Introduction to Information &

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Communication Technology (CSC-114)

2
Lecture-3:
Processing & Storing Data

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Instructor: Faisal Asad ur Rehman
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Department of Computer Science
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Bahria University, Islamabad
 Looking Inside
Computers

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Hardware input devices

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CPU (Central Processing Unit)

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CPU (Central Processing Unit)
The inside of the system unit on a desktop personal computer
includes

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 Mother Board

The motherboard is the main circuit

board of the system unit
– A computer chip contains integrated circuits

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Processor
The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets
and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer
Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit(ALU)

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Processor

• The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and

instructions
• The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations
• The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is
measured in gigahertz (GHz)

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 Processor
• The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets
and carries out the basic
• instructions that operate a computer Contain a control unit and an
arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

Multi-core Processor
Dual-core Processor Quad-core processor
A multi-core processor is a computer processor
A dual-core processor is a CPU with A quad-core processor is
integrated circuit with two or more separate
two processors or "execution cores" a chip with four independent
processing units, called cores.
in the same integrated circuit. units called cores

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Multicore

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Latest Processor

Up to 8 cores
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Memory
• Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions
waiting to be executed by the processor.
• Data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the
data

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Memory
• The system unit contains two types of memory:
Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory

Does not lose contents

Loses its contents when when power is removed
power is turned off Examples include
Example includes RAM ROM, flash memory, and
CMOS

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Memory
• The amount of RAM necessary in a computer often depends on the
types of software you plan
• to use

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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
• With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can configure
adapter cards and other peripherals as you install them

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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
• Removable flash memory includes: Memory cards, USB flash drives,
and PC Cards/Express Card modules

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Ports and Connectors
• A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates
with a system unit (sometimes referred to as a jack)
• A connector joins a cable to a port

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Ports and Connectors

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Bays
• A bay is an opening inside the system unit in
which you can install additional equipment
• A drive bay typically holds disk drives

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 Input/output
Devices

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Keyboard
• Most Common Input Device
• Usually connected by cable, but can be wireless
• Standardized layouts: First six letters of first row, i.e., QWERTY
• Alternative layouts: Alphabetic and Dvorak keyboard layouts
• Keyboard Keys: Functional, Cursor, Modifiers, Alphanumeric keys.

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Keyboard Keys
• Function Keys: F1, F2, F3
• Input of commands
• Function depend on program in use
• Allows you to input commands without typing long strings of characters or
navigating menus or dialog boxes, i.e., F1 is for help
• Cursor Keys:
• Four keys (up, down, left, right) on keyboard
• Positioning within lists (menus), spread sheets etc
• Basic motion for text-editing tasks

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Keyboard Keys
• Modifier Keys: Shift, Alt, Ctrl (modify input of other keys)Input of commands
• If you hold down the modifier key while pressing another key, the input of second key
changes.
• Example: J and Shift+J
• Alphanumeric keys: Tab, Caps Lock, Back Space, Enter, Letters and numbers

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Keyboard Layout
• Standardized layout:
• Non-alphanumeric keys are placed differently
• Accented symbols of different scripts
• QWERTY arrangement optimal for typing
• Layout to prevent typewriters jamming

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Keyboard Layout
• Alphabetic Layout:
• Keys are arranged in alphabetic order
• Not faster for trained typist
• Not faster for beginners either

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Keyboard Layout
• Dvorak Keyboard.
• Common letters under dominant fingers
• Vowels and the most used symbol characters are on the left, while the most used consonants are on
the right
• Biased towards right hand
• Common combinations of letters alternate between hands
• 10-15% improvement in speed and reduction in fatigue

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Ergonomics
• Ergonomics is the science of designing the job equipment, and workplace to work
properly with human body and reducing the risk of strain and injuries
• Ergonomics involves arranging the environment to fit the person in it
• Ergonomic Design/Products
• Easy to use and comfortable
• Reduce fatigue, strain
• Enhance productivity

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Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI)
• Result from continuously using the body in ways it was not designed to work
• Wrist or hand injury caused by using a keyboard for long periods of time
• Tips to avoid RSI
• Use an Ergonomic keyboard
• Use a padded wrist support
• Sit up straight
• Learn to type`
• Take frequent breaks

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Ergonomic Keyboard

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Mouse
• Handheld pointing device
• Very Common
• Easy to use
• Buttons
• Usually from 1 to 3 buttons on top, used for making a selection, indicating an
option, or to initiate drawing etc. Relative movement is detected
• Mapping transformation
• Left/right movement: Direct mapping
• Up/down movement: Away/towards the user

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Mouse
• Two methods for detecting movement
• Mechanical
• Ball on underside of mouse turns as mouse is moved
• Optical
• Light emitting diode on underside of mouse
• Less susceptible to dust and dirt
• Detects fluctuating alterations in reflected light intensity to calculate relative
motion

