MASENO UNIVERSTY

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

COURSE:

DISSERTATION

COURSE CODE: NPL 413 SUPERVISOR: MRS. JENNIFER OTIENO NAME: PAUL OGUDA OCHIENG ADM NO: NS/0051/08

TOPIC:. Unlocking The Potential of Kisumu City as a major tourism destination

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 3rd April 2012

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY....4 1.1 Problem statement..4 1.2 Purpose of the study.5 1.3 Objectives...5 1.3.1 Research hypothesis...5 1.3.2 Research questions..5 1.4 Scope of the study..6 1.5 Study justification...7 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.8 2.1.0 Historic districts .8

2.1.1Waterfronts .8 2.1.2 Convention centres and exhibitions 9 2.1.3 Festivals and events ..9 2.1.4 Special Visitor Districts ..9 2.1.5 Tourism employees and residents as city advocates .11 2.1.6 Retail and catering facilities .11

2.2 CASE STUDIES11 2.2.1 Nice (france)..11 2.2.2 Metropolitan detroit.12 2.3 Physical location..13 2.3.1 Topography..14 2.3.3 Climate..15 2.3.3 Soils15 2.3.4 Administrative units..16

2.4 Situational analysis of kisumu city.17

2.4.1Administration.17

2.4.2 Urban planning17

2.4.3 The economic situation..18 2.4.4 Informal and private sectors .18

2.4.5 Urban poverty..18 2.4.6 Urban infrastructure and basic services ...19

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2.4.7 Sanitation 19

2.4.8 Public transport...20

2.4.9 Sources of energy..20

2.4.10 Health..20

2.4.11 Education21

2.4.12 Governance.21

3.0 Methodology...23

3.0.1 Introduction.23

3.0.2 Subjects of the study23

3.1 Nature and sources of data23

3.1.1 Secondary data23

3.1.2 Primary data...23

3.2 Methods of data analysis and presentation.24

3.3 Study area: Kisumu city.25

4.0 References29

5.0 Appendice.30

interview schedules and questionnnaires31

TABLE OF FIGURES

Fig 1.Kisumu County facts and figures14 Fig 2. Kisumu city map..15

Fig 3.Kisumu administrative units16

Fig 4.Kisumu city in google earth26

Fig 5.Map of Kisumu city within Kisumu county..28

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1.0

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Tourism is Kenyas premier foreign exchange earner contributing to more than10 % of the GDP and also helping employ a big number of the countrys labour force of whom cannot be absorbed by other sectors of the economy. Tourism can be used to bring many broader benefits that will contribute to the economic and social well-being of local communities as well as to individuals. It can be used as the focus of regeneration of urban and rural areas by providing a catalyst for growth in an area thus raising its profile and stabilizing out-migration from that particular area, it can also provide opportunities for retraining for the resident workforce and help to diversify over-specialized economies; and help maintain and expand underused sports and recreation facilities in urban areas. The revenue generated by tourism can help to: support and enhance local services and facilities such as shops and pubs, particularly in rural areas; secure the retention or upgrading of public services such as public transport, health centers and libraries; support a broader and more vibrant and active community by attracting arts, sports or cultural events;aid diversification within the rural economy; and underpin the quality of the local environment and facilitate further enjoyment of it by residents and visitors. These benefits can be particularly valuable in rural areas as they may provide amenities that people would otherwise not have access to. Tourism depends heavily on the natural and built environment and can also be the key to maintaining and enhancing the environment: The economic benefits of tourism in particular can help to sustain and improve both the natural and built physical environment. Derelict land and buildings may be brought back into use and the countryside can be better maintained. Visitors to historic buildings, archaeology and landscapes can provide income or voluntary effort which help maintain and conserve such assets. In rural areas the health of the environment and of the community depends on the viability of the local economy. So areas which attract visitors for their scenic beauty and which enjoy income from tourism will be better able to afford to sustain the local environment. Proposals involving high quality design improve the visual and environmental experience for visitors and the local community alike. 1.1 Problem statement Despite the robust growth and development being experienced in the tourism sector in the country there is really nothing to write home about when you look at the value of tourism in western Kenya.Kisumu being the principal city in particular.It is in regard to this that I decided to carry out this study of Unlocking The Potential of Kisumu City as a major tourism destination I hope at the end of my study to come up with what really is standing between Kisumu and big tourists numbers and from there I will give what I see as the best recommendations to navigate through those bottlenecks.
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Tourism is one aspect of the economy that can be created out of nothing unlike lets say industrialization which require massive investments in various sectors,so to her achieve the objectives of this study I will bring forth recommendations that will help incorporate all stakeholders in the interest of tourism in Kisumu city, from Municipal council role in creating a favourable investment destination and the ministry of tourism in its various roles form policy recommendations to funding. 1.2 Purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to find out how we can help unlock the potential of Kisumu City to make it a premier tourist destination not just in Kenya but the world over. In the study I will look at the areas of interest in terms of Tourism activities that are to be found in Kisumu or the surrounding areas and analyse their level of utilization in terms of tourism activities. I will also look at how different shareholders and stakeholders can be identified and brought on board to facilitate the development of tourism as the main employer and earner in Kisumu city. And in developing a comprehensive tourism framework for Kisumu City it should be one that is sustainable having minimal effect on the environment and issue of wetland along the beaches of lake victoria need to be kept in mind in terms of tourism development, as these places have a pull on investors who want to put up beach hotels and villas there is need to protect the wetlands around this places. I will also advocate for involvement of the people in developing the tourism sector so that we can have all the people on board and ensure that the citizens of Kisumu city are the ones who will achieve maximum benefit. 1.3 Objectives The main objective of this study is to identify the Citys tourism resources ,their potentials and levels of utilization and develop a comprehensive framework for their effective utilization for sustainable socioeconomic growth. The specific Objectives are as follows: To analyse development issues, identify problems and potentials areas in the city which require

