CRIMINOLOGY

Section-I (25 Marks)

I. Introduction:
Basic concepts used in understanding crime, criminality and criminal behaviour.

2106 2017 2018 2019 2020

Enlist the Define and explain
criminological the following
perspectives. Briefly concepts: (05 marks
describe the three each)
criminological (a) Left realism and
perspectives on the right realism
study of crime and (b) Phrenology and
criminal behaviour. Physiognomy
(c) Corporal
punishment and
capital punishment
(d) Sociology of Law,
Criminal Etiology and
Penology

II. Understanding Criminology

Definition, meaning and scope of criminology; Criminology and criminal law; Crime as
social problem; Deviance, Sin Vice, Evil, Norms, Values; Security (Physical, Social,
Economic)
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Explain the nature and Write a critical note Define Criminology. What is your position
importance of on the increasing Discuss the scope of on the nature vs
Criminology in detail importance of criminology in nurture debate in
Criminology in Pakistan. criminology?
Pakistan.
Also discuss the
historical
development of
criminology as a
scientific
discipline.

III. Crime and Criminals

Occasional criminals, Habitual criminals, Professional criminals, White-collar crime,
Organized crime, corporate crimes.
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Define the term Crime
and Criminals.
Explain the types of
Criminals in detail.

IV. Crime and Criminality: Theoretical Perspectives

Early explanation of criminal behavior
 Biological Theories; Psychological Theories; Sociological Theories.
 Social Disorganization theory
 Strain theory
 Social Control theory
 Learning theory
 Labeling Theory
 Islamic perspective on deviance and crime.
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Enlist the What is the Islamic 1.
criminological perspective on crime Travis Hirschi argued
perspectives. Briefly and punishment? that crime results
describe the three Explain your answer when an individual’s
criminological with bond to society is
perspectives on the the help of proper weak
study of crime and examples or broken. Discuss in
criminal behaviour. detail what this theory
of social bonding
explains about crime.
2.
Discuss the
fundamental
postulates of Edwin
Sutherland’s
‘Differential
Association
theory’ with examples

Section-II (25 Marks)

V. Juvenile Delinquency
Meaning, definitions (Behavioral Vs Legal), Juvenile delinquent Vs status offender,
Official statistics of juvenile delinquency
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Note(10m) What is juvenile Write a
Causes of Juvenile delinquency? Explain comprehensive note
delinquency in the nature, extent and on the risk and
Pakistan causes of juvenile protective factors of
delinquency in juvenile delinquency
Pakistan. Suggest in Pakistan.
remedial measures for
reducing juvenile
delinquency
in Pakistan.

VI. Juvenile Justice System

 Role of police
 Juvenile court process:
 pretrial, trial and sentencing
 Role of prosecutor, defense counsel, juvenile judge, juvenile probation officer
 Juvenile correctional institutions; probation and non-punitive alternatives
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Write a note on the Write a Trace back the history Discuss some of the
role of Crime Control comprehensive note and development of functions and
Agencies on the Juvenile justice police organization in responsibilities of
system of Pakistan. Pakistan. Juvenile Justice
Suggest measures for System. Do you
the improvement of believe that Juvenile
Juvenile justice Justice has played its
system of Pakistan. role in prevention of
juvenile crimes in
Pakistan?

VII. The Criminal Justice System:

 Police and its role
 Trial and Conviction of Offenders
 Agencies: formal and informal
 Criminal courts: procedures and problems
 Role of prosecutors
 Prisons, Probation and Parole
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
1. Note (10m) Trace back the history
Write a note on the Probation and Parole and development of
role of Crime Control police organization in
Agencies Pakistan.
Define the term
Probation and discuss
the conditions of
Probation
2.
Define the term
Probation and discuss
the conditions of
Probation

VIII. Punitive and Reformative Treatment of Criminals

Corporal punishment, Imprisonment, Rehabilitation of criminals.
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
How far recidivism What is recidivism?
has been limited by What kind of
the institution of institutional modern
prison? Explain some strategies could be
of the used for the
modern strategies reintegration of the
used in prison for the criminals in Pakistan?
restoration and
reintegration of
criminals.
 Section-III (25 Marks)
IX. Criminal Investigation
Principles of criminal investigation, Manual of preliminary investigation, Intelligence
operations, Data base investigation, Electronic investigation, Forensic Investigation

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Enlist and discuss the Write a What is Criminal How the forensic Define criminal
principles of Criminal comprehensive note investigation? Explain science is a helpful investigation and its
Investigation. on the principles of the key principles of tool in the modern day principles. Highlight
criminal investigation. criminal investigation. for determining and with examples the
Illustrate with detection of violent importance of modern
examples from crimes? techniques used for
Pakistan. crime detection in
Pakistan.

X. Techniques of Investigations
Gathering information from persons, Interviewing and interrogation techniques,
Criminal investigation analysis,

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Discuss in detail the Define and
“Interviewing and differentiate
Interrogation interviewing and
Techniques” of interrogation
investigation techniques. How far
human
rights of criminals are
being violated during
the interrogation
process?

XI. Legal and Ethical Guidelines for Investigators

Stop and frisk operations, Arrest procedures, Search and seizure.

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Elaborate importance
of legal and ethical
guidelines for the
criminal
investigation of
gender based crimes.
Support your answer
with example from
Pakistani society.

XII. International Policing and Criminal Justice Monitoring Organizations

UNAFEI, INTERPOL, EUROPOL, UNODC, UNICEF, IPA, etc.
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
To what extent The International
 Interpol has been Criminal Police
successful in reducing Organization- ICPO,
organized crime at INTERPOL was
international level. founded in
Discuss 1914 with the
founding principle to
coordinate efforts
relating to
international police
cooperation. How do
you see the role of
INTERPOL for
reducing money
laundering
with special reference
to Pakistan?

Section-IV (25 Marks)

XIII. Modern Concepts in Contemporary Criminology
 Terrorism, Radicalism and War on Terror
 Media’s representation of Crime and the Criminal Justice System
 Modern Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention
 Intelligence-led Policing
 Community Policing
 Private Public Partnership
 Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan
 Crime and Urbanization, Organized Crime and White-Collar Crime
 Human Rights Abuses and Protection, especially of Children; Women and
Minorities; The role of civil society and NGOs
 Money-laundering
 Cyber Crime
 Role of NAB, FIA, ANF
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
Write a detailed note Write a critical note Intelligence-led Cybercrime is Explain the
on Cyber Crime. on the role of law policing has become increasing at national institutional
2. enforcement agencies an effective model of and international corrections and
Note: 10 mark each in the control of policing in tackling levels. Suggest some alternative community
(a) Money laundring terrorism in Pakistan. organized crime. measures to corrections strategies
(b) White –collar Suggest measures to 2. control this kind of in
crime minimize Discuss the laws and crime. detail. Support your
(c) Criminal law radicalization in institutional 2. answer with examples
Pakistan arrangements for How do violent where appropriate.
2. controlling money crimes affect social 2.
Write notes on: (10 laundering in fabric of Pakistani Keeping in view the
each) Pakistan. society? Discuss some social learning
(a) Money-laundering of the perspective in
in Pakistan modern policing criminology, discuss
(b) Gender and Crime strategies for how terrorists
prevention and control use internet as a tool
of the violent crimes to reinforce their
in Pakistan. ideology among youth
in Pakistan