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The Terrorist Notebooks Author(s): Martha Brill Olcott and Bakhtiyar Babajanov Source: Foreign Policy, No. 135 (Mar. - Apr., 2003), pp. 30-40 Published by: Washingtonpost.Newsweek Interactive, LLC Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3183587 Accessed: 20/02/2010 06:07
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he world of a young man recruitedfor jihad or holy war is a frighteningone. His trainingteaches hatredin the He nameof religious purification. learnsto dividepeopleinto follow its prethose who embrace truefaithand properly the and those who do not. His former colleagues and neighbors cepts become enemies he must destroy with deadly weapons he learns to fashion out of everydayobjects. That reality describes the world of a group of Central Asians, mostly Uzbek by nationality,who went throughlocal terroristschools in the mid-1990s. Their course of study is laid out in 10 remarkable notebookswe acquiredin 2001-2002. Coveringtopics such as the use of weapons, the makingof poison, and the ideology of jihad,the notemind-setthat predates books offer a uniquewindow into a frightening the expansion of Osama bin Laden'snetwork in the region and still holds sway in much of CentralAsia. in References the notebookssuggestthat much of this trainingtook Valley.Longa centerof Islamicrevivalin place in Uzbekistan's Fergana is a mix of scrubdesert,low hills,and lush the region,the Fergana Valley oases. It is the most denselypopulatedarea of CentralAsia and one of Sovietrule, the mostdenselypopulated regionsin the world.Throughout the valley was home to a host of underground mosques and religious were bannedor restrict"schools"thatthrivedevenas Islamicteachings of ed. Whenthe SovietUnionbeganto collapse,graduates theseschools in Central of role Asia,as thouplayedan important in the revival Islam sands of new mosques and religious schools opened. Clerics who preachedradicalIslamgainednew contactsand sourcesof financing startedfightingthe Sovietsin the Afghanwar when the mujahideen and when Saudigroupsbeganwhat becamea global crusade. The late 1980s and early 1990s were difficult and confusing yearsfor young people livingin CentralAsia. A seeminglyinvinciand ble statehad virtually by disintegrated was replaced fragilenew The werealmostapocalyptic: economywas in disones.Conditions array,an expansivesocial safetynet had shredded,and the powerfulRedArmywas in tatters,with thosewho servedit sellingoff their weaponryto survive.Muslim activistswho claimed that moralturpitude broughtdown the Sovietregimefoundit easyto
muster arguments to bolster their cause, and they organized the IslamicRenaissanceParty (IRP).Although the Uzbek government refused to register the IRP, a number of charismatic clerics who preached rejection of the secular state continued to gain supporters, especially in the Fergana Valley. And these men in
Martha Brill Olcott is a senior associate at the CarnegieEndowment for InternationalPeace (CEIP)and author of Kazakhstan:Unfulfilled Promise (Washington:CEIP,2002). BakhtiyarBabajanov is a senior researchfellow at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan in Tashkent.

to This is from notebook the belonging page of from a Tajik thecity "Ayub," probably "the whom Namangan, wenicknamed gunner" focus of because hissingle-minded onweapons that and targeting. notes histext the Ayub in and is a version theAK-47,"pretty of AKM-59, tohandle." and well together is comfortable put

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this from to the Covering period 1993 1994, alsofrom to"Abdumalik," notebook belonged is on whose Namangan, name written thecover other inRussian, and Uzbek, Arabic. Among of cover characteristics the his subjects, notes formaking and detailed various diagrams pistols and bombs fuses. 31

MARCH I APRIL 2003

THE TERRORISTNOTEBOOKS

turndeveloped armedsupporters, in who the first months of Uzbekistan'sindetook controlof keygovpendence briefly ernmentbuildingsin the city of Namangan. Fearingthe outbreakof civil war, UzbekPresident IslamKarimovauthorizeda purgeof the officialIslamicestablishmentand the arrestor disappearance of prominent unlicensed clericsand leaders of "extremist" Islamicgroups. Several prominent figures escaped the officialdragnet,fleeingwith followers into neighboringTajikistanand the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominatedparts of northern Afghanistan, a hostsite for long jihadi training camps. Thus was born the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMu),led by SovietArmyveteran Juma Namangani. ABDUMALIK'S WORLD