intervention by key stakeholders. To find out the main tourist attraction sites in the city. To find out how Kisumu City can be marketed as an investment and a tourist destination.
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To develop a framework for drawing up Sectoral and site specific plans, programmes and projects

for implementation in the county. 1.3.1 Research Hypothesis Its a process of drawing conclusion about population based on information contained in a sample estimate. Null Hypothesis: There is Not enough tourism potential and attraction sites in Kisumu judged by lack of enough hotels. Alternative Hypothesis: There is tourism potential and attraction sites in Kisumu 1.3.2 Research Questions These are questions that attempt to respond to the research study; therefore the study focuses its attention on the following questions; 1. 2. 3. 4. What are the main development issues in Kisumu City? What inhibits development and what are some potentials of growth? How can Kisumu City be marketed as an investment and tourism destination? How can a comperehensive tourism development plan for Kisumu city be made?

1.4 Scope of the study The scope of this study is limited to Kisumu City in particular and the Western Tourism Circuit in general as Kisumu City happens to be the gateway to the western tourism circuit most of attractions may be in in places neighbouring Kisumu but I will have them in this study as they can be accessed through Kisumu city which has various transport infrastructures such as the railway, an international airport and also major roads providing connection with adjacent towns such as Kericho, Kakamega, Homa-Bay, Kisii, Siaya, Busia, Kapsabet, Eldoret and the sugar belt satellite townships of Muhoroni, Awasi, Chemelil, Miwani and Nandi Hills. Being on the convergence point of the Trans African Highway, Kisumu is well connected with Uganda and Tanzania and by extension Rwanda, Burundi and Congo DRC in the west, Zambia to the south and Sudan to the north. Its geographic position and its cosmopolitan profile, places the city strategically as a competitive growth centre in the emergent age of technological and economic development.
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1.5 Study justification Kisumu city is a city faced with various development challenges from poor infrastructure ,lack of adequate water and sanitation facilities ,the poverty level is among the highest in the country, there is a high rate of HIV/AIDS prevalence and also chronic unemployment most of the residents are employed in the informal economy that is boda boda, Jua kali, water vending among others. With Tourism development and promotion Kisumu can be given the much needed shot of life, Tourism will help in achievements of many developmental goals from provinsion of employment,improvement of infrastructure among others,tourism will also generate jobs both directly and indirectly in other complimentary sectors of the economy as tourism is an activity capable of multiplier effect so its development will also lead to the development of housing and construction industries among others. To ensure that the potential of Kisumu City as a major tourism destination is realised there is need to do a lot of things in regard to marketing of Kisumu city as not only a tourism destination but also an investment destination. Kisumu has a lot of potential in regard to tourism that is from water sports,boating clubs,sport fishing ,art galleries, lake side villas and cottages among many others.It is through undertaking this study that I will come up with ways to appraisse and help promote tourism in Kisumu city and the western tourism circuit in general. Kisumu is among the United nations millenium city initiatives that aims to create more livable and sustainable cities capable of providing good living conditions to the locals and visitors alike and it is through economic activities like tourism that we can be able to meet this goals because tourism unlike industrialization is not that capital intensive and can be done with community involvement. Development and success of tourism in Kisumu city and the western tourism circuit in general will work towards getting more people employed as the hotels and lodges that will be created will need manpower to run and also local businesses will be promoted due to more money being injected to the local economy through expenditure of the tourists.

