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MPPSC
Main Optional Subject
STUDY MATERIALS

CRIMINOLOGY & FORENSIC SCIENCE

PAPER - 1

Published By

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MPPSC Main Optional - CRIMINOLOGY AND FORENSIC SCIENCE (PAPER - I)

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Content

1. Criminology - Definition and scope Definitions Scope Records Bureau) Trend Analysis Trend Analysis - Major IPC Crimes Incidence of IPC Crimes in Crimes under the Special & Local Laws (SLL) CRIMES IN MEGA CITIES 3. Crimes against children (Nature, extent and legal provisions) Crime Rate (Rate2.7) 4. Crimes against women (Nature, extent and legal provisions) Crime-head wise analysis Crime against Women in Cities (Nature, extent and legal provisions) Crime Against Scheduled Castes 6. Pre-classical and 7. Classical theories of crime Theories of hedonism and deterrence Emergence of Hedonism Classical Theory and Deterrence logical theories, psychological & psychoanalytical theories PHYSIQUE Theories Theories of Mental Deficiency and Feeblemindedness Psychological positivism Social positivism Positivist Theories of Crime and Social Deviance Constructivist Theories of Crime and Social Deviance

5 5 5 6 7 23 23 25 26 28 30 31 33 34 35 35 36 39 39 44 44 44 44 46 46 46 46 47

9. Sociological theories of crime - Differential Association and Anomie Social disorganization (neighborhoods) Social ecology Strain theory (social class) Subcultural theory Control theories Symbolic interactionism Labeling Theory 10. Radical theories of crime - Labelling theory, etc . 11. Punishment - Definition, theories and types Definitions of punishment Theories relating to punishment The philosophical theories of punishment Deterrence Rehabilitation Retribution temporary release and parole Probationary period Temporary Release Parole (Discretionary Conditional Release) 13. Institutional treatment of offenders Treatment Programs for Juvenile Delinquents WHO IS A JUVENILE ? JUVENILE OFFENDERS Historical back ground International Concern Constitutional Provisions in India Judicial Efforts Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2000 Children) Act, 2000 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 52 53 53 54 55 55 56 56

2. Crime trends in India (with reference to National Crime

12. Non-institutional treatment of offenders - Probation,

5. Crimes against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

8. Positive theories of crime - Constitutional and morpho-

Salient features of Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of

MPPSC Main Optional - CRIMINOLOGY AND FORENSIC SCIENCE (PAPER - I) Extent Of Delinquency In India Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) rape is a minor 57 57 57

Juvenile Justice Board confirms sixth accused in Delhi gang 14. Prisons in India - organisation, Type and functions 58 Prisons in India: An overview of reforms and current situation 61 International Obligations and Guidelines Prison Reforms in India a brief background and overview Prisons Act 1894 The Mulla Committee The Krishna Iyer Committee Subsequent developments 15. Correctional services for jail inmates 16. Juvenile institutional Non Institutional Services 17. Victims of crime and victim-compensation Supreme Court Decision 18. Crime prevention planning 61 61 62 62 63 63 63 64 64 65 67 68

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MPPSC Main Optional - CRIMINOLOGY AND FORENSIC SCIENCE (PAPER - I)

Criminology & Forensic Science

PAPER I
1. Criminology - Definition and scope
In the mid of the 18th century Criminology arose as social philosophers gave thought to crime and concepts of law. Over time, several schools of thought have developed. There were three main schools of thought in early criminological theory spanning the period from the mid of the 18th century to the mid of the 20th century, these are : 1. Classical, 2. Positive, and 3. Chicago These schools of thought were superseded by several contemporary paradigms of criminology, such as the subculture, control, strain, labeling, critical criminology, cultural criminology, postmodern criminology, feminist criminology and others discussed below. The term criminology was coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as criminologia. Later, French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous French term criminologie. causes, and control of criminal behavior in both the individual as well as in the society. Areas of research in criminology include the incidence, forms, causes and consequences of crime, as well as social and governmental regulations and reaction to crime. For studying the distribution and causes of crime, criminology mainly relies upon quantitative methods.

Scope

Definitions

The definitions of crimes will vary from place to place, in accordance to the cultural norms and mores, but may be broadly classified as blue-collar crime, corporate crime, organized crime, political crime, public order crime, state crime, state-corporate crime, and white-collar crime. However, there have been moves in contemporary criminological theory to move away from liberal pluralism, culturalism and postmodernism by introducing the universal term 'harm' into the criminological debate as a replacement for the legal term 'crime'. "Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as social phenomena. It includes within its scope the process of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting towards the breaking of laws. Another definition Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent,

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Criminology focuses on the behaviour that violates the criminal law and seeks explanations for that behaviour. The study of the origin of laws that define certain behaviour as criminal is a primary focus of the sociology of law, although a number of sociologists include in criminology the study of how certain behaviour has come to be defined as criminal. As important as it is to know why laws are passed to criminalize certain behaviour, such knowledge does not explain why certain people violate the law whereas others do not. It is useful to understand the origin of the law of theft, but it is also important to know why some people steal and others do not, and why some of those use force against their victims in robberies whereas use stealth." Certain acts that are considered undesirable are defined by the political society as crimes. In spite of this definition some people persist in the behaviour and thus commit crimes; the political society reacts by punishment, treatment, or prevention. This sequence of interactions is the subject matter of criminology. Crime consists of three principle divisions, as follows: 1. the sociology of law, which is an attempt to systematically analysis the conditions under which criminal laws develop and also an explanation of variations in the policies and procedures used in the administration of criminal justice. 2. Criminal etiology, which is an attempt at scientific analysis of the causes of crime; and 3. Penology, which is concerned with the control of crime. The objective of criminology is the development of a

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