 (Section 1)

Understanding Criminology

 Definition, meaning and scope of criminology

o Define Criminology. Discuss the scope of criminology in Pakistan.(2018)
o Write a critical note on the increasing importance of Criminology in Pakistan. Also
discuss the historical development of criminology as a scientific discipline.(2017)
o Discuss the scope of Criminology as the science dealing with the study of criminal
law, forensics, and criminal investigation.
o What is your position on the nature vs nurture debate in criminology?(2020)
o Explain the nature and importance of Criminology in detail (2016)
 Crime as social problem; Deviance, Sin Vice, Evil, Norms, Values; Security
o What is the difference between crime, deviance, sin and vice? Do you believe that crime
is one of the major social problems of Pakistani society? Discuss.(2022)
o (2023)
 Criminal Law
o Write short notes on any TWO of the following: Criminal law (2016)

Crime and Criminals

o Define the term Crime and Cri minals. Explain the types of Criminals in detail.(2016)
o Suggest Measures to control robberies/dacoities and urban street criminality in
Pakistan.(2023)

Crime and Criminality: Theoretical Perspectives

o Enlist the criminological perspectives. Briefly describe the three criminological

perspectives on the study of crime and criminal behaviour.(2017)
o Discuss the fundamental postulates of Edwin Sutherland's 'Differential Association
theory' with examples.(2019)
o Define and explain the following concepts:
(a) Left realism and right realism (b) Phrenology and Physiognomy (c)Corporal
punishment and capital punishment(d)Sociology of Law, Criminal Eti ology and
Penology(2020)
o Travis Hirschi argued that crime results when an invidual's bond to society is weak or
broken. Discuss in detail what this theory ada bending explains about crime.(2019)
o Critically analyze the biological theories of criminality. (2021)
o How would you classify criminal behavior?(2021)
o What would be the focus of typology? (2021)
o What is the meaning of Anomie? Discuss Robert Merton theory of Anomie in detail.
(2022)
 Islamic perspective on deviance and crime.
o What is the Islamic perspective on crime and punishment? Explain your answer with the
help of proper examples.(2018)
  (Section 2)
Juvenile Delinquency

o Write short notes on: (a) Causes of Juvenile delinquency in Pakistan (2017)
o What is juvenile delinquency? Explain the nature, exfent and causes of juvenile
delinquency in Pakistan. Suggest remedial measures for reducing juvenile delinquency in
Pakistan.(2018)
o Write a comprehensive note on the risk and protective factors of juvenile delinquency
in Pakistan.(2020)
o Define the term juvenile delinquency. Write a note on the history of juvenile justice
system and role of juvenile court in reducing juvenile delinquency.(2022)
o How juvenile delinquency can be reduced through the institutional role, professional
counseling, and increased care?(2023)

Juvenile Justice System

o Write a comprehensive note on the Juvenile justice system of Pakistan Suggest

measures for the improvement of Juvenile justice system of Pakistan.(2017)
o Discuss some of the functions and responsibilities of Juvenile Justice system. Do you
believe that Juvenile Justice has played its role in prevention of juvenile crimes in
Pakistan? (2019)
o Define Juvenile probation. Explain the organization and administration of Juvenile
probation services.(2021)

The Criminal Justice System

o How far recidivism has been launited by the institution of prison? Explain some of the
modern strategies used in prison for the restoration and reintegration of criminals.
(2019)
o What is recidivism? What kind of institutional modern strategies could be used for
reintegration of the criminals in Pakistan?(2020)
 Police and its role
o Write a note on the role of Crime Control Agencies.(2016)
o Trace back the history and development of police organization in Pakistan.(2018)
o In Pakistan, the creation of police force is a colonial legacy. In which circumstances
independent police force was established in the pre-independence era. What major
changes have been occurred in the police department in Pakistan? (2022)
o What challenges are faced by police in controlling crime and maintaining law and
order in the country?(2023)
 Criminal courts : procedures and problems
o Describe various procedures and problems of Criminal Courts in Pakistan.(2021)
 Prisons, Probation and Parole
o Define the term Probation and discuss the conditions of Probation.(2016)
o Write short notes on: (b) Probation and Parole.(2017)
Punitive and Reformative Treatment of Criminals