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEWS Tourism- is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited." The demand for travel to cities has greatly increased over the last few decades. While many travel for business or convention purposes, others are traveling on leisure time to learn about other cultures, to develop their specific interests, and to seek entertainment. But what exactly are the specific elements of the urban tourism product that determine the attractiveness of a city for visitors? In his book Urban Tourism: The Visitor Economy and the Growth of Large Cities, Christopher Law examines the relationship between tourism and urban areas. He distinguishes between primary, secondary, and additional elements of a citys tourism resources. Primary elements provide the main reasons why tourists visit cities. Secondary elements such as accommodation and shopping as well as additional elements like transportation or tourist information are also very important for the success of urban tourism, but are not the main attractor of visitors. The following are key elements that can enhance the visitor-friendliness in urban areas. 2.1.0 Historic Districts Historic attributes of buildings, streetscapes, neighbourhoods, and special landmarks emphasize the local character of an area. Historic districts are generally very pedestrian friendly with a mix of attractions and amenities that are easily accessible. Beyond their educational component, they also generate a sense of place and provide the urban visitor with memorable experiences. Thus, cities blessed with heritage as a selling point are advantaged when looking to develop their tourism product. 2.1.1Waterfronts Not matter if it is for transportation, industry, or entertainment, urban waters have always attracted people out of necessity or pleasure. Lately, cities and private investors are paying increased attention to waterfronts because they pose a variety of opportunities for tourism, economic, and community development. San Antonio (TX) is probably one of the most classic examples in the US for successful
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riverfront development. San Antonios capitalized on the citys main attraction, the water, which creates aesthetic and entertainment value while at the same time generating tourist dollars for the city. 2.1.2 Convention Centres and Exhibitions Convention Centers and Exhibitions are often regarded as one of the staples of city tourism. In some cities, up to forty percent of those staying overnight have come for this type of business tourism. Convention Centers and Exhibitions are perceived to be strong growth sectors in which the visitor spends an above average amount and which operate for most of the year. Employment, publicity, image improvement, and urban regeneration are benefits that generally justify the big financial investment for those centers. Besides these advantages, it is important to remember that the conference business cannot be separated from the rest of the tourism industry particularly because most participants are also seeking urban amenities in an exciting environment. 2.1.3 Festivals and Events Festivals and Events have become an increasingly popular means for cities to boost tourism. They range in size and scale from one time events like the World Exhibition or the Olympics to annual events like Folk Music Festivals or Gallery Nights. Spectacles like that are important, however, their impact upon

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the citys tourist industry depends on the attendance, and the type and number of outside visitors.

