: A common non parametric statistical test which compares an
expected proportion or ration to an actual proportion or ratio
o Paramentric Statistical Test: Parametric tests are used only where a normal
distribution is assumed. The most widely used tests are the t-test (paired or
unpaired), ANOVA (one-way non-repeated, repeated; two-way, three-way),
linear regression and Pearson rank correlation.
o Non parametric statistical test: Non-parametric tests are the mathematical
methods used in statistical hypothesis testing, which do not make assumptions
about the frequency distribution of variables that are to be evaluated. The non-
parametric experiment is used when there are skewed data, and it comprises
techniques that do not depend on data pertaining to any particular distribution.
 T-test: used to determine if the scores of two groups differ on a single variable. For
instance, to determine whether writing ability differs among students in two
classrooms, a t-test could be used.
 Cluster analysis: data that share common trait are grouped together
 Confidentiality: helps in eliminating bias in research study
 Deductive: reasoning in which conclusion are formulated about particulars from
general or universal premises
  Inductive Reasoning: a form of reasoning in which a generalized conclusion is
formulated from a particular instance.
 Deviation: distance between the mean and a particular data point in a given
distribution
 Discrete variable: variable that is measured solely in whole units, such as gender and
no. of siblings
 Epistemology: concerns knowledge construction; asks what constitutes knowledge
and how knowledge is validated
 Ethnography: method to study group/ culture over a period of time. Going inside the
group itself to conduct deep study.
 Generalizability: extent to which research finding and conclusion conducted on a
specific study to groups or situations can be applied to the population at large
 Bell Curve: a frequency distribution stat. Normal distribution is shaped like a bell
 Conformability: Objectivity; the finding of the study could be confirmed by another
person conducting the same study. Aka reliability
 Continuous Variable: a variable that may have fractional values. Eg. 0.0484829
 Empirical Research: Research based on experience and real life problem
 Hypothesis: tentative explanation based on theory to predict a causal relationship
between variables
 Kinesics: analyses examines what is communicated through body movement. study of
the way in which certain body movements and gestures serve as a form of non-verbal
communication.
 Triangulation: use of a combination of research methods in a study. An exaple of
triangulations would be a study that incorporated surveys interviews and observations
 Longitudinal Research: research in which same people are re studied and re tested
over a long period.

TYPES OF VARIABLE
 Variable: Anything which is subject to change and can have more than one value,
such as age, height etc
 Dependent Variable: variable affected by the independent variable; it responds to the
independent variable
 Independent variable: variable presumed t influence other variable. it is the presumed
cause, whereas the dependent variable is the presumed effect.
 Intervening/ Mediating variable: variable whose existence is inferred but it cannot be
measured
o established link between DV and IV
o it is caused by the independent variable and is itself a cause of the dependent
variable
 Extraneous variable: in real life situations there can be many factors that may affect
the outcomes; they are confounding variables.
 Constant variable: variable that is not allowed to be changed unpredictably during an
experiment
o as they are ideally expected to remain the same, they are also called constant
variables.
  Binary Variable/ Dichotomous variable: Observations that occur in one of two
possible states, often labeled zero and one. ex. Improved/ not-improved and
completed/non-completed.
 Categorical Variable and Nominal Variable: usually an independent or predictor
variable that contains values indicating membership in one of several possible
categories. eg gender (male or female); marital status (married, single, divorced,
widowed) The categories are often assigned num. values used as labels.
 Continuous Variable/Interval Variable: a variable that is not restricted to particular
values (other than limited by the accuracy of the measuring instrument) Eg. Reaction
time, neuroticism, IQ. Equal size intervals in diff. parts of the scale are assumed, if
not demonstrated.
 Discrete Variable
o variable having only integer values
o Eg. No. of trials needed by a student to learn a memorization task
 Endogenous variable: variable that is an inherent part of the system being studied and
that is determined from within the system. a variable that is caused by other variable
in a causal system.
 Exogenous Variable: a variable entering from and determined from outside of the
system being studied. a causal system says nothing about its exogenous variables
 Control Variable/Covariate: an extraneous variable that an investigator does not wish
to examinee in a study. thus the investigator controls this variable.
 Polychotomous variables: variables that can have more than two possible values.
strictly soeakung, this includes all but binary variables. the usual reference is to
categorical variables with more than two categories.
 Random Variable: is a variable whose possible values are numerical outcomes of a
random phenomenon

