200 Engineering Physics
are also sometimes used for sensing vibrations, pressure,
acceleration, or concentrations of chemical
species.
+ The types of optical fibre sensors, namely intrinsic sensors and
extrinsic
intrinsic sensors, the sensing mediunm is itselfa fibre. So the propagating sensors, were discussed. In the
light never
is altered by an external phenomenon. On the other hand, in the ex leaves the fibre and
trinsic
and its collection is done by the fibre. Thus the propagating light leaves sensors, the delivery of light
the fibre, is altered in some
way, and is collected by the same or another fibre. The extrinsic sensors are
used to measure vibration.
rotation, displacement, velocity, acceleration, torque, and twisting.
+ Another application of fibres is in optical fibre connectors and couplers. Optical
fibre devices that are used for coupling light from one or several input fibres to filbre couplers are
one or several output
fibres. Optical fibre couplers can distribute the optical signal (power) from one fibre among
more fibres. The fibre couplers also have applications in fibre interferomcters, cable TV system,twofibre or
ring lasers, etc.
SoLVED ExAMPLES
ExAMPLE 1 The refractive indices for core and cladding fora step index fibre are 1.52 and 1.41 respectively.
Calculate (i) critical angle (ii) numerical aperture and (ii) the maximum incidence angle.
SouTION Given uoare U 1.52, uead , = 1.41
Critical angle (@)= sin-! 2
Numerical aperture (NA) = Vui-ui) and
Maximum incidence angle (8,) = sin'yui-u))
1.41]
() 6, = sin-! 1.52 J 68.06°
or e -68. 1
(iü) NA=Nui- ui)=Vo.52)°-1.41² =0.5677
-0.568
(iii) 6,-sin'lNui-ui)= sin'Va.52 -0.41
-sin |0.568|
O,34.59 - 34.69
ExaNPLE 2
Find out the numerical aperture and acceptance angle of an optical fibre, ifthe refractive indices
for core and cladding are 1.6 and 1.5, respectively.
SownIoN Given one A, 16. Holad"M21.5
Numerical aperture (NA) - vui-)
Acceptance angle (0,) - sin'Iy-- ui))
fibre Optics 201
NA= N.6)' - (1.5) =vo.31 =0.556
Or
NM- 0.556
e, sin (0.556) =33.78°
ExaMPLE 3 A light ray enters from
index of core is equal to I.5 and that air to a fibre. The refractive index of air is 1.0. The fibre has refractive
ofcladding
the acceptance angle and numerical aperture. is 1.48. Find the critical angle. the fractional refractive index,
SoLuTION Given -Mo = 1.0, ueore =1.5, Melad H,= 148
Critical angle (6) =sin2
Fractional refractive index (Au.)
Acceptance angle (0,) =sin LV(ui-u~))
Numercial aperture (NA )= v(u-u~)
. = sin -sin 1.50)
-80.63
Or
0. - 80.63°
Au. = 1.50 -1.48
=0.0133
1.48
Au, = 1.33% of light.
NA =N(u-u;) =V0.s0)'- (1.48)* =0.244
8,=sin'Iv(u-u;)]= sin 0.244)
, =14.130
ExaMPLE 4 Calculate the numerical
core and cladding as 1.62 and 1.52, apcrturc and acccptance angle of optical fibre of refractive indices for
respectively.
SoutiON Given ore =U, = 1.62 and oad
1.52
Numerical aperture (NA) = V(u-u) and
Acceptance angle (8,) = sin [N(ui-u))
NA= N.62)' - 1.52)² =[Vo.314)
NA 0.56
0, sin (NA) = sin (0.56) =- 34.06°
, - 34.1°
ExaMPLE 5 Calculate the refractive indices of the
data: NA =0.22, Au, = 0.012, where NA is core and cladding material of a fibre from the
numerical aperture, following
Hoore
Houg and Alad have usual meanings.
202 Engineering Physics
SoLoTION Given: NA = 0,22, Au, 0.012, Leore u and elud
Formula used are
Au, =H2 and NA=Nu-4
Au, =0.012=12=| -
NA =0.22 =Vui- (0.9884, )²
0.0484 - [0.023856]
1.424 -eore
and U, =0.988 u, = 1.41
-1.41-Helad
ExAMPLE 6 The refractive indices for core and cladding for a step index fibre of diameter 0.064 mm are
L.53 and 1.39, respectively. Calculate (i) numerical aperture ofthe fibre (i) acceptance angle (ii) number of
reflections in 90 cm of fibre for a ray at the maximum incidence angle and for one at half this angle.
SowTION Given d =0.064 mm, uoore u,= 1.53 and Llnd - , 1.39
Numerical aperture (NA) =(ui- u;)
Acceptance angle (8,) - sin y(u-u))
Number of reflections (N) =
12
-1
VL sin 0,
NA= N.53) -(1.39)' - 0.639
NA = 0.64
, =sin NA) =sin (0.64) -39.79°
,39,8°
N, at 0, = Oo, then
90
N,
1.53
0.0064| 1x 0.64 ) -I
6476
N, at =.then
6, 2
90 90
N,=
1.53 1.53 )2
0.0064 1x sin 19,9°. -1 00064|o.34) -1
3205.14
N 3205
Fibre Optics 203
ExaMPLE 7 A graded index fibre has a core diameter of 0.05 mm and numerical aperture of 0.22 at a
wavelength of 8500 AWhat are the normalised frequency (V) and number of modes guided in the core?
