Assignment 4 - Power Point Presentation

CHAPTER 2
2.1 MATTER
Most of the things that we could see in this world are MATTER
What is matter?
Matter means: - anything that occupies space & has mass - made up of tiny & discrete particles - Exist as element @ compound
A pure substance which cannot be broken down into simpler substance physically & chemically
Usually made up of two or more elements which are chemically bonded together
1. Matter are made up of tiny & discrete particles 2. Size of particles are very minute ~~ 1x 10-7cm
3. Consist of atoms, molecules ions
Lets see the particles in bromine liquid
The smallest particle of an element and not breakable anymore. Examples:

Atom of hydrogen atom of magnesium atom of oxygen atom of chlorine
O
Cl
Mg
A group of two @ more atoms, which might consist of: one type of element (Element) @ different types of element (Compound)
Examples of element molecules:
Molecule of hydrogen gas Molecule of oxygen gas Molecule of chlorine gas
Examples of compound molecules: Molecule of water, H2O

N
Molecule of ammonia, NH3 Molecule of ethanol, C2H5OH
Ions are atoms which have charge

+ Positively-charged ion /cation (loss e-)
Negatively charged ion / anion (gain e-)
Examples of ions:
Hydrogen atom
H
Lose electron
H+
Hydrogen ion
Magnesium atom
Mg
Lose electron
Magnesium ion
Mg2+
Oxygen atom
Chlorine atom
O Cl
Gain electron
Oxide ion O2
-
Gain electron
Cl
-
Chlorine ion
Kinetic means motion (move) Kinetic theory states that: 1. Matter consist of particles which constantly moving
2. particles move in random motion , collide with each other
A. substance is cooled, - particles lose kinetic energy - move slower
B. substance is heated, - particles gain kinetic energy - move faster
Experiment which supports the kinetic theory:

Investigating the diffusion of particles in a solid, liquid and gas
What is diffusion ? How diffusion supports the kinetic theory ?
Is the rate of diffusion different in solid, liquid, and gas state?

Lets get an experiment to check it out!!!
The conclusion is.

Diffusion happens in solid, liquid, and gas states Diffusion occurs slowest in solid, faster in liquid and fastest in gas Diffusion occurs faster in subtance with lower density Diffusion supports kinetic energy
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

The kinetic particle theory is a model used to explain the properties of matter. Kinetic Theory of Matter states that: (i) All matter is made up of tiny particles and they exist as atoms, molecules or ions. (The particles are attracted to each other by attractive forces)

(ii) The particles are always in continuous random motion and hence possess kinetic energy. **(The kinetic energy of a particle increases with temperature and pressure, the higher the temperature and pressure, the faster the particles move. At fixed temperature, lighter particles move faster than heavier particles.)

The particles in a substance are of the same type, in solid, liquid or gaseous state. The differ only in their arrangement how strongly the particles are held together and the amount of kinetic energies that they possess.
Kinetic theory can be used to explain how solids, liquids and gases differ in movement and arrangement.
3 states of matter (Difference)

Property Volume Solid Fixed Liquid Fixed Gas Not Fixed
Shape
Compressibility Density Packing and arrangement between particles
Fixed
Not Fixed
Not Fixed
compressible Not dense
Not Not compressible compressible

Very Dense Dense
Closely Closely Far apart in packed in an packed in an random orderly disorderly arrangement. arrangement arrangement

Property Solid Liquid Strong forces of attraction between particles Slide and roll pass each other energy Gas Negligible forces of attraction between particles Move about randomly at high speed Most Very strong Forces of forces of Attraction attraction between between particles particles
Motion of particles
Energy of particles
Vibrate about a fixed position Least energy
Property

Solid Liquid
Gas
Diagrammatic Representation
solid liquid
gas
http://www.educationusingpowerpoint.org.uk/index.html?ks3science.html~mainFrame http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/
The Physical States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
The Solid State
Arrangement of particles (In a solid)

Arrangement and movement of particles Properties of solids The particles are closely Solids have high densities packed together, with little and cannot be compressed empty space between them.
The particles are in an orderly Solid crystals have flat faces, straight edges and sharp arrangement. points
Arrangement of particles (In a solid)