Scale
Types of Scales:

 N: Nominal
 O: Ordinal
 I: Interval

 R: Ratio

Characterstics:

 Description
 Order
 Distance
 Origin

Nominal Scale
  Most elementary form of measurement
 Name/categories
 Which partitions a set into categories that are mutually exclusive and collectively
exhaustive
 Each category is assigned to a number
 No order, no distance and no arithmetic relationship
 Ex. Gender
 Mode is the only measure of central tendency
 CHi-Square test, fishers exact test

Ordinal Scale

 has feature of Nominal Scale also

 Places events in order But no distance and origin
 Implies a greater than or less than relationshi
 Median is the popular measure of central tendency
 Eg. Rank
 Percentile or quartile is used for measuring dispersion
 Non parametric tests

Interval Scale

 has order and distance

 Interval between two points are adjusted in terms of some rule that has been
established for purpose of making the units equal
 Ef. Temperature
 It has an assumed zero but no absolute zero
 Mean and Std. Deviation is used
 T-test and F-Test

Ratio Scale

 Order, distance andd unique Origin

 All mathematical or=perations
 Ex. Height weight
 Geometric Mean and Harmonic mean
 Variance and Co-efficient of variance
 All parametric tests

TYPES OF RESEARCH

1. Basic Research/ Fundamental Research/ Pure Research

o carried out to increase understanding of fundamental principles
o when knowledge is acquired for the sake of knowledge it is called basic
research
o it is completely theoretical that focuses on basic principles and testing theories
o tends to understand the basic law
o New Knowledge to Existing Knowledge
o COncept based
 o deals with generalization and formulation of theory about human behavior.
alligned towrds collecting info that has universal applicability
o many time the end result have no direct or immediate commercial benefits
o BR can be thought of as arising out of curiosity

 however, in the long term it is the basis for many commercial products and applied
research
 mainly carried out by universities
 analytical in nature
 Answers HOw?

