22. By targeting the guerrilla's base of support, this reduces the guerilla's use of hit and run attacks.

Mass killing is an attractive strategy when policing and limited targeting of civilians by the military is unlikely to be effective due to powerful guerrilla insurgencies. Mass killing shows the population that the guerrillas can't protect them which help erode support of the guerrillas by the citizens. Another goal is to sever the guerrillas from their civilian support base. 23. a) Proxy warfare is warfare whereby opponents use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly. Two or more countries are fighting each other for the interests of other countries. It is hoped that proxy warfare will result in striking an opponent without leading to full scale war. b) Terrorism is a proxy war in the sense that terrorists commit violent acts for their cause, which is often in support of other countries objectives, such as al-Qaeda performing violent acts against US and Israel in support of Arab states . An example of proxy warfare is asymmetric warfare since terrorists are at a military disadvantage, and they must exploit the weaknesses of their enemy if they hope to prevail. The US can be viewed as conducting proxy warfare in Pakistan by using Pakistanies to fight al-Qaeda and the Taliban. 24. Death squads are military, paramilitary, secret police, mercenaries, vigilantes, or other irregular units that commit violent acts against a population to deter them from lending support to opposition groups. Death squads try to induce compliance through fear. It is violence sanctioned by the state. They are most common in societies where an authoritarian alliance, between military and an economic elite group, is faced with a challenge to its authority. When there are movements against such an alliance, death squads are used to eliminate the leaders of these movements and to terrorize their sympathizers into withholding support. Thus, repression is the response to mass opposition. 25. Target states gain the benefits of mass killings without having to pay the costs. Basically, the state is free riding. The death squad activities are usually illegal or immoral, and the states can avoid taking part in these activities. Often, the states do not have the economic resources or

political will to address the opposition through various reform programs. Thus, repression is outsourced to death squads because the state's weakness precludes it from resorting to less violent alternatives. 26. As death squads become more arbitrary in their use of violence, the state risks the possibility of converting the previously indifferent non-elite and peasants into active supporters of the terrorist insurgents, as simply refraining from support of the insurgents does not avoid death squad violence. Thus, indiscriminate repressive violence by death squads stimulates a shift in non-elite citizen support to the insurgents, as the non-elite groups seek protection from the state sanctioned violence of the death squads.