Arrangement and movement of particles Properties of solids The particles are held together by strong forces of attraction between Solids have fixed shapes them, in fixed positions. and cannot be compressed. The particles can only vibrate about their fixed positions.
The Liquid State
Arrangement of particles (In a Liquid)

Arrangement and movement of particles The particles are closely packed together (but slightly further apart than those in solid), with little empty space between them. The particles are in a disorderly arrangement. Properties of Liquids Liquids have moderately high densities and cannot be compressed. Liquids have no fixed shapes.
Arrangement of particles (In a Liquid)

Arrangement and movement of particles The particles are held together by strong forces of attraction between them (but slightly weaker than the forces in a solid) Properties of Liquids Liquids cannot compressed.
be
flow The particles can move past Liquids can and one another and throughout take the shape of their the liquid. containers.
The Gaseous State
Arrangement of particles (In a Gas)

Arrangement and movement of particles Properties of Gas The particles are far Gases have low densities easily apart, with a lot of empty and can be space between them. compressed.
The particles are in a random arrangement.
Gases have no shapes.
Arrangement of particles (In a Gas)

Arrangement and movement of particles Properties of Gas Gases can be easily compressed, hence volume. no definite Gases have no definite shapes and take the shape of their containers.
There are no (negligible) forces of attraction between the particles. The particles are free to move randomly in all directions, at high speed.
The Physical Changes of Matter

Melting
Solid
Sublimation
Sublimation
Freezing
Boiling
Liquid
Condensation
Gas
Determine the Melting Point of Naphthalene

Melting point the temperature which a solid becomes liquid
Diagram of heating naphthalene
Solid naphthalene
Water
Q1-Q4
Q5-Q7
Heating curve of naphthalene

Temperature / C
79C
A
Time / minute
Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7
What is the Melting point? A: 79C
What is the physical state at B-C? A: solid and liquid

Where is point that Melting process started? A: B Where is point that Melting process ended? A: C
graph
apparatus
Why the curve of heating has no change at B-C? A: because the heat energy absorbed by naphthalene molecules to overcome the forces of attraction to becomes liquid
Why solid naphthalene heated in water ? A: to ensure a uniform heating If the melting point of Substance X is 123C, can we still use water as medium? Why? A: No. Because its melting point is higher than the boiling point of water. We can use oil bath to replace water. graph apparatus
Physical changes
Determine the Freezing Point of Naphthalene Freezing point the temperature which a solution becomes solid
Cooling curve of naphthalene

Temperature / C
E
79C
H
Time / minute
Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7
Is the freezing point same with the Melting point? A: Yes, both are 79C
What is the physical state change in this experiment? A: Liquid naphthalene changes to solid Where is the point that freezing process started? A: F
Where is the point that freezing process ended? A: G
Why the curve of heating has no change at F-G? A: because the heat energy released during formation of bonds is equal to the heat released to surroundings Why liquid naphthalene in the boiling tube is cooled inside a conical flask? A: to ensure a uniform cooling
Diagram of cooling naphthalene
Liquid naphthalene
Empty conical flask
Q1-Q4
Q5-Q7
2.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
The Historical Development Of Atomic Models

John Dalton imagine atom as a indivisible tiny ball J.J. Thomson discovered electrons Ernest Rutherford discovered proton, mass of atom concentrated in nucleus Neils Bohr proposed the electrons move in shells around the nucleus James Chadwick proved the existence of neutrons
Subatomic Particle In An Atom

Proton
Electron
Neutron

Neutron
Proton
Electron
Nucleus of atom
Electron shells

PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol Electric Charge
Relative Mass
Location

Relative Mass
Location

Relative Mass
Location

e-
Relative Mass
Location

p +1
e-
Relative Mass
Location

p +1
n 0
e-
Relative Mass
Location

p +1
n 0
e-1
Relative Mass
Location

p +1
n 0
e-1
Relative Mass
Location

p +1
n 0
e-1
Relative Mass
Location

p +1
n 0
e-1
Relative Mass
Location
1/1240 0

Symbol Electric Charge Relative Mass
p +1 1
n 0 1
e-1 1/1240 0
Location
in the nucleus atom