2. Applied Research

1. A common test in research demands much priority on validity, reliability, objectivity,

use ability.
2. Most essential for a researcher is : adequate interest in and aptitude for research
1. Essential qualities of a researcher are
1. Analytical mind
2. Critical thinking ability
3. Clear articulation of a goal
4. Intelligence
5. Curiosity and interest
6. Good communication skill
7. Systematic and organised
8. Quick thinking capacity
9. Patience and perseverance
10. Honest and respectful
3. Measure of consistency: reliability
4. The extent to which the findings of a research study are generalisable is called as
external validity
1. Validity:
1. 1. Validity in research mainly stands for accuracy of procedures,
research instruments, tests, etc.
2. 2. The concept of validity can also be understood by posing a question,
'Are we measuring or able to measure what we originally intended to
measure.
3. 3. Validity means that research must be unbiased and free from any
systematic error as these may impact the applicability of research.
4. 4. Without validity, research goes in the wrong direction.
2. External Validity:
1. • It means that external factors that can affect the study must be
controlled.
2. • For example, the response of a respondent in social sciences surveys
may be affected by the mere presence of a non-participant observer.
3. • It also refers to the extent to which the research outcome can be
generalized and applied to other cases that are not under study.
4. • It is also termed as credibility and external validity is termed as
generalizability or transferability.
3. Internal Validity:
 1. • It is defined as the extent to which the observed results represent the
truth in the population we are studying and, thus, are not due to
methodological errors.
2. • It is the extent to which you are able to say that no other variables
except the one you're studying caused the result. Hence, the major
problem is that sample of participants is not representative.
4. Convergent Validity:
1. • Convergent validity, a parameter often used in sociology,
psychology, and other behavioral sciences, refers to the degree to
which two measures of constructs that theoretically should be related,
are in fact related.
5. Predictive Validity:
1. • In psychometrics, predictive validity is the extent to which a score on
a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure. For example,
the validity of a cognitive test for job performance is the correlation
between test scores and, for example, supervisor performance ratings.
5. Characteristics of scientific study (outlined by sir Francis bacon)
1. Objectivity
2. Verifiability
3. Ethical neutrality
4. Systematic explorations
5. Reliability
6. Precision
7. Accuracy/ empiricism
8. Abstractness
9. Predictability
6. Scientific method
1. Am empirical method of acquiring knowledge
2. Careful observation based on a prespecified plan of action to find facts based
on proper evidence
3. Needs continuous correction based on observation and updated facts
4. Aims to test experiments
7. Four essential characteristics of experimental research are
1. Control
2. Manipulation
3. Observation and
4. Replication
8. Participant observation (PO) is a research methodology where the researcher is
immersed in the day-to-day activities of the participants. The objective is usually to
record conduct under the widest range of possible settings.
9. Introduction. Grounded theory (GT) is a research method concerned with the
generation of theory,1 which is 'grounded' in data that has been systematically
collected and analysed. 2 It is used to uncover such things as social relationships and
behaviours of groups, known as social processes.
10. Research typers
1. Fundamental Research is research for knowledge sake; the aim is the
generation of new knowledge irrespective of any use at the moment of
discovery. Aimed at gaining better understanding of the topic or subject.
2. Applied Research is directed at exploring the applicability of truths and
principles already established.
 3. Action research aims at ameliorating (improving) the ongoing conditions and
practices
4. Features of Qualitative Research:
1. The objective is to explore a phenomenon to gain understanding by
diving deeper into the problem
2. Used qualitative methods of data collection such as interviews, focus
groups, observation, etc.
3. The sample size is kept small
4. Believes in interpretivism paradigm and disregards the positivist
assumptions and statistical data analysis
5. Inductive reasoning is employe where things are observed, a pattern is
developed and then the theory is formed
6. The conclusions are descriptive rather than predictive.
7. Hence, it is clear from the given points that qualitative research avoids
positivist assumptions and data analysis.
11. Research is
1. Challenging the status quo
2. Synthesis of deductive and inductive processes
3. Is critical and passionate search for knowledge.
12. In historical research external criticism refers to : validity of originality of documents/
sources of the documents. The main aim is to avoid bias and unfairness.
1. Historical research is a qualitative method
2. Internal criticism means the COntent validity of the document.
13. Characteristic feature of Quantitative research paradigm is
1. Hypothetico-deductive
2. Lays stress on generalisation to the population characteristics
3. Emphasises numerical data from a large number of people
4. Less interested in individuals than in common features of a group of people.
5. Produces reliable and replicable data that is generalised to other contexts
14. A researcher does not accept any finding as true unless the finding is subjected to the
testing procedure that is open to public inspection. Such a principle is known as
objectivity.