SouroN Given d = 0.05 mm, NA - 0.22. 2 = 0.00085 mm
Nornaliscd frequcncy (v,) NA and
Maximum number of modesgunded er propagatecd(m) NA
3.14 x0.05 x 10 x 0.22
0.85 x10
-40.63
40.63
and
-825.398
m,825
Examut 8 The refractive indices of coreand cladding of afibre are 1,465 and 1 460,.respectively, and the
light of wavelength 1.25 im is used. What should be the diameter of core for a single mode propagation? If
the core diameter is given as 50 um. how many modes can propagate through the fibre?
SoLuTmoN Given ,o #,-1465. Ag"A, 1460 and A-125 x 10* m.d=y
For single mode propagation, d < x
n NA
Number of modes propagated(om_) NA
Numerical aperture (NA) = V - )
So. NA =NL465)-(1.460) =0.121
d< 2.4x1.25 x10 7.896 >x 10m
3.14x0.121
d<7.9 um
3.14x 50 x10" x0.121
1.25 x10
-Hus197)
230.94
=115.47
Number of modes
= 115
ExAMPLE 9 How many modes can propagate in a step-index fibre with a core diameter as 40 um, if the
refractive indices of its core and cladding are 1.461 and 1.456, respectively, and the light of wavelength is
8500 Å?
204 Engineering Physics
SouumoN Given More 4=1.461, Helad H, = L456, 1=0.85 x 10 m
and d=4.0 x 1o m.
1nd
Maximum mode propagated (m,) -NA
22
and numerical aperture (NA) - N(ui-H;)
So, N4=N1.461y' -1.456)²
NA=0.121
n,, =
13.14 x4.0 x10 -x0.121 =159.83
2 0.85 x 10-6
mm =159
ExAMPLE 10 Consider aslab waveguide made of AI Ga As having refractive indices for core and cladding as
3.6 and 3.55, respectively. Find how many modes can propagate in this waveguide if
() d=52 and (ii) d = 502?
SoLwTioN Given uore =3.6, Helad M, = 3.55
Number
spropagated (on,)- N
of modes |
and numerical aperture (NA) = V(u-ui)
NA =N3.6) -(3.55)² =0.5979
(i) d= 52, then
= 44.06
44
(ii) d= 502, then
13.14 x502Ex05979 =4405.81
mn
, , =4405
ErAMPLE 11 Find out the maximum core diameter of an optical fibre whose core and cladding have refractive
indices as l.460 and 1l.457, respectively, and which supports only one mode at 1.25 x 10*° m wavelength.
SouTION Given: uoore U= 1.460, uolad , = 1.457 and ) = 1,25 x 10 m.
2.42
Diameter of core (d) <
I NA
and numerical aperture (NA) = Vu-)
So NA =N1.46)°-(1.457)' =0.0935
d<.4x1.25 x10-6
3.14 x 0.0935
d< 10.22 um
.. Maximum core diameter = 10.22 um
interference 5
+XaxiS
FIGURE 1.5A
1.4.2 Spatial Coherence
phases of a wave (light) at different points
Spatial coherence is a measure of the correlation betwcen the
difference of the waves orossing the two points lying
transverse to the direction of propagation. If the phase
propagation is independent of time, then the wave is said to
on a plane perpendicular to the directionof wave phase of the wavefront is. In Fig. [Link], a wave traveling
have spatialcoherence. This tells us how uniform the transverse plane and A and B are the two points
along the positive x-direction is shown, where PORS is a
crossing these points at any time have the same
situated on this plane within the waveforms. Let the waves
again the same but equal to o. Under this situation,
phase o and at a later time the phases of the waves are
cohcrcnce.
the waves arc said to havc spatial
X axis
Xaxis
FIGURE 1.5B
1.4.3 Coherence Time and Coherence Length
however,
monochromatic source of light emits radiation of a single frequency (or wavelength). In practice,
A wave,
range of wavelengths. For a single frequency
cven the best source of light emits radiations with a finite called the coherence time. The coherence time is
constant is
the time interval over which the phase remains because the
sinusoidal wave the coherence time is infinity
generally represented by At. In a monochromatic and the distance traveled
practically the coherence time exists
phase remains constant throughout. However, coherence length is
by the light pulses during this coherence time is known as coherencelength AL. The The
constant.
over which the phase of the wave remains
also called the spatial interval, which is the length
other according to the following formula
coherence length and coherence time are related to each
AL = cAt
LO4
1.5 COHERENT SOURCES
of thc samc frcqucncy (or wavclength), ncarly
Two sources of light are said to be coherent, if they emit waves
between them. Laser is a good example of
the same amplitude and maintain a constant phase difference
independent sources which are coherent. This
coherent source. In actual practice, it is not possible to have two
number of atoms. According to the atomic
can be explained as followS. A source of light consists of large