2.1.4 Special Visitor Districts Special visitor districts are places where a combination of visitor attractions such as cultural, amusements, or sports facilities are clustered in one location. These districts are not merely a strategy to attract tourists and provide better amenities for local residents, but one that can be used to facilitate urban renewal. Special visitor districts enable visitors to move easily from one attraction to another, and, if this is known in advance, may encourage more visitors to come to the city due to a critical mass of attractions). In many parts of the world, special visitor districts have been the anchor for regenerated dockland zones. In Baltimore, for instance, the Inner Harbor was planned with three such attractions: an aquarium, a science museum and a viewing platform at the top of the World Trade Center. According to
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the Baltimore Area Convention and Visitors Association, the total number of out-of-town visitors was almost 12 million. These guests spent an estimated $2.9 billion. 2.1.5 Tourism Employees and Residents as City Advocates Friendliness is probably one of the most important sociocultural features of the tourism product. Professionalism and excellence of service offered to visitors start with friendliness. Key factors in visitors decision to visit a place are friendly, hospitable people. Thats what people remember and thats what they come back for. Responsibility for the Welcome, however, does not rest solely with tourism employees. Each and every person working and living in the city, who has contact with visitors, should market themselves to the kind of visitors needed to bring more dollars to restaurants, hotels, museum and other entertaining places. If urban tourism wants to continue to grow and prosper, everyone, from the cab driver to the storeowner and the resident, should act as a tourism agent and provide their guests with positive memorable experiences. 2.1.6 Retail and Catering Facilities Although shopping and restaurants are regarded as a secondary element of tourism, it is still an important part of the tourism economy since visitors spend a significant amount of time and money on shopping and eating. Shopping, for instance, has for some visitors become a leisure activity where they tour stores with no specific purpose in mind. For others, it is more like a sport where they go from store to store and see if there are different goods on sale at the destination compared to home. Cities that add retail stores or restaurants to their downtown or to special facilities like airports, train stations, or casinos, experience positive economic impacts that not only apply to one location, but spill over and trickle down to other areas of the city. 2.2 CASE STUDIES 2.2.1 NICE (FRANCE) Nice is the fifth most populous city in France, after Paris, Marseille, Lyon and Toulouse, with a population of 348,721 within its administrative limits on a land area of 71.92 km2 (28 sq mi). The urban area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of more than 955,000 on an area of 721 km2 (278 sq mi). Located on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast. The city is called Nice la Belle (Nissa La Bella in Niard), which means Nice the Beautiful, which is also the title of the unofficial anthem of Nice, written by Menica Rondelly in 1912. Nice is the capital of
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the Alpes Maritimes dpartement and the second biggest city of the Provence-Alpes-Cte d'Azur region after Marseille. The area of todays Nice is believed to be among the oldest human settlements in Europe. One of the archaeological sites, Terra Amata, displays evidence of a very early use of fire. Around 350 BC, Greeks of Marseille founded a permanent settlement and called it Nikaia, after Nike, the goddess of victory. Culturally and architecturally enriched over time, today Nice has become a truly cosmopolitan tourist destination. The spectacular natural beauty of the Nice area and its mild Mediterranean climate came to the attention of the English upper classes in the second half of the 18th century, when an increasing number of aristocratic families took to spending their winter there. The citys main seaside promenade, the Promenade des Anglais (the Walkway of the English) owes its name to the earliest visitors to the resort.For decades now, the picturesque Nicean surroundings have attracted not only those in search of relaxation, but also those seeking inspiration. The clear air and soft light has been of particular appeal to some of Western cultures most outstanding painters, such as Marc Chagall, Henri Matisse. Their work is commemorated in many of the citys museums, including Muse Marc Chagall, Muse Matisse and Muse des Beaux-Arts Jules Chret. The climate and landscape are still what attracts most visitors today. It has the second largest hotel capacity in the country and its the second-most visited place in France after Paris, receiving 4 million tourists every year.It also has the second busiest airport in France after Paris and two convention centres dedicated to business tourism. The city also has a university, several business districts and some major cultural facilities, such as museums, a national theatre, an opera house with a regional library and several concert halls and casinos. 2.2.2 Metropolitan detroit Tourism in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan is a significant factor for the region's culture and for its economy, comprising nine percent of the area's two million jobs. About 15.9 million people visit Metro Detroit annually, spending an estimated $4.8 billion. Detroit is one of the largest American cities and metropolitan regions to offer casino resort hotels. Leading multi-day events throughout Metro Detroit attract super-sized crowds of hundreds of thousands to over three million people. Detroit is at the center of an emerging Great Lakes Megalopolis. An estimated 46 million people live within a 300-mile (480 km) radius of Metro Detroit.
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The metropolitan region's tourism industry depends on drawing large crowds with quality attractions and entertainment in order to positively impact the local economy. As the world's traditional automotive center, the city hosts the annual North American International Auto Show in January, a multi-day event. Other major multi-day events that reflect the region's culture such as the Motown Winter Blast and the Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival, typically held the last week of June, can draw supersized-crowds of hundreds of thousands to over three million people. Metro Detroit is one of thirteen U.S. cities with teams from four major sports. Besides its casino resort hotels, the region's leading attraction is The Henry Ford, America's largest indoor-outdoor museum complex, a museum entertainment complex with an IMAX theater next to the Automotive Hall of Fame in Dearborn. The Detroit Zoo in Royal Oak has an Arctic Ring of Wildlife exhibit with an underwater viewing tunnel that includes the largest polar bear exhibit in the U.S. Together, The Henry Ford, the Detroit Institute of Arts, and the Zoo attract about 2,500,000 visitors annually. 2.3 Physical location Kisumu City is located in Kisumu county constitutes 2 constituencies (Kisumu Town East, Kisumu Town West) Kisumu County borders Vihiga to the North, Nandi County to the North East, Kericho County to the East, Nyamira to the South, Homa Bay to the South West and Siaya to the West. Kisumu has a very well developed road transport connection with adjacent towns such as Kericho, Kakamega, Homa-Bay, Kisii, Siaya, Busia, Kapsabet, Eldoret and the sugar belt satellite townships of Muhoroni, Awasi, Chemelil, Miwani and Nandi Hills. Being on the convergence point of the Trans African Highway, Kisumu is well connected with Uganda and Tanzania and by extension Rwanda, Burundi and Congo DRC in the west, Zambia to the south and Sudan to the north. Its geographic position and its cosmopolitan profile, places the city strategically as a competitive growth centre in the emergent age of technological and economic development.

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Fig 1.Kisumu County facts and figures 2.3.1 Topography Kisumu City falls within 25 km south of the equator. The town has an altitude of approximately 1131m above the sea level. The city is located in a relatively flat plain as you approach the winam gulf of Lake Victoria.

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Fig 2. Kisumu city map 2.3.2 Climate Kisumu is warm to hot all year round(83F),tropical climate with rainfall between the months of march and june and in november and the rainfall varies between 258 to 860 (mm/month). 2.3.3 Soils The soil in the area is typically reddish or brownish lateritic soils. They are thin, drain freely, have a friable texture with layers of cellular ironstone and a high risk of contaminant migration into the shallow aquifer. The main aquifer for the ground water is encountered at depth of 30-100m.