15. Process not needed in experimental research is Absence of treatment groups
16. Main proponents of levels of teaching
1. memory: herbert
2. Understanding: Morrison
3. Reflective: hunt
17. Teacher is an independent variable in teaching
18. method to be used by teacher is analytical synthetic
19. teaching maxim:
1. from whole to part: gestalt psychologists
2. self study: dalton
3. training of senses: montessori and frobel
20. Memory level teaching emphasis
1. organisation of thoughts and ideas
2. systemetic presentation to enable quick production
3. mastery of concepts sequncing of facts
21. Andragogy, which is the art of teaching adults, is the opposite of pedagogy — the
traditional approach to teaching children. The core principle of andragogy is that
 adults are more motivated and self-aware than children, so they need to learn in ways
that center their lives, instead of their academic potential.
22. in reflective level classroom should be open and independent
23. Curriculum is a standards-based sequence of planned experiences where students
practice and achieve proficiency in content and applied learning skills. Curriculum is
the central guide for all educatorsas to what is essential for teaching and learning, so
that every student has access to rigorous academic experiences.
1. curriculum includes both formal and informal education
24. benjamin bloom presented the classification of cognitive domain
1. highest level is evaluation
25. at authoritarian level teaching is teacher centred
26. Philosophy - characterstics
1. Learning by doing: pragmatism
2. education through environment: naturalism
3. realisation of truths beauty and goodness: idealism
4. world as it is here now:: Realism
27. intellectual skills and attitudes are reflected by cognitive and affective domains
28. Heutagogy:
1. self determined learning
2. student centred instructional strategy
3. emphasize dev of autonomous capacity and capabiity
29. psychomotor domain: physical and motor skills
1. eg: performing an experiment
30. Eg of cognitive domain: describe a specific topic
31. rule of presenting the contents to make them easy are called: maxims of teaching
32. thinker philosphy
1. tagore: child is more imp than all kind of books
2. vivekanand: yoga as a method of education
3. gandhi: harmonious development of personality
4. buddhism: doctrine of karma
33. Vivekanand: education is man making
34. college teacher will really help students when he is objective in his evaluation
35. aim of classroom: develop innquiring minds
36. if students fail in exam, no one can be blamed in generel or particular.
37. Mirambika- school based on ideas of free progree education was advocated by sri
aurobindo
1. he also propounded integral education
38. components of tylers model of curriculum
1. aims of edu
2. organisation of contents
3. testing feedback
39. what does blooms taxonomy of educational objectives affects in learnes
1. thoughts
40. Micro-teaching is a teacher training and faculty development technique whereby the
teacher reviews a recording of a teaching session, in order to get constructive
feedback from peers and/or students about what has worked and what improvements
can be made to their teaching technique.
1. more effectife during preperation for teaching practice
2. it consisits of core teaching skills
3. each skill is practised seperately
 4. questioning is one coomponent of microteaching
5. useful for stdents of both primary and higher class
6. stanford univ. pioneered microteacching in 1961
41. Instructional procedure is main component in basic teaching model
42. john dewey stressed on Learning by doing
43. symposium is a type of discussion method
44. Armstrong: Heuristic Model: Henry Edward Armstrong who introduced this method
for teaching science, “Heuristic method is a method of teaching which involves our
placing of children as far as possible in the attitude of a discoverer”. In this method,
the student has to find out the answer to his/her own problem by unaided efforts. it is
based on spirit of enquiry.
45. One of popular form of drill and practice is : direct instruction; practice is made in
drill method
46. demonstration method: teacher performs practically and explains
47. assumption underlying team teaching: best teacher can be shared by more students
48. dialogue method of discovering the truth was given by socrates
49. when presenting materials teacher should consider
1. structuring
2. balancing
3. motivating
50. Which method of teaching would focus on a technical or 'one right way to teach'
approach to presenting content: Instructional Programme
51. large group discussion cannot be a good way for promoting literacy among villagers
52. llearners participation is made optimal and proactive: project method
53. main task of educational computer
1. scoring the answers
2. preserves the info
3. analysis of data
54. Computer based teaching. method has been developed by stolorow and davis
55. expectation from group learning: motivate isolated students to become members of
the group
56. Differentiated instruction: combine the scope of large groups, small groups and
indivisualised teaching methods
57. project and direct experiences would encourage the learner centred paradigm
58. project method limitation: learner not supervised
59. learning instructional facilities make learning simple
60. most important while writing on black board: good handwriting
61. teaching method contributive to direct learning
1. simulation and role playing
2. participation in workshops and assignment
3. interactive presentations
62. teacher uses teaching instructional facilities to teach within the understanding level of
students
63. am effective teaching instructional facilities is one which activates all faculties
64. what belongs to a projected instructional facilities: epidiascope.