Symbol Electric Charge Relative Mass
p +1 1
n 0 1
e-1 1/1240 0
Location
in the nucleus atom
in the nucleus atom

Symbol
Electric Charge Relative Mass Location
p
+1 1 in the nucleus atom
n
0 1 in the nucleus atom
e-1 1/1240 0 Electron shells which around the nucleus atom
Symbol of Element
Nucleon number
40
Proton number
Ca 20
Symbol of element
-When an atom is neutral , ( its number of proton = e- number of protons = 20 so number of elecrons = 20 - 2.electron configuration = 2.8.8.2 valence electron = 2
1.refer
ions)
Electron Configuration
Also known as electron arrangement
How electrons fill into the shells?
Hydrogen Proton number
H 1
Helium Proton number
He 2
1 Lithium Proton number Li 3
2 Beryllium Proton number Be 4
2.1
2.2
Boron proton number
B 5
Carbon Proton number
C 6
2.3
2.4
Nitrogen Proton number
N 7
Oxygen Proton number
O 8
2.5
2.6
Fluorine Proton number
F 9
Neon Proton number
Ne 10
2.7
2.8
Sodium Proton number
Na 11
Magnesium Proton number
Mg 12
2.8.1
2.8.2
Aluminium Proton number
Al 13
Silicon Proton number
Si 14
2.8.3
2.8.4
Phosphorus Proton number
P 15
Sulphur Proton number
S 16
2.8.5
2.8.6
Chlorine Proton number
Cl 17
Argon Proton number
Ar 18
2.8.7 Potassium Proton number K 19
2.8.8 Calcium Proton number Ca 20
2.8.8.1
2.8.8.2
Conclusion: 1st Shell: max 2 e2nd Shell: max 8 e3rd Shell: max 8 e-
ARRANGEMENT OF SHELLS IN AN ATOM

2 ELECTRONS 8 ELECTRONS
NUCLEUS
8 ELECTRONS
1 2 3 4
18 ELECTRONS
Electron arrangement in the carbon atom

12 6
proton number = 6
number of protons = 6
number of electrons = 6
= electron
nucleus
2.4
Number of valence electrons = 4
23
11
Na
= electron Nucleus
number of protons = 11 proton number = 11
number of electrons = 11
Number of valence electrons = 1
2.8.1
Try to draw out the electron arrangement in shells
Draw & state the electron arrangement of the elements below
15 7
24
12
39 19
Let us learn some chemical words !!
Proton number (p) number of protons in the nucleus of atom Nucleon number (p+n) total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of atom
3. Valence electron the electrons in the outermost shell 4. Electron configuration arrangement of electron
Repeat them !!
Proton number number of protons in the nucleus of atom Nucleon number total number of protons and nucleons in the nucleus of atom Valence electron the electrons in the outermost shell Electron configuration arrangement of electron
Try this out!!!
Q1
Elements
Fill in the blanks

Proton Number 3 Nucleon Number 7 Number of Neutrons
B C D E F
6 16 17
12 19
10
40
16 18 20
Q1
Elements Proton Number 3
Answers
Nucleon Number 7 Number of Neutrons 4
B C D E F
6 9 16 17 20
12 19 32 35 40
6 10 16 18 20
Q2
Elements Number of Neutron
Fill in the blanks

Nucleon Number Number of electrons Electron Configuration
A B C D E F
5 8 14 20
9 2.6 19 32 40 16 2.7 2.8.3
Q2
Elements Number of Neutron
Answers
Nucleon Number Number of electrons Electron Configuration
A B C D E F
5 8 10 14 16 20
9 16 19 27 32 40
4 8 9 13 16 20
2.2 2.6 2.7 2.8.3 2.8.6 2.8.8.2
2.3 ISOTOPES
What is isotopes?
Isotopes is just like twins, same genetic but different of DNA
atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons
Examples of Isotopes
Take a look at Wikipedia isotopes table Hydrogen :
1 1
2 1
3 1
Graphite :
Oxygen :
12 6 16 8
13
6
C
O
14 6
C O
17 8
18 8
Isotopes of Hydrogen
Hydrogen :
1 1
H
2 1
3 1
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron No of ee- configuration Valence e16
17
18 8
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron
16
17
18 8
No of ee- configuration Valence e-
Oxygen Isotopes
16
17
18 8
O
8
Oxygen Isotopes
16
17
18 8
O
8
O
8
Oxygen Isotopes
16
17
18 8
O
16
O
16
16 16
Oxygen Isotopes
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16
16 16
Oxygen Isotopes
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
Oxygen Isotopes
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
16
Oxygen Isotopes
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
16
16
Oxygen Isotopes
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
16
16
16
Oxygen Isotopes
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
16 2.8.6
16
16
Oxygen Isotopes
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
16 2.8.6
16 2.8.6
16
Oxygen Isotopes
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
16 2.8.6
16 2.8.6
16 2.8.6
Oxygen Isotopes
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
16 2.8.6 6
16 2.8.6
16 2.8.6
Oxygen Isotopes
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
16 2.8.6 6
16 2.8.6 6
16 2.8.6
Oxygen Isotopes
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
16 2.8.6 6
16 2.8.6 6
16 2.8.6 6
Conclusion:
Number of valence electron are same The chemical properties also same The physical properties might be same, might be different
Try this out!!!
Q3. Answer the structure questions

Elements Proton Number Nucleon Number
P Q R S T U
3 9 16 15 16 18
7 19 32 31 33 40
a) A: b) A: c) A: d) A: e) A:
What means proton number? The numbers of proton in the nucleus of an atom What means nucleon number? The numbers of proton & neutron in the nucleus of an atom Write the electron arrangement for element Q. 2.7 How many valence electrons that element Q has? 7 How many electron shells that element Q has? two
f) Which pair of elements are isotopes? Explain. A: R & T. Because they have same proton number but different nucleon number g) Is R&T have same chemical properties? Why? U A: Yes. Because they have same valence electron h) How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are there in atom S? A: 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 15 electrons
40 18
i) Write the symbol to represent atom U. A: 40

18

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CHAPTER 2

3. Consist of atoms, molecules ions

Lets see the particles in bromine liquid

The smallest particle of an element and not breakable anymore. Examples:

Examples of element molecules:

Molecule of hydrogen gas Molecule of oxygen gas Molecule of chlorine gas

Examples of compound molecules: Molecule of water, H2O

Molecule of ammonia, NH3 Molecule of ethanol, C2H5OH

Ions are atoms which have charge

Negatively charged ion / anion (gain e-)

2. particles move in random motion , collide with each other

A. substance is cooled, - particles lose kinetic energy - move slower

B. substance is heated, - particles gain kinetic energy - move faster

Experiment which supports the kinetic theory:

What is diffusion ? How diffusion supports the kinetic theory ?

Is the rate of diffusion different in solid, liquid, and gas state?

The conclusion is.

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

3 states of matter (Difference)

Not Not compressible compressible

3 states of matter (Difference)

Vibrate about a fixed position Least energy

3 states of matter (Difference)

The Physical States of Matter

The Solid State

Arrangement of particles (In a solid)

Arrangement of particles (In a solid)

The Liquid State

Arrangement of particles (In a Liquid)

Arrangement of particles (In a Liquid)

The Gaseous State

Arrangement of particles (In a Gas)

The particles are in a random arrangement.

Gases have no shapes.

Arrangement of particles (In a Gas)

The Physical Changes of Matter

Determine the Melting Point of Naphthalene

Diagram of heating naphthalene

Heating curve of naphthalene

What is the Melting point? A: 79C

What is the physical state at B-C? A: solid and liquid

Cooling curve of naphthalene

Where is the point that freezing process ended? A: G

Diagram of cooling naphthalene

Empty conical flask

2.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

The Historical Development Of Atomic Models

Subatomic Particle In An Atom

Subatomic Particle In An Atom

Subatomic Particle In An Atom

Subatomic Particle In An Atom

Subatomic Particle In An Atom

Subatomic Particle In An Atom

Symbol Electric Charge

Subatomic Particle In An Atom

Symbol Electric Charge

Subatomic Particle In An Atom

Symbol Electric Charge

Subatomic Particle In An Atom

Symbol Electric Charge