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2.3.4 Administrative units The municipality is divided into twenty five sub-locations namely Kondele, Nyalenda A and B, Kogony, Kasule among others as shown in the map below. .

Fig 3.Kisumu administrative units

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2.4 Situational analysis of Kisumu city 2.4.1Administration Kisumu has a large mandate but it lacks the capacity to meet the demands of its residents and the private sector. This is due to highly centralised decision making, inefficiency in revenue collection and low human resource capacities. he Municipal Council of Kisumu (MCK) has 11 departments with 1,400 staff. The staffing is bottom-heavy, with numerous unskilled staff in the lower tiers and weak capacity in middle management, limiting the councils ability to implement programmed activities. Capacity building and staff development have traditionally been given a low priority and there is no training policy. Administrative performance is further compromised because of low staff morale due to recurring salary arrears. At times excessive interference from self-interested councillors unduly affects the city administration, and town clerks in particular have fallen victim to political interference, leading to high turnover and slow implementation of programmed activities. During the 2004-2005 nancial year, the expenditure estimates were as follows: 57% wage bill, 30% operations and maintenance, 6% debt resolution and 6% Local Authority Service Delivery Action Plan (LASDAP) projects. The MCK could improve its administration by decentralising, strengthening the nancial and revenue mobilisation capacity, enhancing service delivery, and facilitating collaboration and coordination among dierent urban stakeholders. 2.4.2 Urban planning The Physical Planning Act of 1996 places planning responsibilities on local authorities and the MCK faces real challenges. he city has undergone several changes, such as the extension of the city boundaries to include a land area that is predominantly rural. Increasing pressure from the rising informal sector poses a further challenge, as does the exclusion of slum dwellers from planning processes (which are not participatory, although some changes are beginning to emerge). The land ownership structures in slums complicate planning interventions, as they are mainly freehold structures rather than leasehold. he MCK
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has only recently established a planning department with a system for data collection and analysis based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The department has been computerised, but it lacks the nancial and qualied human resources for participatory planning procedures that cater for the entire city rather than just the wealthier neighbourhoods. 2.4.3 The economic situation The informal sector and urban agriculture are important players in Kisumus economic landscape, but economic development of the city is still controlled by the central government and there are few trickledown eects. Further, Kisumu has not been spared from the eects of various national trends: a stagnating economy, soaring unemployment and increased poverty. The citys industrial base is performing badly and many industries have closed down, while the ocial unemployment rate is 30%. The MCK collects only about 50% of its revenue potential despite a wide tax base. he main sources of revenue are property taxes, land rents, business licences and the Local Authorities Transfer Fund (LATF). Corruption and lack of computerisation constrain revenue collection and must be addressed in a holistic way. There is also a need to improve the image of the city in order to attract investment. 2.4.4 Informal and private sectors In Kisumu, 52% of the working population is engaged in informal sector activities, eking out an existence with monthly wages ranging from US$ 40-50. The majority are engaged in transport, petty sales, repairs, carpentry, metalwork and other small-scale businesses. In addition, 50% of population is involved in urban agriculture and livestock keeping, which dominate the peri-urban landscape. The private sector has been in decline as many industries have downscaled or even closed down. New strategies are needed to revive these industries. Kisumu has many advantages for private sector development, such as good road, air and water linkages, and untapped resource potential. There is a need for broad-based partnerships; some have already emerged and proven successful. Both the informal and the private sector need to be coordinated and regulated in an innovative and participatory way to benet all the communities in Kisumu. 2.4.5 Urban poverty