Learners Characterstics
1. learning: modification of behaviour
 2. teachers knowledge on students needs and interests are covered by psychology of
education
3. psychological aspects of classroom are best managed by class teacher
4. types of student learners are
1. innovative learner
2. analytic learner
3. common sense learner
4. dynamic learner
5. intutive thinking is part of the process of discovery
6. individual difference in learning process in given least importance in Idealism
7. expenimental learning activities adopted by teacher in cyclical order
1. assimilation
2. accomodation
3. converging
4. diverging
8. student favourite activity used to reinforce: premack principle
9. morphographs is term associated with corrective spelling
10. Schemas or Mental Schemata: organised body of knwledge that we build up about
particular objects, situations or phenomenons
11. assimilation is taking in of new information
12. The term which in used in variety of ways in which teachers and other help learners to
move beyond their current level of understanding by giving them cues, suggestions or
even direct guidance at appropriate level or moment in their investigations or
activities is known as scaffolding.

Communication
 Types of Verban Communication
o intra personal communication: khud se baat karna
o Interpersonal communicaation: do logon k beech ka communication
o small group communication: more than 2 people; not clear and can have
miscomunication
o public communication: publich speech; one speaker, many listeners
 Types of Non Verbal Communication
o eye contact
o body languages
o paralinguistic: tone pitch loudness, inflection and rhythym of your voice
o facial expression
 Written communication
o transactional written communication: requesting a meeting, asking a favour, or
a quick clarification; response is required
o Informational written communication: no response is required. just
information pass on
o Instructional written communication:
 Visual communication
o PPT, TV, News
o gif full form: graphics interchange format
The informal communication network that exists in a workplace is often termed as the
grapevine
types of formal communication

o vertical
o horizontal or lateral
o Diagonal or crosswise: inter departmental

Types of Informal communication

o Single strand chain: A>b>c>d>e>f

o cluster chain (jai ho movie salman khan) or MLM
o gossip chain: college office canteen

