Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni Khoa in t Vin thng

K thut nh v v dn ng in t
Electronics Positioning and Navigations
TS. Trng Tun B mn K thut thng tin
H Ni, 8-2010

Phn 1 K thut Radar

 1. Khi nim v phn loi Radar (tip theo)

Nguyn l c bn ca Radar xung

tn s lm vic f0

cos( 0t+ 0)
ON a(t) s(t) echo sr(t) o tr t c ly mc tiu Thi gian OFF T

s(t) = a(t)cos( 0t+ 0) a(t) : ng bao xung - pulsed radar

Tnh ton c ly
Range Calculation C ly - Range, R = (c TR)/2 Range : km hoc nm (nautical miles) TR : s (microseconds) R(km) = 0.15TR(s) R(nmi) = 0.081 TR (s) hoc

1 km 6.67 s 1 nmi 12,34 s

Tnh ton c ly Range Calculation

Xc nh c ly theo n v km v nmi tng ng vi tr thi gian 27 s? R(km) = 0.15TR(s) hay R(nmi) = 0.081 TR (s) = 0.15 27 hay = 0.081 27 = 4.05 km hay = 2.187 nmi

Tnh ton c ly Range Calculation

M #2, 18 km

M #1, 6 km Radar s cp PRF = 10 kHz thi gian seconds

Tnh ton c ly Range Calculation

Bin

Xung pht

0
ambiguous range : c ly xy ra nhm ln

Thi gian, t (ms)

Tnh ton c ly Range Calculation

PRF = 10 kHz mi xung c lp li sau 0.0001 s = 0.1 ms M #2, 18 km

M #1, 6 km Radars cp PRF = 10 kHz Range [km] = 0.15TR(s), A-scan Thi gian seconds

Tnh ton c ly Range Calculation

Bin C ly 6 km tng ng vi tr 40 s v c ly 18 km tng ng vi tr 120 s Ch rng mc tiu M #2 qu xa trm radar nn tn hiu phn x (echo) s nhn c trong chu k k sau, to nn c ly khng chnh xc l 3 km Xung pht
M #1

xung phn x
M #2 M #1

0.04

0.1

0.12

0.14

Thi gian, t (ms)

ambiguous range : c ly xy ra nhm ln

V d 2
Gi s mt trm Radar gim st hng khng c cng sut nh l 100 KW, bc x tn hiu theo kiu xung vi rng 10 s v chu k lp xung l 1 ms. Hy xc nh c ly lm vi c (t i a v ti thiu) v phn gii v mt c ly ca trm Radar trn ?

Rmax

c(T ) = 2

Rmin

c = 2

 phn gii c ly - Range Resolution

R: phn gii c ly

 phn gii c ly - Range Resolution

unresolved return

a. Hai mc tiu khng th phn bit v c ly

c + t 2

b. Hai mc tiu c th phn bit v c ly

V d
Mt h thng Radar xung c c ly lm vic ti a 3000 km v bng thng l 3.33 kHz. Hy xc nh: a. Tn s lp xung PRF (fr) yu cu b. Chu k lp xung PRT ( IPP = T) c. rng xung pht . d. C ly phn gii mc tiu R e. Hy cho bit nh hng ca cc tham s n c ly lm vic ti a ca mt h thng Radar.

V d
= 0 ,3 ms T = 20,3 ms dt=1.5%

1 1 = = = 0.3ms = 300 s B 3.33kHz

Rmax

c(T ) = 2

2 Rmax 2 3 106 PRT = IPP = T = + = + 0.3 10 3 = 20,3 (ms) c 3 108

1 1 PRF = = T 20,3 10 3
R = c c = 2 2B

0,3 10 3 0,0148 1,5 % 50 ( Hz ) d t = = 3 T 20,3 10

c 3 105 (km / s ) R = = = 45 ,45 (km) 3 2 B 2 (3.3 10 Hz )

Rmax

c(T ) = 2

nh hng ca cc tham s n c ly lm vic ca h thng Radar xung Range Range Range Range Range