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" During the mid- to late 1990s, hunsome claim,even thousands, dreds,and, of young Uzbeks belongingto the IMU The were Dangerous neighborhood: Fergana where ofthe Valley most notebooks cuts and and is Afghanistan. Uzbekistan, acquired across Tajikistan, Kirgizstan near passed through terrorist camps in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and elsewhere in the region. Some of the Uzbek mujahideenwent home to train their countrymen, al from others as part of an effort to documentthe and they created clandestine terroristschools for Islamicrevivalin Uzbekistan. this purpose.The notebooks we acquiredbelonged Taken the allowus to reconcollectively, notebooks to students who attended such courses during the structthe training the youngmujahideen. of Students of 1994 to 1996. [For more informationon seem to havespentthe bulkof theirtime on military period the origins of the notebooks, consult the Want to subjects.Once they masteredthese subjects,the stuKnowMoreon page40.] We purchased otherwise dentsfocusedon when and how to makejihad-and or these books through various intermedi- some of the students on acquired mayhaveheardlectures jihad each unawarethat we were collectingmateri- by Namanganihimself,or one of his close associates. aries, We don't know much for certainabout the stu"Without there beno Islam," the the sword can true in reads caption dents themselves.Some of the notebooks have the this from notebook by students. sharedtwo In addition names (or pseudonyms)of the fightersin training drawing one tonumerous cartoons illustrations, describe and the notes who wrotethem-for example,Abdumalik Ayub. or political the and ofdifferent ofland kinds mines. We have reason to think some of them studied in workingsplacement Namangan, possibly in the basementof the Juma mosque;reopenedduringthe 1990s underpressure from the community,the mosque had been used as a storehouse alcoholicbeverages for duringthe Soviet era.Our sourcestold us that all of the studentswere coneventuallyarrested-in one case, for smuggling . sumergoods (and "trade"was, in fact, their livelihood). Uzbek securityforces picked up most of the others as suspected terrorists.Their parents, who the gave us or our intermediaries notebooks, were
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reluctantto talk about them, save to disassociate THE ABCs OF TERROR: HOW TO KILL themselvesfrom theirchildren's"mistakes." One thing is clear,though: These students learned We do not know whether the young men who how to make deadlyweapons. As their notes show, studied in these schools were devout Muslims, but these pupils "learned by doing" in every field of theirnotessuggesttheywerenot veryknowledgeable terrorism from instructors proficient in their about Islam.The same may also be said about their respective subject matter. The teachers who used teachers:In the lessons on jihad, for example, ref- Russian terminology clearly had experience with erencesto the Koran,offered by chapterand verse, the Red Army and Soviet system of military sometimes cite passages unrelatedto the subjects instruction, and those who used Arabic likely underdiscussion. Theseerrorsareclearlythoseof the passed through terrorist camps in Afghanistan most studentsat this earlystageof religious and maybe even those of the Middle East. In many teachers; educationwould not havepossessedtheirown copies cases, several different instructorstaught the varof the Koran,and theyalso lackedthe necessary Ara- ious military subjects. skills to read the bic-language Holy Book in the original. We can also say with certainthat the studentswere not very ty 44~ ~~da m 44 & -A&It~ educated. Theymademanygrammaticalmistakeswhen writingin 4 ~LL&~uJ~iL.6Z~~VA 0f~ Arabic, Russian, and even their native Uzbek. Some of the studentsseemto havehadpoorattention spans,and they werecareless The basic of inthe was those taught the language instruction notebooks Uzbek; who in takingnotes and studying. technical knew or and casesboth subjects Russian Arabic, insome languages.
-

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THE TERRORIST NOTEBOOKS

I Cartography Studentsfirst learned to orient themselves to their surroundings. When we showed some of the notebooks to a professor of cartographyin Tashkent-without revealing the source of the material-he was able to identify them as terrorist manuals and was certain the instructor was a cartographer. All high-schoolstudentsin the Soviet Union were required to receive paramilitarytraining, so there was no shortage of people capable of teachingcartographyor most other military subjects, even in the remotest areas of Uzbekistan. Moreover,with some modification, textbooks from the Soviet courses would have been a good starting point of instruction.

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I SmallArmsStudents wenton to studyhowto then handlesmallfirearms-a fixtureof life in a region wheremilitary service compulsory where was and with familiar theblackmarket couldbuyan anyone the of of AK-47. During years theSoviet occupation morelocalyouth (1979-1989), Afghanistan acquired combat than experience at anytimesincetheendof WorldWarII. Muchof our knowledge aboutthis fieldof studycomesfromthe notebook Ayub,a of in fromNamangan who Tajik (writing Uzbek), spent so much timemastering material we dubbed this that him"thegunner."

