How to test if the rod is charged?
- By bringing the rod near small pieces of paper or stream of water
from the tap. The rod will attract them.
Example: why do we feel electric shock while opening car door handle?
- Because your body is charged, so it discharges this extra charge through the
door handle.
Example: We can also feel this charge as the fuel flows through the hose to the
car in the gas station. The charge accumulates in the car so it should be earthed.
Electric Circuits:
Each electric component has its own
symbol that is used in drawing the circuit.
This symbol is different from the real shape
of the component.
The main source of electricity in a circuit is
the battery:
Mr. Hussein Khaled
In the shown circuit, the bulb lights up because the battery drives
charges (electrons) through it. How does this happen???
Electrons gain electric energy
from the battery and then move
from the negative pole of the
battery to the positive pole. This
energy is used when electrons
pass through the bulb and are
transformed to light and heat
energy waste.
Electric Current (I): It is produced due to the motion of charges
(electrons)
When a battery is connected to a circuit, the electrons move
from the negative pole to the positive pole, while the current
moves in the opposite direction This is called “Conventional
Current Direction” from the positive to the negative pole.
Current cannot flow in a circuit if it is opened!!
Mr. Hussein Khaled
Electric Quantities:
1- Electric Current Intensity (I):
It is the rate of flow of charge or
the amount of charge (Q) that flows
through a conductor (Ex: Lamp or
resistor or any component) in one
Second. Its unit is Ampere (A).
2- Electromotive Force (e.m.f.):
It is the amount of electrical energy gained by one Coulomb of charge
in a battery to flow around the whole circuit.
It is measured in Volts (V)
𝟏 𝑱𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆
1 Volt =
𝟏 𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃
e.m.f. of the battery is constant, whatever the components of the
circuit, then it starts running out by time while the circuit is working.
3- Potential Difference (V):
It is the amount of electrical energy lost by one Coulomb of charge in a
conductor (any element in the circuit)
Sometimes it is called Voltage drop
It is measured in Volts (V)
Electrons
Mr. Hussein Khaled
4- Resistance:
The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the
difficulty to pass the electric current through that conductor.
It is measured in ohms (Ω)
Symbol of a resistor:
𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑉) 𝑽
Resistance (ohms Ω) = or R =
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐴) 𝑰
Resistance (R) and Current (I) are
inversely proportional, for constant
Voltage (V)
As Resistance Increases the current
allowed to pass decreases
Mr. Hussein Khaled
Ohm’s Law:
Ohm’s law states that Current and Voltage are directly proportional for
constant resistance.
The graph is a straight line passing through
the origin, so they are directly proportional.
The slope of the line is the resistance
- So this device has constant resistance.
Ohmic Resistor
Ex: Which line represents a resistor with a higher value of
resistance?
Mr. Hussein Khaled
Some common electrical devices:
1- Ammeter
It is used to measure the current intensity (I).
Units : Amperes (A)
It is connected in series to the object that we need to measure its
current.
Measuring the current in one Measuring the current in each of
resistor the two resistors
Ammeters have very small/ negligible resistance, that
doesn’t affect the circuit.
2- Voltmeter:
It is used to measure the potential difference / e.m.f
Its unit is Volts (V)
It is connected in parallel to the object that we need to measure its
voltage.
It has very high resistance to prevent the current from passing
through it, instead of the main component.
Mr. Hussein Khaled
3- Bulb / Lamp:
It is characterized by its Power and Voltage.
Ex: a bulb with Power = 100 W and Voltage = 220 V
As the Volt increases, the power increases, so the
Brightness increases.
As the current passes through the filament lamp its wire heats up
until it glows and produces light.
Experiment: Design an experiment to determine the value of
the resistance of a fixed resistor.
Connect the circuit as shown
Record the readings of the voltmeter and the
ammeter.
𝑉
Calculate the value of the resistance R =
𝐼
Change the value of the e.m.f by changing the
battery, and record the new values of V, I and R.
Conclusion:
The value of the resistance is constant
V and I are directly proportional Ohm’s Law
Mr. Hussein Khaled
Hints:
Make sure you are working at constant temperature, as changing
the temperature will change the resistance.
We can use variable battery instead of changing the
battery
Factors affecting the resistance of a wire:
a- Length of the wire (L)
R is directly proportional to L
As L increases R increases
As L decreases R decreases
b- Cross-sectional area of the wire (A) or the Diameter (D):
R is inversely proportional to A
As A increases R decreases
As A decreases R increases
𝒅𝟐
A=𝜫𝒓 =𝜫 𝟐
𝟒
Hint: R is inversely proportional to A, so R is inversely
proportional to 𝑟 2 or 𝑑 2 .
Mr. Hussein Khaled
5
Example: what will happen to the resistance if:
1- Area is doubled R will be halved.
2- Radius in doubled R will be quartered.
3- Diameter is doubled R will be quartered.
c- Temperature:
For Metals: (Ex: Filament bulb)
When the temperature of a conductor / wire increases, its
resistance increases.
Example: in filament lamp, as it works for a period of time its
temperature starts increasing, so the resistance increases.
The Slope of the “V-I” graph = Resistance.
Here the slope is increasing so the
resistance is increasing.
We can say that as V increases, R
increases.
Hint: Look at the difference between this graph and the graph of
ohm’s law of the Ohmic resistor.
Mr. Hussein Khaled
Series Vs Parallel Connections
Resistors or any electric components can be connected
either in Series or in Parallel in the circuit.
Two Lamps in Series Two Lamps in Parallel
Two Resistors in Series Two Resistors in Parallel
Mr. Hussein Khaled