Power PulseWidth PRT PRF Frequency

 2. C s vt l ca Radar

C s vt l Radar
Radar lm vic da trn 4 tnh cht ca sng in t:
1. 2. 3. 4. Sng in t truyn lan vi vn tc hu hn , khng i. c = 3 *108 (m/s) Sng in t truyn thng. Nng lng sng in t s phn x khi gp mi trng khng ng nht (mc tiu). Tn s thu c ti trm Radar sai lch so vi tn s pht, gy nn do s chuyn ng tng i gia mc tiu v trm Radar v c xc nh thng qua hiu ng Doppler.

tn s lm vic ca radar

Anten radar bc x nh hng

echo RS Kch thc bp sng ti mc na cng sut ( cng sut nh gim i mt na suy hao 3 dB) theo phng gc t

theo phng gc phng v

Mu bc x Radiation pattern
Kch thc bp sng ti mc na cng sut ( suy hao 3 dB)

Phng v Gc ngng

HPBW: half power beam width

 rng bp sng quan trng hn cng sut

RADAR

THE PLAN

POSITION INDICATOR

rng bp sng ln
PPI

 rng bp sng quan trng hn cng sut

RADAR

THE PLAN

POSITION INDICATOR

PPI

rng bp sng nh

Mu bc x Radiation pattern

Anten Parabol

Kch thc bp sng ti mc na cng sut ( suy hao 3 dB)

= (rad ) d 60 0 0 = (deg ree) d

d: m anten (m) - apeture : bc sng lm vic (m)

rng thep hng v rng theo hng gc t

HPBW: half power beam width

41253 G= 0 0
(From Understanding Radar Systems)

a = r sin

H s khuch i anten
b = r sin S = ab = r 2 sin sin

Dien _ tich _ mat _ cau G= Dien _ tich _ mat _ cat _ bup _ song _ tai _ muc _ nua _ cong _ suat 4r 2 4 G= 2 = r sin sin sin sin

G =?

H s khuch i anten
a = r sin b = r sin S = ab = r 2 sin sin
Dien _ tich _ mat _ cau G= Dien _ tich _ mat _ cat _ bup _ song _ tai _ muc _ nua _ cong _ suat 4r 2 4 G= 2 = r sin sin sin sin

4 4 4 360 360 41253 41253 G= = = or = sin sin ( radian ) 2 2 ( deg ree) ( deg ree)

H s khuch i anten
=

d1

G = f ( Ae , ) = ?

Kch thc anten nh bp sng ln ? (small antenna wide beam width)

V d
Gi s h thng Radar thi tit lm vic ti Bng C, tn s 5625 Mhz, s dng anten parabol c ngknh 2,44 m. Hy xc nh kch thc bp sng v h s khuch i ca anten G(dB) ?

H s khuch i ca anten

41253 G= 0 0

V d
Kch thc bp sng ti mc na cng sut:

c(m / s) (rad ) = (rad ) = = D f (1 / s ) D(m)

3 108 (m / s ) = = = 0,0218 (rad ) 6 5625 10 (1 / s ) 2,44(m)

(rad ) 180 0,0218(rad ) 180 = = 1,250 3,14(rad ) 3,14(rad )

0 0

(rad ) 180 0 0,0218(rad ) 1800 = = 1,250 3,14(rad ) 3,14(rad )

H s khuch i ca anten

G=

41253 41253 = 26402 0 0 1,25 1,25

V d
Kch thc bp sng ti mc na cng sut:

= 1,250
H s khuch i ca anten

41253 41253 G= = 26402 0 0 1,25 1,25

G (dB ) =10 lg(G ) 10 lg (26402) 44,2 (dB )

Hiu ng Doppler

Hiu ng Doppler
Dch tn Doppler

fD =

trong :

c = ft
'

fr ft fr

ft = f r

'

'

Hiu ng Doppler
Dch tn Doppler

Theo hng RS M:

f r = ft f D ' f r = f t f t = f t (1 ) c c
' ' D '

fD =

trong :
'

c = ft f D = ft c

' f r = ft f f D = ft c ' ' ' ft = f r f r = f t ' f t = f t ' (1 ) c c 2 2 2 f r = f t 1 + f r = f t (1 ) c c c

Hiu ng Doppler
2 2 f r = f t 1 + c c << c
2

Rt nh b qua

2 f r = f t 1 c

Hiu ng Doppler
2 fT 2 f R = (1 ) fT = fT 2 = fT = fT f D c c
Du + : vo gn ; du - : ra xa

2 f = f R fT = fT c

2 fD =

2 2 f D = cos( ) = gc = 00 c f = 2 fT

o vn tc v <-> o lch tn s f

Hiu ng Doppler

Hiu ng Doppler

2 fd = cos( ) cos( ) = cos( ) cos( )

V d
Hy xc nh vn tc (knots) ca my bay khi trm radar lm vic ti tn s 3 GHz bit rng tn hiu phn x thu c sai lch so vi tn s pht l 5 KHz. Vn tc mc tiu:

5 103 ( Hz ) 3 108 (m / s ) V= = 250 (m / s ) 9 2 3 10 ( Hz )

f c V= 2 fT

900 250 3600 = 486 (knots) V= = 900 (km / h) V = 1,852 1000

 3. Cc bc x l tn hiu Radar

Cc bc x l tn hiu Radar
1. Bc 1: Pht hin mc tiu ( Detection ). 2. Bc 2: o c tham s ( Measurement ~ Ranging). 3. Bc 3: Phn bit mc tiu ( Display ). 4. Bc 4: Nhn bit mc tiu (Recorgnition)

Bc 1: pht hin mc tiu

Cng sut tn hiu thu ( echo)

Pngng

ngng

thi gian ngng cng sut pht hin mc tiu quyt nh bi t s S/N ca trm Radar Xc sut pht hin nhm: gy nn do tn hiu phn x t cc i tng khng cn quan st (clutter) hoc nhiu.

Bc 2: o c
C ly R o tr o gc ( ,) cn c vo hng tnh ca bp sng radar. o vn tc hiu ng Doppler xc nh c v tr v v c qu o ca mc tiu ( i tng) M tnh c gia tc ca M

Bc 3: phn bit mc tiu

Th tch phn bit

Vpb= R* *

Th tch phn bit l th tch m hai mc tiu k nhau t ti tm ca hai th tch c th c phn bit.

Th tch phn bit

mc tiu mc tiu

Mc tiu

Vpb= R* *

Bc 4 : nhn bit mc tiu

Ch thc hin c vi Radar ch ng th cp. Radar ch ng th cp l h thng radar c kh nng trao i thng tin ( truyn s liu ) vi i tng (mc tiu) Qu trnh trao i s liu gia M v RS c thc hi n khi M nm lt trong bp sng radar. Thi gian trao i s liu ph thuc vo tc qut cnh sng v kch thc bp sng ca trm Radar
M B pht p transponder

Radar mode S RS

Bc 4 : nhn bit mc tiu

Radar th cp truyn cc tn hiu c m ha n b pht p ca mc tiu. Transponder phc p bng bn tin c m ha vi cc thng tin ca i tng ( airplane ) Mt transponder c th thit lp ti a khong 4096 m nhn dng - identifying codes Trong lnh vc qun s , cc transponders c gi l IFF (Identification, Friend or Foe)

S xung phn x t mc tiu

Kch thc bp sng tnh theo radian

np =

(rad ) Tsc (sec/ vng ) PRF ( xung / sec) ( xung / vng ) 2 (rad )

Kch thc bp sng tnh theo

0 Tsc (sec/ vng ) PRF ( xung / sec) np = ( xung / vng ) 0 360

np: S xung phn x/ vng TSC: Thi gian bp sng qut ht mt vng (giy/vng) PRF: Tn s lp xung (xung/giy)

V d
Gi s mt trm Radar c rng bp sng ti mc na cng sut theo phng ngang l 30, tc qut ca bp sng l 450/sec vi tn s lp xung l 300Hz . Hy xc nh s xung phn x t mc tiu v trm Radar sau mi vng qut ?

S xung phn x t mc tiu

360 0 Tsc = 0 = 8 (sec/ vng ) 45 / sec 0 Tsc (sec/ vng ) PRF ( xung / sec) np = ( xung / vng ) 0 360 30 8(sec/ vng ) 300( xung / sec) np = = 20 ( xung / vng ) 0 360