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Types…
• Foot Mouse:
• Controlling mouse movement with feet
• E.g. Car pedals, sewing machines, Organ and piano pedals
• Touch pads:
• Small touch sensitive tablets
• Finger strokes to move mouse pointer
• Used in Laptops
• Track ball:
• Ball is rotated inside static housing, Like an upside down mouse
• Relative motion moves cursor
• Separate buttons for picking
• hard to draw
• Long movements are difficult
• Joystick:
• Movement of stick defines movement of cursor

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Cont…
• Touch Screens:
• Detect the presence of finger or stylus on the screen
• Direct pointing device
• E.g. ATM, Ticketing machines, Smart Phones
• Stylus & Light Pen:
• Stylus: Small Pen-like pointer to draw directly on screen, used in PDA, tablet and drawing
table
• Pen: uses light from screen to detect location
• Eye Gaze Devices:
• Control interface by eye gaze direction
• E.g. Look at menu item to select it
• Uses Laser Beam reflected off retina

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Optical Input Devices
• Bar Code Reader
• Supermarkets and departmental stores
• FedEx, DHL etc. to identify packets
• Bar Code: Pattern of printed bars
• Reader emits a laser light, reflection received by a detector that identifies the code
• Scanner
• Takes paper and converts it into a bitmap
• Two sorts of scanner: Flat-bed and Hand-held
• Useful in Document storage and retrieval systems, doing away with paper storage
• Optical Character Recognition (OCR): Converts Bitmap into text

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Output Devices
• Display Device Technology
• Cathode Ray Tube
• Television Screens & Computer Monitors
• Stream of electrons emitted from electron gun, focused and directed by magnetic fields,
hit phosphor-coated screen which glows
• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
• Form of visual display used in electronic devices, in which a layer of a liquid crystal is
sandwiched between two transparent electrodes.
• PDAs, Notebooks etc
• Increasingly for desktop and home Tv
• Smaller and lighter
• Layer of liquid crystal b/w two glass plates

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Output Devices
• Display Device Technology
• Video Card
• Video Controller or video adapter
• Sends information to the monitor for display
• Built directly into motherboard or as a separate card
• Sound System
• Video Card
• Converts analog sound to digital and vice versa
• Recording and playback

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Processing & Storing Data

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Information Cycle

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Processing of Data
• Central Processing Unit
• Control Unit
• Arithmetic Logic Unit

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Roles of CPU
• To perform Arithmetic calculation operation
• To perform Logical Operations
• To control functions of other hardware components
• To fetch the data and program instructions from main memory
• To operate on the data as per program instructions
• To store processed data into RAM
• To continuously execute machine / information cycle.

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Control Unit
• Directs and co-ordinates most of the computer operations, i,e., directs computer
memory, arithmetic and logic unit, input and output devices.
• Decides how to respond to program instruction during execution of program.
• Directs flow of data between CPU and other devices, i.e., main memory and CPU.
• Four Basic Operations
• Fetch: Obtain a program instruction or data item from memory
• Decode: Translates instructions into command.
• Execute: Carry out command, this part is performed by ALU
• Store: Write result into memory

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Machine Cycle & Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

• Four operations of control unit comprise of a machine cycle.

• Also known as instruction cycle
• Instruction time: Time to fetch and decode.
• Execution time: Time to execute and store.
• Execution part of machine cycle is performed by Arithmetic Logic Unit.

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How CPU Executes Instruction?

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CPU registers

• Temporary storage location used by CPU and holds the data which CPU is
currently processing.
• High speed memory in CPU that stores
• Instruction while being decoded
• Location from where instruction was fetched
• Data while the ALU processes it
• Results of a calculation

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Cache Levels
• Holds frequently used data & instructions during program. execution.
• L1 ( 2kB - 64KB ), L2 ( 256KB - 512KB ) and L3 ( 1MB - 8MB ).

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System Clock

• Synchronizes all CPU operations

• Faster clock speed means the CPU can execute more instructions each second
• Units: MHz and GHz

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CPU Time

• The time which processor spends on executing piece of software

• CPU Time can be executed as:

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CPU Time Examples

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Cycles Per Instructions (CPI)

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Comparing Machines

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CPU Architecture

• CISC: Complex instruction set computing

• Complex instruction, hence complex instruction decoding.
• Instruction are larger than one word size.
• Instruction may take more than single clock cycle to get executed.
• RISC: Reduced instruction set computing
• Simpler instruction, hence simple instruction decoding.
• Instruction come under size of one word.
• Instruction take single clock cycle to get executed.

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Parallel Processing

• Multiple processors simultaneously execute a program

• Requires special software to divide up a problem and bring the results back

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