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Urban poverty is prevalent in Kisumu as 60% of residents live in slums characterised by lack of planning, high densities (150 housing units/hectare), poor infrastructure and a shortage of basic services such as water, sanitation and electricity. Many slum dwellers experience acute security and health problems and depend on the informal sector for survival. They also lack access to health services, transport and communication. Nearly half of Kisumus total population live in absolute poverty, which is much higher than the national average of 29%. he city also experiences exceptionally high food poverty (53%) one of the highest rates in the country despite urban agriculture being widespread. These are perturbing developments, and equitable and ecient urban governance, including pro-poor policies and broad-based partnerships, are needed to address Kisumus poverty. 2.4.6 Urban infrastructure and basic services There are great disparities in the distribution of urban infra-structure and basic services between slums and higher income areas. While the latter are well served, most slums remain largely unserviced. The poor are forced to rely on the private and informal sectors to provide them with housing, water and electricity. The road network is also extremely decient, excluding many slums from easy access to the city centre and other strategic areas. In addition, health care and education are becoming increasingly privatised, and hence unaordable for the poor. Since the council is unable to meet the demands on its own, it needs to become a facilitator with an enabling role that harnesses the full potential of dierent stakeholders by creating favourable structures for partnerships and participation. 2.4.7 Sanitation Sanitation is not well organised in Kisumu the refuse collection eciency is a mere 20%. Wealthier neighbourhoods have their refuse collected whereas slums are largely neglected. Kisumu also has only 10% sewerage coverage. The majority of slum dwellers are forced to rely on pit latrines that are overused and not adequately maintained. The MCK struggles with a lack of refuse collection facilities and low operational eciency. Many dumpsites are next to residential houses, causing health problems and intolerable living conditions. Plastic waste is a particular nuisance as it causes livestock deaths and blocks storm water drains. Between 60-65% of the total amount of waste collected in Kisumu is organic,
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which presents enormous potential for recycling. Many positive small-scale reuse and recycling initiatives are taking place and these should be further encouraged. There is a need for an environmental awareness campaign educating the residents to take more responsibility for their own waste, as well as to develop broad-based partnerships for waste management. 2.4.8 Public transport Matatus are the main form of motorised public transport and bicycle taxis, commonly known as boda boda, are the most common form of non-motorised transport. Boda bodas are a signicant income earner for poor youth, but no bicycle tracks or parking bays exist; safety is a major issue since the bicycles cause most trafc accidents in the city. However, boda bodas offer a cheap and environmentally friendly mode of transport that poorer groups can afford and they consequently need to be urgently incorporated into the citys transport system. The matatus and taxis are viewed as quite disorderly and are perceived to have little regard for trafc and safety regulations. Buses mainly serve as an inter-city mode of transport. There is a need to institutionalise an urban transport planning and management framework within the MCK, as well as improve safety on Kisumus roads and develop effective responses to the mobility needs of all transport users. 2.4.9 Sources of energy The Kenya Power and Lighting Company provides electricity throughout Kenya. Most slum dwellings are without electricity and occupants use paran lamps, tin lamps, batteries and candles for lighting, and kerosene or charcoal for cooking. These fuels negatively impact the environment and human health, causing air pollution and respiratory diseases. There is a need to look for alternative energy sources and ensure more equitable energy provision. 2.4.10 Health The most common diseases in Kisumu are HIV/AIDS, malaria, upper respiratory tract infections, water-borne illnesses and diarrhoea. HIV/AIDS is the largest threat and is generally attributed to rising levels of poverty and lack of access to health facilities. A comparatively high cost of medical care and insucient drugs exacerbate the existing health conditions. The city has a provincial general hospital
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and branches of leading private hospitals such as the Aga Khan. However, while middle- and highincome groups rely on private clinics, the poorer groups are forced to make do with substandard health facilities. More health clinics, even mobile clinics, are needed in order to ensure better access, to improve awareness of common diseases (and how to prevent and treat them), and especially to combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic. 2.4.11 Education Kisumu has an adult literacy rate of 48%, which is low compared to the national average of 85%. Only 25% of the urban poor have attained secondary education. Kisumu has 140 primary schools but only 23secondary schools. In addition, there are two universities, the distance-learning colleges of Kenyatta and Nairobi Universities, a labour college and several private colleges. The existing educational facilities are inadequate for the increasing population, and there are great inequalities in teaching standards and services between government-run and private schools. The schools also suer from gender disparities since girls are less likely to complete primary and secondary school. There is a need to upgrade the existing educational facilities and improve accessibility for the poor by establishing more government-run primary and secondary schools. There is also a need to address the gender disparities. 2.4.12 Governance Governance in Kisumu is facing a number of challenges as the city attempts to recover from years of neglect (due to its status as an opposition stronghold), address corruption and political interference, and respond to reforms within the Kenyan local authority framework. The Municipal Council of Kisumu (MCK) also has to address its poor revenue collection, high rates of poverty and the exclusion of slum communities in urban decision making. Additionally, it has to manage the newly emerging partnerships and the increasing donor interest in an ecient and meaningful way. The MCK is ill-equipped to respond to these challenges in a holistic manner as it lacks the nancial and human resource capacities. The council has poor performance in revenue collection and its nancial problems are compounded by highly centralised decision making. The Ministry of Local Government supervises the MCK, inuencing its spending priorities and policies, and disregarding eorts towards decentralisation. On the human resource side, the MCK has weak capacity in middle management and lacks technically qualied sta.
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There is no training policy for the council sta or systematic measuring of performance. Further, political inuences still have adverse impacts the elected council and its executive have caused a high turnover of town clerks, and this has a destabilising inuence. The council is not able to involve all its diverse citizenry in the citys aairs, although positive developments are taking place. There are civil society organisations that operate in Kisumu but they require coordination to maximise their potential. The council has several advantages that will assist it in its mission towards improved governance. These include newly emerging partnerships and a common vision known as the City Development Strategy (CDS), developed with leadership from civil society and participants from the public and private sectors.

