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Experiment No. 1
MEASUREMENTS
INTRODUCTION:
Everyone is familiar with measurements of length in inches, feet, and yards, and
measurements of weight in ounces, pounds, and tons. Liquids are measured in pints,
quarts and gallons. It is an essential part of Chemistry, and reliable measurements
information is an essential part of the experimental processes.
In regard to measurements, however they have distincty different meaning. If you
wish to become competent in making measurements and interpreting measurement data,
you must understand this distinction.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
The student is,often times, at a loss in determining how far he should read figures in
reporting his results. Enough numbers should be used indicate the precision of the
measurements. Thus, when measuring with a ruler that is graduated to the tenth of a
centimeter, and the reading falls midway between 20.5 and 20.6, the length is reported as
20.55 cm, the second decimal place being significant but doubtful in precision. This means
an attempt has been made to read exactly to the hundredth of a centimeter but no certainty
is attached to the last figure.
PRECISION AND ACCURACY
Precision is the agreement ofa set of results among themselves. Thus, when two
results obtained independently in analysis are in close agreement, the analysis is said to
have a high degree of precision. On the other hand, the accuracy of a numerical result
means the degree of agreement between it and the true value. This means that one can be
precise and still not be accurate. Making more than one trial and getting the average value
of these trials increase the accuracy of a measurement.
OBJECTIVES:
1.
2.
APPARATUS / MATERIALS:
250 mL beaker, graduated cylinder, wire gauze, analytical balance, water
Thermometer, ruler
CHEMICAL FORMULAS:
PROCEDURE:
1.) Determination of Mass of Water.
Get a clean 250-mL beaker and weigh. Place around 125 or 150 mL of water
a
(label this Vy into the beaker and weigh again. Detemine the mass of the water using
balance.
2.) Measurement of Volumes of Liquids: Graduated cylinders and burets are
commonly used to measure volumes of liquids. Both graduated cylinders and burets are
calibrated to deliver specified volumes of liquids. For more accurate measurements, pipets
and volumetric flasks are used.
Using a graduated cylinder, transfer 150 mL water to 250-mL beaker. Get the
reading as V2 In reading the volume, the eye should be kept at the lower meniscus, the flat
portion of the concave in order to get a more accurate result. Detemine the uncertainty of
one by solving the relative error;
Relative Error =V2-V1 x100
3.) Measurement of Temperature:
that the
thermometer into the water (be sure
Immerse the mercury bulb of the temperature reading.
container). Get the
Duio Is Submersed but not touching the
4.) Measurement of Length:
Determine
Using a ruler, measure the length
of the sides of your wire gauze.
its perimeter (the sun of all the lengths of its sides).
per
substance is defined as its masS
5.) Measurement of Density. The density of a remains fixed
characteristic property of a substance; it
unitvolume, MN. The density is a
unless the temperature and pressure are changed.
a liquid from
Weigh a clean and dry beaker
in the balance. Get a sample of maximum
not to exceed the
instructor and carefully pour into the beaker enough liquid liquid. (Be sure to
your
Read and record the volume. Weigh the beaker and the Calculate the
graduation.
spilled liquid from the side of the beaker before weighing). instructor.
wipe off any the correct density of the liquid from your
weight and density of the liquid. Get
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Determination of Mass
Measurement No. of Sig. Fig.
Mass of beaker:
Mass of beaker & water:
Mass of water:
2. Measurement of volume
Volume in beaker: V1
Volume in g. cylinder: V2
Which is more accurate?
Relative Error:
3. Measurement of Temperature
Temperature of water:
4. Measurement of Length
Length of side 1:
Length of side 2:
Length of side 3:
Length of side 4:
Perimeter of wire gauze:
5.) Measurement of Density
Weight of beaker &liquid
Weight of empty beaker.
Weight of liquid:
Volume of liquid:
Density of liquid:
CALCULATIONS (Density)
QUESTIONS:
1.) Define the following terms:
a. MasS
b. length
C. temperature
d. density
Z.) How do you determine the number of significant figures in a calculatea resu
CONCLUSION:
REFERENCES:
