Criminology Syllabus and Past Paper Analysis (2016-2022):

Endeavour-CSS

SECTION 1
• Explain the nature and importance of Criminology in detail. (20)
• Define the term Crime and Criminals. Explain the type of Criminals in detail. (20)
• Write a critical note on the increasing importance of Criminology in Pakistan. Also discuss the
historical development of criminology as a scientific discipline. (20)
• Enlist the criminological perspectives. Briefly describe the three criminological perspectives on
the study of crime and criminal behaviour. (20)
• Define Criminology. Discuss the scope of criminology in Pakistan. (20)
• What is the Islamic perspective on crime and punishment? Explain your answer with the help of
proper examples. (20)
• Travis Hirschi argued that crime results when an individual’s bond to society is weak or broken.
Discuss in detail what this theory of social bonding explains about crime. (20)
• Discuss the fundamental postulates of Edwin Sutherland’s ‘Differential Association theory’ with
examples. (20)
• What is your position on the nature vs nurture debate in criminology? (20)
• Define and explain the following concepts: (05 marks each)
o (a) Left realism and right realism
o (b) Phrenology and Physiognomy
o (c) Corporal punishment and capital punishment
o (d) Sociology of Law, Criminal Etiology and Penology
• Critically analyze the biological theories of criminality. (20)
o How would you classify criminal behavior? (10)
o What would be the focus of typology? (10)
• What is the difference between crime, deviance, sin and vice? Do you believe that crime is one
of the major social problems of Pakistani society? Discuss. (20)
• What is the meaning of Anomie? Discuss Robert Merton theory of Anomie in detail. (20)

SECTION 2
• Write a note on the role of Crime Control Agencies. (20)
• Define the term Probation and discuss the conditions of Probation (20)
• Write a comprehensive note on the Juvenile justice system of Pakistan. Suggest measures for
the improvement of Juvenile justice system of Pakistan. (20)
• Write short notes on: (10 each)
o Causes of Juvenile delinquency in Pakistan
o Probation and Parole
• What is juvenile delinquency? Explain the nature, extent and causes of juvenile delinquency in
Pakistan. Suggest remedial measures for reducing juvenile delinquency in Pakistan. (20)
• Trace back the history and development of police organization in Pakistan. (20)
• Discuss some of the functions and responsibilities of Juvenile Justice System. Do you believe that
Juvenile Justice has played its role in prevention of juvenile crimes in Pakistan? (20)
• How far recidivism has been limited by the institution of prison? Explain some of the modern
strategies used in prison for the restoration and reintegration of criminals. (20)
• Write a comprehensive note on the risk and protective factors of juvenile delinquency in
Pakistan. (20)
• What is recidivism? What kind of institutional modern strategies could be used for the
reintegration of the criminals in Pakistan? (20)
• Describe various procedures and problems of Criminal courts in Pakistan. (20)
• Define Juvenile probation. Explain the organization and administration of juvenile probation
services. (20)
• Define the term juvenile delinquency. Write a note on the history of juvenile justice system and
role of juvenile court in reducing juvenile delinquency. (20)
• In Pakistan, the creation of police finte is a colonial legacy. In which circumstances independent
police force was established in the pre-independence era. What major changes have been
occurred in the police department in Pakistan? (20)

SECTION 3
• Enlist and discuss the principles of Criminal Investigation. (20)
• Discuss in detail the “Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques” of investigation. (20)
• Write a comprehensive note on the principles of criminal investigation. Illustrate with examples
from Pakistan. (20)
• Elaborate importance of legal and ethical guidelines for the criminal investigation of gender
based crimes. Support your answer with example from Pakistani society. (20)
• What is Criminal investigation? Explain the key principles of criminal investigation. (20)
• To what extent Interpol has been successful in reducing organized crime at international level.
Discuss (20)
• Define and differentiate interviewing and interrogation techniques. How far human rights of
criminals are being violated during the interrogation process? (20)
• How the forensic science is a helpful tool in the modern day for determining and detection of
violent crimes? (20)
• Define criminal investigation and its principles. Highlight with examples the importance of
modern techniques used for crime detection in Pakistan. (20)
• The International Criminal Police Organization- ICPO, INTERPOL was founded in 1914 with the
founding principle to coordinate efforts relating to international police cooperation. How do you
see the role of INTERPOL for reducing money laundering with special reference to Pakistan?
What are the principles and techniques of interrogation? How far these techniques have the
potential to clear an accused? (20)
• What is the difference between EUROPOL and INTERPOL? How does EUROPOL assist Member
state’s investigation to control terrorist networks in Europe? (20) What are the legal and ethical
guidelines for investigating gender-based crimes? Explain your answer with the help of suitable
examples. (20)
• What is meant by forensic criminal investigation? What are the hurdles in streamlining the
forensic criminal investigation in Pakistan? (20)

SECTION 4
• Write a detailed note on Cyber Crime. (20)
• Write short notes on any TWO of the following: (10 each)
o Money laundring
o White –collar crime
o Criminal law
• Write a critical note on the role of law enforcement agencies in the control of terrorism in
Pakistan. Suggest measures to minimize radicalization in Pakistan. (20)
• Write notes on: (10 each)
o Money-laundering in Pakistan
o Gender and Crime
• Intelligence-led policing has become an effective model of policing in tackling organized crime.
Discuss the background and key principles of intelligence-led policing. (20)
• Discuss the laws and institutional arrangements for controlling money laundering in Pakistan.
Cybercrime is increasing at national and international levels. Suggest some measures to control
this kind of crime. (20)
• How do violent crimes affect social fabric of Pakistani society? Discuss some of the modern
policing strategies for prevention and control of the violent crimes in Pakistan. (20)
• Explain the institutional corrections and alternative community corrections strategies in detail.
Support your answer with examples where appropriate. (20)
• Keeping in view the social learning perspective in criminology, discuss how terrorists use
internet as a tool to reinforce their ideology among youth in Pakistan. (20) Several specific law
enforcement strategies fall within the framework of intelligence-led policing. Discuss any four
strategies. (20)
• (a) What is Trade-Based Money Laundering (TBML)? Discuss with examples. (10)
(b) Do cryptocurrencies have a high money laundering risk? Discuss.
• What is the role of community policing in curtailing the problem of crime in Pakistan? (20)
• Discuss the role of FIA in controlling organized crimes in Pakistan. (20)