Many of the weapons the students learned to use were common Soviet-era ones, including various forms of the Kalashnikovrifle (AK-47, AK-56, and AKM). Ayub, though, also learned to handle several weapons of choice from Afghanistan, including the Egyptian rocket-propelled grenade launcher.This 82-millimeter weapon is based on a Russian or Chinese modification of an earlier U.S. weapon, writes Ayub in broken Arabic.All of these weapons appear in detailed illustrations, with accompanying notes on their functions and maintenance.

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of onthe One several of by placement drawings Abdumalik correct for explosive up charges blowing a bridge

TargetingI Ayub was also diligent in learninghow to targetthe enemy,on the groundand in the air.His notebook includes tables with elaborate calculations on how to target planes and helicopters in varying wind and weather conditions. His teacher used both Arabicand Russianmilitaryterminology. In the course of his lessons, Ayub handled various forms of sighting instruments,writing in one case that "the front glass reflectsmany colors" and "the distanceis easilyobscuredby plus sign that regulates marks." finger Mines and Demolitions I The notebooks suggest this subject was a standardpart of the instruction that all young mujahideenin Uzbekistan received. Many of the mines the mujahideen learned to make had been commonly used in Afghanistan and other guerrilla war settings, including the MI 8AI antipersonnel mine-a plastic-bodied directedfragmentationmine that has ball bearings

in of embedded the facingof the target.Variations in this minewereproduced the SovietUnion,Pakistan, SouthAfrica,SouthKorea,and Chile.The in studentsalso receivedinstruction the POMZ-Z mine,activatedthroughthe use of antipersonnel a tripwire,with a lethalradiusof 4 meters.Variin ationsof thismineweremanufactured theSoviet North Korea, and throughout Union, China, Eastern bloc. Europe's on information making Onenotebookincludes 16 differentexplosivedevices.The two students times learned reaction who prepared notebook this for andtemperatures blowing buildings, bridges, up railroadties, and electricityrelay stations.They to weretaughteverything necessary becomecomhow to escape petent arsonists, including in a unharmed, subject emphasized someof the lesto sons.Theseyoungmenwerenot trained be suicide bombersbut guerrillafighterswho would endurelong periodsof battle.
from on to Part a series diagrams how setmines, a notebook of of on from notebookthebest shared two students details another (left); by inwells, and structures (below) explosive placement bridges, support

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THE TERRORIST NOTEBOOKS

Poisons IStudentsalso learnedhow to make poisons with readilyaccessible such as tobaccoor substances, toxic mushrooms. Precise information the amounts on of each ingredient,how to mix them properly,and reaction times are carefully documented. The students penned lengthy instructions on safety techniques,when to wear gloves and masks,and how to concealnoxious odors so potentialtargetswould not be alerted. Alongside instructionsfor making and usingcyanide,one studentwrites,"Andthe powerof Allah is mightier"-a phrase commonly used at deathbeds-as if to see off his futurevictims. WHO DESERVES TO DIE? The section on jihad-the final course of study-is also the most terrifying.At one level, the lectureson 0 in Entries thenotebook Tashkenthow make from on to jihad were designedto mobilize students for battle poison with the enemy. But stripped of their pedagogical corn and beef, dung, alcohol, water using flour, yak intent, these lectures make clear that the explicit goal of the students'militarystudieswas to kill people, preferablyas many as possible. ideological, and militarygoals have to be mutually Since Islam was spread by the sword, holy war reinforcing.The propagandathat precedesmilitary is an important theme in the Koran. But since the action, they learned,is critical. time of Mohammed, theologians have fought over As anotherstudentwrites, the goal of this propwhen jihadis required when it is forbidden.The agandais to raisepopularawarenessof the enemies and view of jihadpresentedin the notebooksis both sim- among them: plistic and uniform-so much so that the same person may have taught students studying in different To make a declarationof the fact that unbecities. The teacher likely lacked even a middling lievers and the governmentare oppressors; that they areconnectedwith Russians, Amerireligious education (8-10 years of study) and was instead a fighterwith a religious background,perandJews,to whose musictheyaredanccans, haps someone like Namangani or TohirYuldashev, ing;and that they don'tthinkabouttheirpeothe leadersof the IMU. ple. We spreadtrueknowledgeaboutIslamin our country [Uzbekistan].We speak of the Jihad is depicted as a cleansing act, as "Jafar" of one of the notebooks) writes, "so the old fate of faith betrayers,accordingto Islamic (owner makes way for the new"-by which he ideology law, and about how people should distance meantthatUzbekistan's dominant Hannafi themselvesfrom those who breachthe faith supposedly school of religious would makeway for Salafi(or law and should side with the mujahideen. the At Islam. Central Asian theologians same time, it has to be announcedthat jihad fundamentalist) from the Hannafi school preachedaccommodation is a necessaryreligious requirement,for all with secularrulers;most, in fact, arguedthat Islamsocial groupsof people. And in life, everyone ic law demanded suchaccommodation, to do othfor must either be a Muslim or a non-Muslim, erwisewas to put the communityof believersat risk. that is, no one can remain in the middle. After this, the declarationwill be done, the By contrast, these students learnedthat Uzbekistan's secular rulers were betrayers of the faith, mujahideen will inform the people of the "forour and, as Jafarwrites,holy war is imperative: beginningof jihad. faith of Islam, to make Allah pleased with us, to eradicateoppression against Muslims, to establish Targetedenemies are depicted in political carIslamic rule in perpetuity." toons, which the studentsappearto have been asked were taughtthat to draw outside of class. In a perversemanifestation Jafarand his fellow mujahideen has multiple goals-that economic, political, of continuity with the Communistyears, many of jihad
36
FOREIGN POLICY

these cartoons are variants of the anti-imperialist and anti-Zionistpicturesthat Soviet studentssometimes drew during their studies. The drawings in these notebooks, however, include caricatures of Russians alongsidethose of Americansand Jews. The anti-Semitismtaught to these Uzbek studentsin theirclasseswas primitive, basedon perverse distortionsof history,but effective: All the countriesof the world are today ruled by Jews. This people who is cursed by God began to rule everyone120 years ago, at the timeof Napoleon.It was so. At the timeof the fightingbetweenthe armiesof Napoleon and the British, Jewsspreadrumorsamongthe the people of England that Napoleon won the battle.Upon hearingtheserumors,the British fell into panic and began to sell their stores, factories, plants, and other kinds of enterprises.They thought as following: "Afterthe in victoryof Napoleon,he will arrive England, and we will lose everything."And so lots of were sold, and very cheaply. The enterprises Jews took advantageof this opportunityand started buying everything very cheaply. A week later,it becameknown that the British won the battleagainstNapoleon. Upon hearing this news, all the people began to buy back their things. The Jews sold all this, but for 5 to 10 times more than they paid, and receivedenormousprofit. That the Jews are cursedby God is demonstrated Ayat 14 of in sura al-Khashr. (59:14) The firstJews came to the region long beforethe Arab conquests in the mid-seventhcentury.Tradi-

was tionally,anti-Semitism much worse in the Slavic of the Russian Empire than in Central Asia. parts And historically,Uzbeks have had more resentment for the Russians,who conqueredUzbek lands in the late 19th centuryand restrictedthe practiceof their faith. Russians remain a target in the notebooks, despite their withdrawal from Uzbekistanafter the country gained independencein 1991. Now, the mujahideen are determined to rout out theseenemiesand kill them, as partof largereconomic, political, and ideological goals. Such economic goals mentioned in one notebook include: 1. To attackthe joint venturesthat have been organizedby the officialsof our city [perhaps Namangan-M.B.O. and B.B.].Thatis, in the firstinstance,those enterprises with Russians, at Jews, and American[partners] the head. 2. To destroy all that is imported from the countriesof the enemy,whateverit may be, food, clothes, etc. This, too, is an economic and politicalblow. 3. To destroyall raw materials exportedfrom the countryby unbelievers. This includesfruit ... one or two cases of fruit should be poisoned, and when this is discovered,it should be announcedthat all the fruit that was sent (forexample)to Russia,is poisoned.... [This threatis veryserious,sinceUzbekistan such is an importantsource of fruit and vegetables for Russia-M.B.O. and B.B.] Those who transport things for personal use will be warned once or twice, and then everything will be confiscatedfrom them.

