ANSI B7.

1-2000

Explanatory Information
7 Standard speeds
7.1 Standard speeds 7.1.1 Standard maximum speeds The maximum operating speed of each wheel shall be established by the wheel manufacturer. Table 23, indicates maximum surface feet per minute (SFPM) for various classes of wheels. (See section 1) The use classification in table 23 takes precedence over the general wheel type. The number of revolutions per minute (RPM) may be increased as the diameter of a wheel is reduced through wear, provided the original surface feet per minute (SFPM) is never exceeded. (Section 10, table 35 will be helpful in converting RPM to SFPM, also see section 1.2.88, page 10.) It shall be the users responsibility not to exceed these maximum operating speeds. Spindle speed shall be measured at free running speed of the machine. 7.1.2 Machine supplier's responsibility It shall be the responsibility of the machine supplier (e.g. manufacturer, reconstructor, modifier, installer and integrator) to design and construct those machine components concerned with the proper and safe operation of the grinding or cutting-off wheels for the speed and the type of operation for which the machine is intended. Particular attention shall be given to the design of the wheel safety guards, wheel flanges and wheel mounting spindle. 7.1.3 Wheel user's responsibility All abrasive wheels shall be used in conformance with instructions given in the following sections and shall be handled, stored and inspected in accordance with section 2, page 27, and section 6.1, page 87. a. b. c. d. e. Section Section Section Section Section 1 3 4 5 6 Definitions; General machine conditions; Safety guards; Flanges; Mounting; E 7.1.1 Standard maximum speeds The maximum operating speeds established in table 23, have proven satisfactory for the wheels as classified. The maximum operating speed as determined by the manufacturer is dependent on the wheel shape and strength. It is the responsibility of the wheel user to make sure that under no condition is a wheel to be operated faster than the maximum surface feet per minute established by the wheel manufacturer. The maximum surface feet per minute (SFPM) can be determined by converting the maximum revolutions per minute (RPM) for the full size wheel to SFPM from the conversion table, table 35. The maximum operating speed is not necessarily the most efficient grinding speed. Better results are frequently obtained at lower than maximum operating speeds. E 7.1.2 Machine supplier's responsibility The machine supplier (e.g. manufacturer, reconstructor, modifier, installer and integrator) should decide upon the fitness of the machine for the proposed operation. If it becomes necessary or desirable to convert, change or alter the machine from the design or purpose for which it was originally made, it is important that the components involved with the use of the abrasive wheel be designed in accordance with the appropriate sections of this standard. E 7.1.3 Wheel user's responsibility The repeated references to other applicable Sections and Regulations are important. All users of abrasive wheels should be familiar with these sections. Their proper application has a direct relationship to the safe use of abrasive wheels. (NOT PART OF ANSI STANDARD)

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Table 23 Standard maximum speeds in surface feet per minute

Classification Number 1 Types of Wheels Low (See Section 1 for Definitions) Speed Type 1 Straight Wheels except classifications 6, 9, 11, 12, 13 and 14 below 5,500 Types 5 and 7 Recessed Wheels Type 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 Type 4* Taper Side Wheels Dovetailed* 5,500 Type 12 Dish Wheels Type 13 Saucer Wheels Types 16, 17, 18 19 Cones & Plugs Type 2 Cylinder Wheel 5,000 Cup Shape Tool Grinding Wheels 4,500 Type 6 Straight Side Cups Type 11 Flaring Cups Cup Shape Snagging Wheels (For Portable Machines) 4,500 Type 6 Straight Sided Cup Type 11 Flaring/Taper Cup Abrasive Discs: Plate Mounted 5,500 Inserted Nut and Projecting Stud: Solid or Segmental Type 2, Inserted Nut, Snagging type Cylinder Wheels Reinforced Wheels Type 1: Max Dia 4", Max Thickness 3/16" X Max Dia 4", Max Thickness 1/4" X Max Dia 10", Max Thickness 1/2" X All Other Diameters & Thicknesses X Reinforced Wheels Types 27, 28 & 29 Max Dia 9" Max Thickness 1/4" X Max Thickness 3/8" X Max Dia 9" Over 3/8" Thick X Type 1 Wheels for Bench and Pedestal Grinders and Types 1, 5 and 7 for Surface Grinders in the following sizes only 7" dia. up to 2" thick and up to 2" hole 5,500 8" dia. up to 2" thick and up to 2" hole 5,500 14" dia. up to 3" thick and up to 5" hole 5,500 Diamond and Cubic Boron Nitride see table 24, page 100 Cutting-Off Wheels Type 1 Reinforced Organic Max Dia 4", Max Thickness 1/8" Max Dia 16", incl. Type 27A, Reinforced Organic Cutting-Off Wheels, Type 1 and 27A, Larger than 16", including Reinforced Organic Thread and Flute Grinding Wheels Crankshaft and Camshaft Grinding Wheels Type 1 Snagging Wheels 16" diameter and larger, Organic bond including reinforced: Used on swing frame grinders, designed for this speed Used on semi-automatic snagging grinders, designed for this speed Internal Wheels Type 1 and 5 Maximum diameter 6" Mounted Wheels (See section 10 for limitations) Inorganic Bonds Organic Bonds Medium High Low Medium High Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed OPERATING SPEED SHALL NOT EXCEED (SFPM): 6,500 8,500 6,500 8,000 9,500