 (Section 3)
Criminal Investigation

 Principles of criminal investigation

o Enlist and discuss the principles of Criminal Investigation.(2016)
o Write a comprehensive note on the principles of criminal investigation Illustrate with
examples from Pakistan.(2017)
o What is Criminal investigation? Explain the key principles of criminal investigation.
(2018)
o Define criminal investigation and its principles Highlight with examples importance
of modern techniques used for crime detection in Pakistan.(2020)
o What are the principles and techniques of interrogation? How far these techniques
have potential to clear an accused? (2021)
 Forensic Investigation
o How the forensic science is a helpful tool in the modern day for determining and
detection of violent crimes? (2019)
o What is meant by forensic criminal investigation? What are the hurdles in
streamlining the forensic criminal investigation in Pakistan? (2022)

Techniques of Investigations

 Interviewing and interrogation techniques

o Discuss in detail the "Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques" of investigation.(2016)
o Define and differentiate interviewing and interrogation techniques. How far human
rights of criminals are being violated during the interrogation process?(2019)
o Why crime scene is important for investigators? What are the crime scene search
patterns?(2023)

Legal and Ethical Guidelines for Investigators

o Elaborate importance of legal and ethical guidelines for the criminal investigation of
gender based crimes. Support your answer with example from Pakistani society.(2017)
o What are the legal and ethical guidelines for investigating gender-based crimes? (2
Explain your answer with the help of suitable examples.(2022)

International Policing and Criminal Justice Monitoring Organizations

o How do international policing and monitoring organizations control human

trafficking?(2023)
 Interpol
o To what extent Interpol has been successful reducing organized crime at international
level. Discuss (2018)
o The International Criminal Police Organization- ICPO, INTERPOL was founded in 1914
with the founding principle to coordinate efforts relating to international police
 cooperation. How do you see the role of INTERPOL for reducing money laundering with
special reference to Pakistan?(2020)
 EUROPOL
o What is the difference between EUROPOL and INTERPOL? How does EUROPOL assist
Member states investigation to control terrorist networks in Europe? (2021)

 (Section 4)
Modern Concepts in Contemporary Criminology

o Explain the institutional corrections and alternative community corrections strategies in

detail. Sopport your answer with examples where appropriate.(2020)
 Cyber Crime
o Write a detailed note on Cyber Crime.(2016)
o Cyber crime is increasing at national and international levels, suggest some measures to
control a kind of crime.(2019)
 Money-laundering
o Write short notes on any TWO of the following: (a) Money laundering (2016)
o Discuss the laws and institutional arrangements for controlling money laundering in
Pakistan.(2018)
o What is Trade-Based Money Laundering (TBML.)? Discuss with examples.(2021)
o Do Crypto currencies have a high money laundering risk? Discuss.(2021)
 White-Collar Crime
o Write short notes on any TWO of the following: White-Collar Crime (2016)
 Terrorism, Radicalism and War on Terror
o Write a critical note on the role of law enforcement agencies in the control of
terrorism in Pakistan. Suggest measures to minimize radicalization in Pakistan.(2017)
o Keeping in view the social learning perspective in criminology, discuss how terrorists are
internet as a tool to reinforce their ideology among youth in Pakistan (2020)
o Terrorism and radicalization continue to pose threat to global peace, economy, and
stability. Discuss (2023)
 Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan
o Write notes on: (b) Gender and Crime(2017)
 Modern Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention
o How do silent crimes affect social fabric of Pakistani society? Discuss some of the
modem policing strategies for prevention and control of the violent crimes in Pakistan.
(2019)
 Intelligence-led Policing
o Intelligence-led policing has become an effective model of policing in tackling
organized crime Discuss the background and key principles of intelligence-led policing.
(2018)
o Several specific law enforcement strategies fall within the framework of intelligence-
led policing. Discuss any four strategies.(2021)
 Community policing
 o What is the role of community policing in curtailing the problem of crime in
Pakistan?(2022)
 Role of FIA
o Discuss the role of FIA in controlling organized crimes in Pakistan.(2022)

o What is the role of FIA in controlling organized criminality in Pakistan?(2023)