Characterstics:

1. two or more persons

2. exchange of ideas
3. mutual understanding
4. direct and indirect communication
5. continuous process
6. use of words as well as symbols

types of noise in communication

o physical noise
o physiological noise
o technical noise
o organisational noise
o cultural noise
o psychological noise
o semantic noice

Three models of communication

 Linear models
o aristotles model
o lasswells model
o shannon weaver model
o berlo SMCR model
 interactive models
o osgood schramm model
 o westley and maclean model
 transactional models
o barnlunds transactional model
o dance's helical model

National geophysical research institute: hyderabad

Meta analysis: a systematic review that analyzes the finding of the multiple studies on a
specific topic.
quantitative research: content analysis of a written document

Test Book
6 december 2023

1. According to buddhism Linguistic communication should be used to adopt moral

stance. according to buddha right speech is one of the five precepts that all buddhists
should follow. it includes using language that is truthful akind and beneficial.
1. Buddhism encouragess critical introspection as a mens of understanding onself
and one's place in the world and as a part of Intra personal communication
2. Huntere commission
1. recommended participation of pvt enterprises in higher education
2. appointed in 1882
3. recommended expanding excess to HE
4. women to be given equal access to higher edu
5. did not recommend seting up of univ in rural india but recommended access to
HE in rural areas
3. Steps to improve qlty of education by UGC during second FYP (1956-1961) are
1. introduced 3 year degree courses
2. improvement in libraries and laboratories
3. increase in salaries of university teachers
4. approved establishment of new department in universities
5. Imp: UGC setup in 1956
4. Institutes established during the 1st and 3rd FYP?
1. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics: kolkata
2. Lok Bharti: shantiniketan, WB
3. Gandhi Gram Rural Institute: Dindigul Tamil nadu
5. What are Schemas?
1. organised body of knowledge stored in memory that influence how we
interpret, store and recall new information. they act as mental frameworks that
help us make sense of the world around us
2. Characterstics
1. organised and structures
2. based on past experiences and knowledge
3. can be general or specific
4. can be updated and modified as we learn new information
3. Functions
1. pH value
1. Concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
2. under 7 is acidic and above 7 is base
3. pH 1 Gastric acid
4. 2 lemon juice
5. 3 apple juice
6. 4 tomato juice
7. 5 black coffee
8. 6 milk
9. 7 water
10. 8 egg
11. 9 baking soda
12. 10 hand soap
13. 11 ammonia solution
14. 12 Bleach
15. 13 and 14 Concentrated solutions of alkalis
2. Fn. Abbreviation in academic writing refers to Footnote
3. Kyoto Protocol
1. Works on principle of common but differentiated responsibilities
2. Negotiated under UNFCC
3. International treaty with goal of reducing major greenhouse gases
4. The gasses are?
5. Signed 1997 implemented 16 feb 2005
6. 1st commitment period 2008-12
7. 2nd Committmnet period aka doha amendment was 2013-20
8. 84 countries signatories
9. 192 parties in 2020 (cancada withdrew effective from 2012)
10. US never joined
4. Policy on Higher education during 8th FYP was to encourage involvement of Private
sector in the Education field
1. 8th FYP launched after the 1990 LPG Reforms
2. During 8th FYP many Public sector schemes were launched like mid day meals
programme
5. A teacher wants to assess students performance and want to give immediate feedback.
Which software you will select for the assessment
1. Kahoot
2. Quizziz
3. Online exam maker
4. Quizlet
5. ProProfs Quiz maker
6. Typerform
7. GoConqr
8. Google Forms
9. Learn Dash
6. A variable that has a casual impact on another variable is called Independent Variable
1. Independent Variable is the cause and dependent variable is the result
2. Eg. How long you sleep (Independent variable) affects your test scores
(dependent variables)
7. ISA
1. Vision: let us together make the sun brighter
2. Mission: every home no matter how far away, will have a light at home
8. Internet term and definition
1. HTTP: main protocol that governs that transmission of data using the internet
2. URL: The website address that is typed into the address bar
3. MAC Address: a unique address given to a device on a network. It is provided
by the manufacturer
4. IP Address: an address given to each device on a network. It is provided by the
network
9. Which of the foll subjects were taught at the University of Navadip in Ancient India.
1. Archaeology
2. Physics
3. Logic
4. Grammar
5. Politics
6. law
7. Founded by Mithila scholars
8. Followed nyay shashtra to counter the philosophy of buddhism
9. Oxford of Bengal
10. Nyay shastra, mimansa shastra, tarka shastra were also associated with this
university
10. A computer uses ROM and Ram Data to store data. What best describes ROM:
1. It is used to boot up the computer when power is turned on
2. its content are retained when the power is turned off
3. ROM often contains the Firmware or BIOS necessary for the computer to
initiate the booting process
4. RAM is volatile and loss its data when power is turned off
11.
1. Statement 1: qualitative research lays emphasis on contextualunderstanding. It
focusses on exploring the depth and context of phenomenon, aiming to
understand the underlying meanings and interpretations
2. Statement 2: Quantitative research is known for its structure and systematic
approach involving the collection and analysis of numerical data to identify
patterns relationships and statistical significance
12. Negative communicators which are usually unclear or myth creating express
1. Pessimism
2. Distrust
3. Resentment
13. D
1. S1: NEP 2020 recommends ABC to facilitate transfer of credits b/w
institutions
2. S2: One of the objectives of the NEP 2020 is to increase the no. of
Multidisciplinary institutions in the country
1. Both true
2. NEP 2020 replaced the 1986
3. Committee under TSR Subramanyam
14. Too used for creating and sharing online learning games
1. Kahoot
15. A smart home application that automates the controlling of lighting temperature
entertainment system and appliances is an example of Ubiquitous Computing
1. Notes
1. Evolutional COmputingL based on new innovation and new techniques
2. Nature inspired computing: is when natural resources are used to make
new techs like solar system, E0vehicles
3. BIO Inspired Computing: computer techniques based on biology
4. Ubiquitous Computing: pervasive computing which is the future
technology. In this tech computers are capable of doing everday tasks
to perform less interaction from the users end
16. 2 statement
1. S1: A learners cultural background has no impact on his/her learning
experiences
2. S2: gender is not a strong predictor of academic achievement
3. S1 is false and S2 is correct
17. 2 Statements
1. S1: Internet is commonly used service on the world wide web
2. S2: HTTP is the Protocol that web browsers and web servers use to
communicate with each other over the internet.
3. S1 is false and S2 is correct
1. It is the world wide web that is the commonly used service on the
Internet
2. HTTP or Hypertext transfer protocol is the protocol used to transfer
text and communicate over the internet
18. The quality of one’s memory can generally be judged on the basis of his / her power
of retention
1. PoR is a quality of memory power and a characterstic of the memory level of
learning. There are 3 levels of learning
1. Memory level: thpughtless level
2. Understanding level: thoughtful level
3. Reflective level: highest thoughtful level
19. Arrange the Components of RP written in APA Style
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Tables
5. Figures
6. Note: the four widely used refrencing styles or conventions are
1. MLA: moderna language association system
2. APA: American Psychological association
3. Harvard System
4. MHRA: Modern Humanities Research Association
20. 2 statements
1. S1: Snowball sampling is a type of random sampling
2. S2: Snowball sampling is helpful when participants belong to hard to reach
groups
3. S1 wrong and S2 correct
21. PDF full form Portable Document Format
22. Full form of DIKSHA: Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing
1. National platform for school educations
 2. An initiative of NCERT under MoE
3. Launched 2017
4. Adopted by almost state/ut/ boards including cbse