6,000

6,500

6,500

8,000

9,500

5,500 5,000

6,000 6,000

5,000 6,000

6,000 7,500

7,000 8,500

5,500

6,500

6,000

8,000

9,500

6,000

6,500

5,500

7,000

8,500

X X X X

X X X X

X 9,500 9,500 9,500

X 12,500 12,500 12,500

20,000 16,000 14,200 14,200

X X X

X X X

9,500 9,500 9,500

12,500 12,500 9,500

16,000 14,200 11,000

6,325 6,325 6,000

6,600 7,550 6,600

6,500 6,500 6,500

8,000 8,000 8,000

9,500 9,500 9,500

X X X 8,000 5,500

X X X 10,000 8,000

X X X 12,000 8,500

14,200 9,500 9,500 10,000 6,500

16,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 8,000

20,000 16,000 14,200 16,000 9,500

10 11 12

13

X X 5,500 X

X X 8,000 X

X X 8,500 10,000

X X 6,500 X

X X 8,500 X

12,500 16,500 9,500 10,000

14 15

*Non-standard Shape. Note: For converting surface feet per minute (SFPM) to revolutions per minute (RPM) see conversion table 35. See section 3, page 31General Machine Conditions; section 4, page 50 Safety Guards; section 5, page 72 Flanges.

Table 23 explanatory
Abrasive wheels are produced in a wide range of specifications to perform satisfactorily in a wide range of grinding applications. As a general rule, hard material requires a soft grade wheel and soft material is best ground by a hard grade wheel. Different wheel grades have different strengths; harder grade wheels are generally stronger than softer grade wheels, although other ingredients such as grit size, structure and bond type play a part in the overall strength of an abrasive wheel specification. Therefore, the maximum allowable operating speeds vary depending on the strength of the wheel. It is for this reason that speeds shown in table 23 are listed in columns labeled Low, Medium and High Speed.

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Table 24 Standard maximum speeds in surface feet per minute. Diamond and cubic boron nitride.
Wheel Body (Core) 1. 2. 3. 4. Metal (Includes PM) Resin Vitrified Solid Steel (Not PM) Resin 16,000 9,500 * 16,000 Bond Type (Rim Material) Single Layered Vitrified Metal Plated/Brazed 16,000 16,000 * 9,500 9,500 * * * * 16,000 16,000 25,000

PM = Powdered Metallurgy All speeds are listed in surface feet per minute (SFPM) (*) Non-standard product, no data available, must be speed tested.