40
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"Now first is to kill the task and the reads above of The of has Jews, then rest," thecaption thisdrawinga three-headed dragon. knife jihad cut of but of States Russia and remain. already offthehead theJews, theheads theUnited
MARCH IAPRIL

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THE TERRORIST NOTEBOOKS

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war." The is to on "This how is America Muslims. rise (left) drawing theright ofaninsignia beworn "the Muslims, upinholy by most destroys swastika thebottom. at faithful for enemies." thefaint Note those troops, especially prepared purging

4. Specialists fromRussia, Jews,andAmericans workingin the economywill be destroyed. The same groups were targetedunder political goals: "At the time of the politicalstrikeagainstthe state, we should also kill Russians,Americans,and Israelicitizens. That is, ambassadors,or others of them, who live here, they all must be beaten." of Clericsand missionaries other faithsare slated for extermination partof the ideologicalprogram: as Fromamong religiouspeoplewe will kill: 1. Those who try to gain convertsto Christianityon Muslimsoil clerics[During 2. Spieswho work as Christian Soviettimes,thereweremanyKGB employees clerics-M.B.O. and B.B.] among Christian and 3. We will kill those Christians Jews who the mujahideen those who and speak against propagateagainstIslam 4. Those Christians who collectmoneyfor the and Muslims, thosewho speak struggle against Muslims.Theywill be stabbedor shot against or hungor beatento death. The Christian missionariestargeted here were fairlyrecentarrivalsin CentralAsia. Many belonged to U.S. evangelicalgroups that saw the fall of communism as a signal to expand proselytizingefforts throughoutthe formerSovietUnion.
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that to Butit'simportant remember the mujahideen who were trained in Uzbekistanat this time were mobilizedto fight a local war,for local causes.Their goal was to preventenemiesof Islamfrom usingnew to like economicstructures, jointventures, keepdown true believers.Such argumentsecho those of radical Muslim thinkerssuch as Egypt'sSayyidQutb, who workshadcirculated diedin 1966. Qutb's clandestinely among Islamicactivistsin CentralAsia for decades. Only occasionallydo the notebooksmake a connection between the efforts in Uzbekistanand a larger, global cause. Those teaching and studying in these in schoolswerekeenlyawareof the situation Tajikistan in But andthe ongoingstruggle Afghanistan. the notebooks make no mention of or link between their effortsand the ongoing Chechenwar nor to conflicts in more distantplacessuch as Bosniaor Somalia. THE FIRE NEXT TIME The good news is that the ownersof thesenotebooks or wereneverableto executethe number kindof operations planned with the deadly knowledge they 1999, the IMUwas credTrue,in February acquired. of the itedwith masterminding simultaneous bombings offices in Uzbekistan's capital, key government Tashkent, killing13 people.But theseattacksdid not off the panicor chainreactionof otherviolentacts set predictedin the notebooks.Afterthe bombings,the the Uzbek government successfully pressured United terrorist to States listthe IMU as an international group. And faced with heightenedUzbek security,the IMU made do with taking hostages and raidingparts of The nearbyKirgizstan. groupdid becomepartof the

'"I

Four (Jews, United Russians, Christians) a map Uzbekistan. the and attack of States, dogs Each of the budding Central Asian states has attemptedto carveout an identityin the past decade. But conditions have not favoredthe developmentof authenticmoderateIslamicclerics.State authorities view leaderswho are credibleto religious believers as too threatening,and religiousbelieversare suspicious of those championedby state authorities. These conditions are made-to-order for those preaching more radical forms of Islam. The best known of these groups is Hizb-ut-Tahrir (Partyof which attractsyoung people despitethe Liberation), extraordinaryefforts of the Uzbek government to harshlypunish those associatedwith the group. Its numbers are increasingin Kirgizstan,Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan.This movement is committedto the of reestablishment the Caliphate-the rule of Islam as it was practicedby the ProphetMohammed. For

al Qaeda network, with camps in Afghanistanand safe havens over the border in Tajikistan. But its founder,Namangani,and many of his fighterswere reportedly killed during the U.S. bombings in the Afghanistan; whereaboutsof anotherprominent are Yuldashev, still unknown. leader, The bad news is that the threatposed by such terroristgroups is infinitelyrenewablein states such as those in CentralAsia, where largenumbersof young people with limitededucationand diminishingeconomic prospects live in densely populated communities. Moreover,popular resentmenttoward these countries' secular leaders remains high: Many of these leaderswere local mastersof the openly atheistic Soviet regime,and most of them have profited mightily from the unprecedentedincrease in corruption since independence.