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3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.0.1Introduction This section describes the procedure that was followed in conducting the study. As noted by Mugenda and Mugenda (1999), the steps involved in conducting a research study should be clearly outlined to help other researchers in understanding one`s study. This section presents the nature and sources of data, preparation for actual data collection, sampling design, field methods of data collection, data analysis and presentation techniques 3.0.2 Subjects of the study This will show all the involved stakeholders who will entirely be involved in the successful completion of this study and they include the following: Ministry of Tourism Kenivest Nema Municipal Council of Kisumu KWS Community Based Organisations (CBOs) Residents and Visitors to Kisumu(Households)

3.1 Nature and sources of Data In the survey, both primary and secondary sources and methods of data collection were used. The data collection involved both qualitative and quantitative techniques. 3.1.1 Secondary Data Secondary data was obtained through Literature review of the existing work by various scholars and also case studies of various projects that have been carried out in other places in the world that are similar to our area of study area ,we also used the internet to get some more information about the study area. 3.1.2 Primary data Primary data was collected directly from the field using the following techniques
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i) questionnaires Questionnaires were administered to the respondents and were answered in written forms I had questionnaires administered to the different stakeholders thats is the subjects mentioned above. ii) Oral interviews Part of the data was collected through questioning of the respondents, either individually or in groups example in interviewing of key informants, answers were then written down.

iii) Observation This involved physically observing phenomenon as we were at the field it involved watching and recording of behavior and characteristics of subjects, objects or phenomenon that was relevant to the study. iv) Time schedules This involved a schedule that had the breakdown of what I was to do on different days during the study it was meant to ensure there existed order as I carried out the study and no time is wasted. v) Key informants Relevant questions and cases were presented to key informants around Kisumu City this included Ministry of tourism,KenInvest ,KWS ,Community Based Organisations (CBOs)

vi) Photographs, and explanatory site visits to the attraction sites. vii) Sampling Techniques. The study used stratified sampling whereby each constituency in Kisumu had a specified number of questionnaires to be administered. Within these constituencies, simple random sampling and convenient sampling method were used. 3.2 Methods of data analysis and presentation The data collected was analysed qualitatively through the use of SPSS (Statistics package of Social Sciences) this was by means, averages and percentages. The presentation of the data will be done by the use of the following methods. a) Tabular format Here, the data is displayed in tables. This will help provide the summary of the tables in figures. It will also provide the reader with sufficient interpretation.
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b)

Graphic presentation This will bring about more understanding and interpretation of the data which will be presented

graphically by use of pie charts, bar graphs and also maps. c) Pictures To demonstrate the reality on the ground, different scenarios of features on the ground will be captured and presented by use of pictures. d) Descriptive Some survey results will be presented in a descriptive or a narrative manner. The method will also enable the interpretation of the information in tables and graphs. e) Report The analysed information will be compiled and presented through typed and printed report. This will also contain the entire study including the final proposals that we will forward 3.3 STUDY AREA: KISUMU CITY Kisumu is a port city in western Kenya at 1,131 m (3,711 ft.), lying between latitudes 0 6` 0``S and longitude 34 45`0`` E with a total landmass of 919 km2 and a population of 388,311 (2009 census). It is the third largest city in Kenya, the principal city of western Kenya, the immediate former capital of Nyanza Province and the headquarters of Kisumu County. It has a municipal charter but no city charter. It is the largest city in Nyanza region and second most important city after Kampala in the greater Lake Victoria basin. The port was founded in 1901 as the main inland terminal of the Uganda Railway and named Port Florence. Although trade stagnated in the 1980s and 1990s, it is again growing around oil exports. Kisumu literally means a place of barter trade "sumo"

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Fig 4.Kisumu city in google earth.