f. Section 7 Speeds; g. Section 9 General operating rules. Abrasive wheels used at speeds higher than those shown in table 23, page 99, shall be subject to the additional requirements outlined in section 8, page 105, Special speeds. 7.1.4 Wheel manufacturer's responsibility 7.1.4.1 Speed testing of wheels 7.1.4.1A Vitrified bonded wheels It shall be the wheel manufacturer's responsibility to speed test each and every vitrified bonded wheel to be operated at standard speeds as listed in table 23, page 99, in accordance with table 25, page 101. Exceptions: Wheels that need not be speed tested are: a. wheels less than 6" diameter; b. ball grinding wheels; c. segments; d. segmental disc wheels and disc wheels which are not plate mounted; e. mounted wheels; f. other wheels for operation at 2,500 SFPM or less. A manufacturer may subject the vitrified bonded wheel specification to ANSI B74.21, Fatigue Proof Test Procedure for Vitrified Grinding Wheels. This procedure outlines a method to calculate a speed test necessary to assure against premature failure due to fatigue. The calculated speed test is a function of the maximum operating speed, the useful lifetime of the wheel and the susceptibility of the wheel to fatigue. The speed test factor calculated using this procedure E 7.1.4.1 Speed testing of wheels The test speed subjects an abrasive wheel to significantly greater forces than does the safe maximum operating speed. This test establishes an adequate factor of safety provided the wheels are used in accordance with safe practices outlined in this Standard and have not been altered, damaged or abused after speed testing. The speed test does not justify operation of the wheel at higher than the maximum operating speed established by the wheel manufacturer. The maximum speed must never be exceeded because the safety factor established by the speed test covers other normal grinding stresses.

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may be used instead of the value of 1.5 specified in table 25, page 101. If the speed test factor calculated is less than 1.2, then a value of no less than 1.2 shall be used. 7.1.4.1B Organic bonded wheels If shall be the wheel manufacturer's responsibility to speed test each and every wheel to be operated within the standard speeds as listed in table 23, page 99, in accordance with table 25. Exceptions: Wheels that need not be speed tested are: a. b. c. d. wheels less than 6" diameter; ball grinding wheels; segments; segmental disc wheels and disc wheels which are not plate mounted; e. regulating wheels (for centerless type grinders); f. mounted wheels; g. other wheels for operation at 2,500 SFPM or less. 7.1.4.1C Superabrasive wheels It shall be the wheel manufacturers responsibility to speed test each and every wheel designed to be operated at standard speeds as listed in table 24, at a speed in accordance with table 25.

Table 25 Wheel manufacturers testing speeds

Class of Wheel Cutting-off Wheels All Bonds and Wheel Types (Except Cutting-off Wheels) All Bonds and Wheel Types (Except Cutting-off Wheels) Alternate Test for Vitrified Bonded Type 1 Wheels Only Superabrasive Wheel Segment Cemented to Dissimilar Bodies Operating Speed Surface Feet Per Minute All Speeds Up to and including 5,000 Faster than 5,000 Faster than 5,000 All Speeds Minimum Test Factor* 1.20 1.25 1.50 Refer to ANSI B74.21 Fatigue Proof Test Procedure** 1.50

*Actual operating speed shall be multiplied by this test factor to establish the minimum speed at which wheels shall be tested by the wheel manufacturer, except for those wheels rated at less than 5,000 SFPM, the operating speed equivalent to 5,000 SFPM shall be used. **Use the ratio calculated by this procedure, but not less than 1.2.

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Exceptions: Wheels that need not be speed tested are: a. wheels less than 4" diameter; b. segments; c. segmental disc wheels and disc wheels which are not plate mounted; d. mounted wheels; e. steel centered 1A1RSS metal bond segmented saws (i.e., stone and concrete saws); f. steel centered single abrasive layer metal bond products (i.e., brazed or plated); g. monolithic (diamond or CBN to the hole) metal and resin bonded wheels in diameters to 7"; h. wheels for operation at 2,500 surface feet per minute or less; i. vitrified, resin and metal bonded wheels with steel or aluminum cores in all diameters. 7.1.4.2 Speed marking An abrasive wheel or its package shall show the maximum operating speed as revolutions per minute (RPM). Exception: Mounted wheels (see definition, paragraph 1.4.19, page 25) and their package need not show maximum operating speed. 7.1.4.3 Blade tensioning Steel-centered diamond cutting-off wheels must be tensioned for the speed they are intended to be operated at, tested at that speed, and marked as such. Exception: Cutting-off wheels 18" or less in diameter which are marked to be operated at RPM's equal to or less than 12,000 SFPM. Cuttingoff wheels operated at higher speeds (such as high-speed dry diamond cutting-off wheels) must be tensioned and tested at their appropriate speeds. 7.1.4.4 Segment attachment testing Each diamond segment welded, brazed or soldered to a steel centered cutting-off wheel shall undergo a test to determine that the segment is adequately affixed to the steel center. E 7.1.4.2 Speed marking In the case of mounted wheels, because of the overhang factor (see figure 47, page 118) which is established by the user at the time of mounting, it is impossible for the wheel manufacturer to indicate maximum operating speed. Therefore the user must determine from the speed tables in Section 10 the maximum operating speed (RPM) for any mounted wheel as used. E 7.1.4.3 Blade tensioning Blade tensioning uses various means to neutralize the residual stresses so that the wheel will run true at the speed at which it is intended to be operated. The wheel is tensioned and tested at this speed by the manufacturer. This is less than the maximum speed allowed (16,000 SFPM) as these lower speeds (8,000 to 12,000 SFPM) have been found to provide optimum diamond cutting action and most economical operation. The operating speed is stamped, etched or marked onto the core. E 7.1.4.4 Segment attachment testing This test determines the adequacy of the weld, braze or solder joint to help ensure that the diamond segment does not come loose from the steel center during proper utilization of the wheel. The test can be a bending load applied by a torque device,