-41r

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An incantation and list enemies: drawing anexplosion, jihad itsepicenter.fire the tojihad a of isof inred, The with at The of explosion, is anincantation Akbar isgreat) jihad. who been up, black, ofAllah (God and Those have blown in include Americans, Jews, unbelievers, two-faced who themselves asMuslims, forward and Russians, Christians. people put
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THE TERRORISTNOTEBOOKS

now, the groupmaintains,this goal can be advanced only throughpersuasion,not force. Whateverthe fate of Hizb-ut-Tahrir, other radical groups seem certainto emergefrom the turmoil of the transitionsthat CentralAsian states are still undergoing.Notwithstanding the presence of new and U.S. militarybasesin Uzbekistanand Kirgizstan assistance in the war on terrorism, no expanded amount of force alone will defeat such groups. Any securityagency capable of routing out all potential terroristswould inevitablybecome a source of terrorism.Not only would such an organizationtread on the basic civil rights of peacefulcitizens, but, by

"radical" it cause Islam, wouldinvariably targeting thosewhoconsider themselves devout Muslims see to the government an enemyof Islam. as In everypartof theworld,thereareheroes who have died fightingfor their faith and who make In Asia,it is Namangani readyrolemodels. Central in or AhmedShahMassoud,the Lion of Panjshir As the disturbing contentsof these Afghanistan. of notebooksattest,purveyors jihadsupplytheir owncredentials design and theirowncurricula. They The no for require licenses theirundertakings. proof and of theirsuccess whether cangainrecruits is they teachthemhow to kill. 1u successfully

Want to Know More?

The authors acquiredthe 10 notebooks between 2001 and 2002. Six were obtained in the Fergana threein the Tashkentregion,and one froman Uzbekvillagejustoverthe Uzbekborderin KazaValley, in khstan.Those interested more informationabout the notebooksshouldcontactMarthaBrillOlcott at the CarnegieEndowment for InternationalPeace. For more guidance on Islam, readerscan refer to Cyril Glasse's The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam (SanFrancisco: Inc., 1989) and The OxfordHistory of Islam (New Harper& Row, Publishers, A York:Oxford UniversityPress, 1999), edited by John L. Esposito. Ira Lapidus's History of Islamic Societies (New York:CambridgeUniversityPress,2002) is also recommendedas an all-purpose guiding tool. The authors used J.M. Rodwell'stranslationof the Koran (London:J.M. Dent, 1994). in "TheFuture moreaboutpolitical Islamshouldconsider Graham Fuller's Readers interested learning of Political Islam"(Foreign Jihad:TheTrialof PoliticalIslam 2002), GillesKepel's Affairs,March/April Harvard The Press,2002), AhmedRashid'sJihad: RiseofMilitant Islamin CenUniversity (Cambridge: tralAsia (New Haven:Yale UniversityPress,2002), and OlivierRoy's The Failureof Political Islam HusainHaqqaniprovides HarvardUniversity Press,1994). The CarnegieEndownment's (Cambridge: a uniquefirsthand view of life in a madrasain "Islam's MedievalOutposts"(FOREIGN NovemPOLICY, In addition,astute accountsof fundamentalism providedby Daniel Pipesin ber/December are 2002). Militant Islam ReachesAmerica (New York:W.W.Norton, 2002) and Daniel Benjaminand Steven Simon'sTheAge of SacredTerror (New York:RandomHouse, 2002). bookson Central AsiaincludeRoy'sTheNew CentralAsia: CreationofNations (New The Insightful York:New YorkUniversity The Islamor NationPress,2000) and Rashid's Resurgence CentralAsia: of alism?(Karachi: OxfordUniversity sourceis a recentcollectionof Press,1994). Anothercomprehensive essayseditedby BorisRumer,CentralAsia:AGatheringStorm?(New York:M.E. Sharpe,2002). The Institutefor War& PeaceReportingand EurasiaNetprovideinformationand analysisabout political, economic, environmental,and social developments in the countries of Central Asia and the Caucasusin both Russian and English.Some of the regionalsources of reliableinformationare the Web sites of the information agency "AkiPress," CentralAsia InformationCenter, and the the CentralAsian InformationAgency. ))For links to relevantWeb sites, access to the FP Archive, and a comprehensiveindex of related
FOREIGN POLICY articles, go to www.foreignpolicy.com.

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