History Kisumu was identified by the British explorers in early 1898 as an alternative railway terminus and port for the Uganda railway, then under construction. It was to replace Port Victoria, then an important centre on the caravan trade route, near the delta of River Nzoia. Kisumu was ideally located on the shores of Lake Victoria at the cusp of the Winam Gulf, at the end of the caravan trail from Pemba, Mombasa, Malindi and had the potential for connection to the whole of the Lake region by steamers. In July 1899, the first skeleton plan for Kisumu was prepared. This included landing places and wharves along the northern lake shore, near the present day Airport Road. Demarcations for Government buildings and retail shops were also included in the plan. Another plan was later prepared in May, 1900, when plots were allocated to a few European firms as well as to Indian traders who had travelled to Kisumu on contracts to build the Uganda Railway and had decided to settle at the expanding terminus. The plan included a flying boat jetty (now used by the Fisheries Department). In October 1900, the 62-ton ship Sir William Mackinnon,1st Baronet, built and
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registered in Kisumu, made its maiden voyage to Entebbe , marking the beginning of the Lake Marine Services. The Winfred and the Sybil were later added to the fleet in 1902 and 1904, respectively. On Friday, December 20, 1901, the railway line reached the Kisumu pier, with the centre adopting a new name, Port Florence. By February, the railway line had been opened for goods and passenger transportation. Kisumu was also privileged to host the first flight in East and Central Africa; the current police workshop was the first hangar in Kenya and entire East Africa. Before the jet airline era, the city was a landing point on the British flying boat passenger and mail route from Southampton to Cape Town. Kisumu also linked Port Bell to Nairobi. In 1903, the township boundaries were gazetted and some 12,000 acres, including water, set aside for its development. The new township reverted to its original name, Kisumu, in substitution of Port Florence. At this time, there was an Old Kisumu', that consisted of two rows of Stalls (Dukas) on Mumias Road, north of the Gulf. It was later demolished in the twenties when new plots became available on Odera and Ogada Streets in the present day Kisumu, hence the new area acquired the name New Bazaar'. By the 1930's and 40's, the city had become a leading East African centre for Commerce, Administrative and Military installations. In the 1960s the population of Asians in relation to Locals was significantly higher. The town was elevated to the status of a Municipal Board in 1940 and later to a Municipal Council in 1960. In the early sixties, very little development took place in Kisumu, with an acute shortage realized in dwelling houses, shops and offices. The situation was later made worse by the influx of locals into the town following the declaration of independence in 1963 The citys growth and prosperity slowed down temporarily in 1977, as a result of the collapse of the East African Community. However, the city spurred with the reformation of the community in 1996 and with its designation as a "city." The port has been stimulated by the transformation of international business and trade, as well as the shipments of goods destined for Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda and Democratic Republic of Congo.

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Currently, Kisumu is one of the fastest growing cities in Kenya. It is thriving with rich sugar and rice irrigation industries, whose contribution to the National economy is immense due to its natural resources and as the epicentre for business in East Africa

Fig 5.Map of Kisumu city within Kisumu county

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4.0 REFERENCES 1. Mugenda and Mugenda (1999).Research Questions. 2. Law, Christopher. 2002. Urban Tourism: The Visitor Economy and the Growth of Large Cities. London: Continuum. 3. Sustainable Coastal tourism: An integrated planning and management approach. UNEP manual on sustainable Tourism. 4. MCK - Kisumu City Development Strategy, 2004

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5.0 APPENDICE Interview schedule Ministry of Tourism 1. What is it that you do as a ministry? 2. What are the major Tourist attractions in Kisumu City? 3. What do you do as a ministry to promote and market these sites? 4. How can community and people of the county be involved with development of Tourism? 5. What are the unexploited Tourism attraction activities/sites? 6. What measures have you taken to develop tourism in western Kenya particularly Kisumu county 7. What is the available bed space of Kisumu city and what is the current demand for hotel accommodation and tourists arrival? 8. What is the future prospect of tourism in Kisumu City? Ken Invest 1. What is it that you do as an organization? 2. Who are your target market/clients? 3. What are some of your achievements as an organization in this region? 4. Which are the main areas of investment particularly in the tourism sector in this city? Municipal Council 1. What do you do as an organization? 2. Do you incorporate planning for tourism in your development plans? 3. What are the main tourist attraction sites in your area of jurisdiction? 4. Do you do any marketing of Kisumu as an investment destination especially in the hotel industry sector? 5. If YES how do you market it? 6. Kisumu being a lake port with a big mass of water, what are some of the public beaches available? 7. How suitable are these beaches for public use (infrastructure ,security ,health) 8. What is the future prospect of Tourism in Kisumu City but the city proper in particular? Ministry of Environment/Nema 1. What is it that you do as a ministry/organization?
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2. What are the environmental sensitive sites in the county requiring protection? 3. Challenges facing protection of these sites? 4. Impacts of Tourism activities on the environment in Kisumu city? 5. Mitigation measures to address environmental decay? Household Interview Questionnaire 1. (a) How many tourist sites and facilities do you know? (b) Name a few. (c) How many times have you visited these sites? (d)How affordable are they? 1. Cheap 2. Expensive 3. Very expensive (e)Are these sites accessible to anyone? 1. Yes 2. No

(f)If No what is the reason?

2. Do you benefit directly from tourists and tourism? a)Yes b).No

3. If yes, explain how? 4. How does tourism affect you? 5. What do you think needs to be done to promote tourism in Kisumu? 6. Has tourism affected your culture in any way? a) Yes b) No 7. If Yes explain how 8. What are some of the effects of Tourism to the environment?
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