Till class 4

1. Times World Rankings University

1. No. 1 in World: University of Oxford
2. No. 1 in India: IISc Bangalore
2. QS world Ranking:
1. Peaking Univ CHina
2. Univ of Hong Kong
3. NUS singapore
4. IIT bombay 40th and 1st in India
5. 7 insittutions under 100 with 5 IIT and two IISC of Bang. and delhi
3. Unified faculty recruitment portal for Central University: CU Chayan
1. may 2023
2. for 56 university
3. streamlines faculty recruitment
4. Theme of International Education Day 2024: Learning for lasting peace
1. Started by UNESCO
2. 24 January
3. Countering hate speech, discrimination
5. NIOS works under the Aegis of Ministry of Education
1. Ncert Project 1979
2. NOS in NEP 1989
3. Both merged to form NIOS in 2002
4. 4 mn enrolment
6. E-Pathshala App is related to Books
1. Developed by CIET and NCERT
2. Initiative of MoHRD, CIET and NCERT started Nov 2015
3. Content in English, Hindi and Urdu
7. World’s most polluted city : Kathmandu as per IQ air as on May 2 2024
8. Earth Day 22 April 2024
1. Since 1970
2. Theme Planet v. Plastics
3. Earth Hour day celebrated on last Saturday of March; started since 2007
by WWF
4. Other Dates
1. 2nd Feb: World Wetlands Day
2. 21st March: World Forest Day
3. 22nd March: World Water Day
1. Advocate sustainable management of fresh water
2. Theme: Water for Peace
4. 7th April: World Health Day
5. 22th April: World Earth Day
 6. 22nd May: World Biodiversity Day
1. Int. day for Biological Diversity falls within the scope of the
UN Post 2015 Development agenda’s SDG
2. Theme : Be part of the Plan
3. Aims to implement the Kunming Montreal Global Biodiversity
Framework, also referred to as the Biodiversity Plan
7. 5th June: World Environment Day
8. 11th July: World Population day
9. 16th September: International day for preservation of the Ozone Layer
10. 28 September: Green Consumer Day
11. October 1-7: Wildlife Week
12. 16th October: World food day
13. 22nd October : world Planting Day
14. 1st December: World Aids Day
9. Bhadra Tiger Reserve is located in Karnataka
1. Recently seen surge in safari visitors
2. Drained by Bhadra River
3. Other tiger Reserves in Karnataka are
1. Bandipur
2. Nagarhole
3. Dandeli-anshi
4. Biligiriranga
10. Which state Launched School on Wheels: Manipur
1. In relief camps for students who are displaced due to ethnic strife
11. Sodium Ion Battery that can be charged in seconds have been developed by
researchers of S. Korea
1. Sodium is nearly 1000 times more abundant than litium, more cheaper, more
accessible energy storage
2. Researchers stress the need for enhanced anode energy storage rates and
cathode capacities for high energy and power density in hybrid batteries
12. Zero Discrimination Day 2024: March 1
1. Theme: To protect everyones health and protect everyones rights
2. Initiated by UNAIDS
3. First celebrated in 2014
13. World wildlife day is celebrated in 3rd march
1. Theme: Connecting people and Planet: Exploring digital innovation in wildlife
conservation
14. BSNL 4g service to launch on August 2024
15. Chat GPT: developed by open AI and launched Nov 30 2022
1. Based on large language models
2. Stands for Chat generative Pre Training Transformer
3. Grok Chatbot: Developed by xAi: elon musk
1. It announced that it had made grok open source, fulfilling a promise
made by musk
16. Super computer
1. Speed measure in floating point operations pers second
2. India;s 1st : Param 8000
3. India’s 1st indigenous: Pram Shivay at IIT BHU
1. Other are
1. Param Shakti: IIT Kgp
 2. Param Brahma: IISER Pune
3. Param Yukti: JNCASR Bengaluru
4. Param Sangandk: IIT Knp
2. Fadtest SC is Frontier of US folloed by Fugaku
17. Top Solar Energy Producer in India 2024
1. Raj: 17.8 GW: Bhadla Solar Park
2. Guj: 10.13 GW: Charanka Solar Park
3. Karnataka 9.05 GW : pavagada solar park
4. Tamil Nadu: 6.8 GW: Kamuthi Solar Power Project
5. Maha: 4.8 GW: Sakri Solar Power plant
6. Highest in world
1. China 430 GW
2. USA 141 GW
3. Japan 84 GW
4. Germany 69 GW
5. India 68 GW
7. India has a target of 280 GW by 2030
8. Largest Renewable Energy Producing countries are:
1. China (4x of USA)
2. USA
3. Brazil
4. India
5. Germany
9. ISA has 120 countries
1. Founder 30 November 2015
2. Vision: let us together make the sun brighter
3. Mission: Every home no matter how far away, will have a light at
home
4. 6th assembly in bharat mandapam on oct 31, 2023
10. PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojna: enable household to generate 300 units of