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impact device or other method; or it can be a tension load device. The actual load or test applied is determined by the manufacturer depending on segment attachment method and wheel design. 7.2 Speed check of machines User's responsibility The user shall establish a program to ensure that grinding machines do not subject abrasive wheels to speeds greater than the maximum operating speeds marked on the wheel or package. In the case of variable speed machines the number of revolutions per minute (RPM) may be increased as the diameter of a wheel is reduced through wear, provided the original surface feet per minute (SFPM) is never exceeded. (The speed table in section 10, table 35, will be helpful in converting RPM to SFPM, also see section 1.2.88, page 10.) It shall be the user's responsibility not to exceed these maximum operating speeds. Spindle speed shall be measured at free running speed of the machine. E 7.2 Speed check of machines Users responsibility It is of special importance that portable air grinders should be checked to be sure that proper air pressure is maintained and that the machine governor mechanism is clean, in good operating condition, and functioning properly. This reference to air grinders is not intended to overlook the necessity for a regular check of the speed of the wheel spindles on all types of grinding machines. The user should assign this responsibility to competent personnel using equipment properly designed for speed check purposes such as a tachometer or stroboscope. The user should also keep a permanent record of such speed checks. A tachometer is suitable for use on the majority of machines to check the spindle speed (RPM). From a safety standpoint this tachometer check should be made without the grinding wheel, loose flange, or nut mounted on the spindle.

Illustration 79 Recommended frequency of speed measurement for various machine types. Measure Speeds at Time of Installation of All Machines.
PORTABLE GRINDERS 1. Air Driven Measure the speed of governor controlled grinders every 20 hours of actual use or once per week, whichever comes first. Measure speed of all types of grinders after maintenance or repair, whenever a grinder is issued from the tool crib and at each wheel change. Several readings should be taken. 2. Electric Driven (Hi-Cycle) ALL OTHER GRINDERS 1. Direct Drive (Single Speed) 2. Belt Driven (Single Speed) 3. Variable Speed Machines Measure monthly and after any maintenance or repair that could affect the speed of the machine. Measure after any maintenance or repair that could affect the speed of the machine. Measure monthly and after any maintenance or repair that could affect the speed of the machine. Measure once per week and after any maintenance or repair that could affect the speed of the machine. On variable speed machines, other than semi-automatic snagging grinders, measure speed whenever a wheel change is made.

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A stroboscope is also recommended to check the speed (RPM), especially on those machines where it is impossible or impractical to use a tachometer. See illustration 79 for recommended frequency of speed measurement of various machine types. 7.3 Speed adjustment control User's responsibility If the speed of the machine wheel spindle is adjustable to compensate for wheel wear, the speed adjustment shall be under the supervision and control of competent and authorized persons only. The speed control setting shall be checked for proper speed whenever a wheel change is made and after maintenance or repair that could affect the speed of the machine. E 7.3 Speed adjustment control Users responsibility Certain machines are designed with adjustable speeds to permit maintenance of efficient surface speeds by increasing the spindle speed (RPM) to compensate for wheel wear. Never exceed the maximum surface feet per minute (SFPM) established by the wheel manufacturer. This can be interpolated from the RPM marked for the full size wheel (see conversion table 35 for converting RPM to SFPM). Special care must be exercised under proper supervision to be certain that the foregoing procedure is followed.

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