electricity through grid connected solar panels
11. Target 10 Mn household
12. Wind Energy Capacit
1. Guj 1st position with 11723 MW (overtook TN by adding 1744 mw in
FY 2024)
2. Tamil Nadu 2nd Position 10604 MW
18. EQUIP: Education Quality Upgradation and Inclusion Program is an initiative of
Dept. of Higher Education
1. Enhance access, inclusion , quality, excellence and employability
2. Improvements in 10 critical areas
3. Double gross enrolment ratio
4. Position 50 Indian Univ in top 1000 globally
5. Upgrade quality to global standards
6. Accreditation of institutes as an assurance of quality
19. Institute of Eminence
1. Become world class teaching and research inst.
2. 10 public and 10 pvt.
3. More autonomy than regular university
4. Grant of 1000 crore rupee
20. Higher Education Financing Agency
 1. Estd2017
2. Jt. Partnership of MoE and Canara bank in 91:9 ratio
3. Provide fin assist. For creation of Edu. Infra and R&D in India’s premier
educational Inst.
21. RUSA: rashtriya uchachatar shiksha abhiyan
1. 2013 by MoE
2. Strategic funding to HEI in country
3. Genreal state 60:40; Spl. State 90:10 and 100 in UT
22. National Academic Depository
1. Estd 2016
2. Online storehouse for all academic documents
3. Safe and authentic and verification is easy
4. Digilocker fetches data from NAD
23. Digilocker: MoEITY
1. Access to digital version of various documents
24. e-PG Pathshala
1. under UGC’s National Mission
2. e content in 70 subjects across all discipline
3. launched Nov 2015
25. e-adhyayan
1. repository of ebooks for UG and PG courses
2. derived from etext of e-PG pathshala and Swayam (UGC Moocs)
3. it is and Open Educational Resources being developed by INFLIBNET
26. Kaziranga Elevated Road Project is constructed in the state of Assam
27. Kishtwar high Altitude National Park is situated in the State of J&K
1. recently snow leopard was seen
2. note: highest NP in India is hemis National park in leh, Ladakh
28. As per a recent report, the global mean temperature crosses which threshold for the
1st time during summer: 1.5 degree celcius of pre industrial
1. released by a european centre
29. Annamalai TIger Reserce is situated in Tamil nadu
1. the forest dept.. is actively combating invasive species in the Ulandy range,
core to the anamalai tiger reserve
30. Ramsar Site: wetland of internation importance
1. ramsar convention signed on 2 feb 1971 aka Convention on Wetlands under
the auspicies of UNESCO
2. World Wetland Day: 2 february
1. theme: wetlands and Human Wellbeing
3. India increased its wetland under ramsar to 80 in 2024 World wetland day
31. Windows OS was launched in year 1985 November 20
32. MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
33. 1st iphone launched in 2007
34. 1st computer of India: (not super computer) Indian statistical Institute calcutta
35. Father of PC: Edward Robert
36. Who developed first electronic computer: J.V. Atansoff
37. First web browser is Mosaic
38. IBM stands for International Business machine founded by Thomas J. Watson
39. Trojan Horse: performs a usual task while simultaneously allowing destructive acts.
40. MAN: metropolitian Area network
41. Microsoft founded in 1975
42. POLAN: Passive Optical Local area Network
43. Rom is both static and non volatile
44. Crime of stealing passwords: Spoofing
45. BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System
46. Current Status of Higher Education system in India
1. released by ALl inda survey of Higher education released in jan 2024
2. student enroll: 4.33 cr as of 2021-22, an uptick from 4.14 crore of 2020-21 and
3.42 Cr in 2014-15
3. Women are 2.07 Cr a 32% jump from 1.5Cr in 2014-15
4. Proportion of women highest at PG Level i.e 55.4%
5. GER and Gender Parity Index
1. GER age group 18-23 years : 28.4%
2. GPI 1.01 at all india level incating gender parity
6. NEP proposes GER 50% by 2035
7. NEP aims 100% GER in School education by 2030
47. Shodh Ganga estd 2011 and parent orgn is INFLIBNET, UGC and MoE is a digital
repository of thesis and dissertation submitted to universities in india
48. ShodhGangotri: compliments Shodhganga and hosts synopsis of research topic
submitted to the Universities in India by Research Scholars
49. Shodh SIndhu
1. launched 2014
2. databse of research joournal and e books
3. by MoHRD
4. 100000 research journals and e books
50. VIDWAN: developed and maintained by INFLIBNET