CNG PT HT HNG AGENT Cu 1:Gii thiu ngn gn v 5 xu hng pht trin trong lch s tnh ton ni chung dn n s ra i ca cng

ngh agent. 5 xu hng pht trin trong lch s tnh ton dn n s ra i ca CN agent Ubiqiulity c tnh c mt khp ni Interconnection kt hp Inteligence Thng minh Delegation- i din/thay th Human oritentation hng con ngi

Cu 2 Agent l g?Cc c trng c bn ca Agent. Phn bit tnh phn ng v tnh ch ng ca agent. nh ngha agent - agent l mt h tnh ton hon chnh hay chung trnh uc t trong mt mi trung nht nh, c kh nng hot ng mt cch t ch v mm do trong mi trung nhm t uc mc ch thit k - Mt agent thng minh l mt h thng my tnh c kh nng hot ng linh hot v t ch trong mi trung. Linh hoat ngha l: Phn ng, ch ng, mang tnh x hi. Cc c trng c bn ca agent tnh t ch kh nng phn ng tnh ch ng kh nng x hi

ngoi ra agent cn c mt s c trng khc nh: Tnh thch nghi v t hc hi; Bn vng trong qu trnh hot ng, Hot ng hung ch, Giao tip v cng tc, Linh hot, Tnh di ng. Phn bit tnh phn ng v tnh ch ng ca Agent Tnh phn ng: l kh nng agent c th nhn bit uc mi trung ( qua b phn cm nhn no ) v da qua nhn bit , agent p ng kp thi nhng thay i xy ra trog mi trung. Tnh phn ng th hin r nht cc agent hot ng trn cc mi trng

c tnh thay i nh Internet, mi trung mng phn tn, mi trung vt l,Phn ng ca mi agent i vi 1 mi trung bn ngoi u hung ti vic thc hin mc tiu ( ch) ca agent . Tnh ch ng: khi c s thay i ca mi trng, agent khng ch phn ng mt cch n gin m cn xc nh mt chui cc hnh ng cn thc hin, bn thn mi agent s ch ng trong vic khi ng v thcj hin chui hnh ng ny Cu 3: c tnh x hi ca agent l g? Cc agent khng ch hung ti ch ring ca mnh m cn c kh nng tung tc vi cc agent khc trong h thng hung ti ch chung ca h thng. Cc hot ng tung tc ny rt a dng bao gm: phi hp, thung lng, cnh tranh. Cu 4: So snh agent v i tng? Agent v h chuyn gia So snh agent v i tng - Xt theo quan im h thng, c th xem mi agent cng l mt i tng nhng mc tru tng cao hn. - S khc bit gia Agent v i tng th hin: Agent Object - Agent c tnh t ch: cc agent c th t quyt nh hnh ng ca mnh m khng hnh ng theo yu cu ca agent khc.

- Agent c tnh hng ch: mi agent c mt ch ring v ch ca cc agent trong mt h thng c th thng nht hay khng tng thch vi nhau. Do agent thng phi thng lng vi nhau mt qu trnh tng tc. - Agent thng minh, c cc hnh vi linh hot da trn cc c trng nh kh nng phn ng, kh nng x hi. - Agent hot ng: mi agent c mt hoc nhiu lung iu khin (thread) ring.

- C kh nng lin h vi cc agent khc tm kim thng tin cng nh nh s h tr hay thng lng.

- Agent s dng ngn ng thng ip chung trao i thng tin vi cc agent khc.

- Object thng b ng hay ni cch khc object l cc thnh phn tnh v s tng tc gia chng ch thng qua cc thng ip. Object ch thc s hot ng khi nhn c li gi hm t cc i tng khc. - i tng khng c mc ch ring, chng cng chia s mc ch chung ca c h thng.

- Object khng c kh nng phn ng v tnh x hi.

- Trong hng i tng cng c iu khin theo lung (thread) nhng khng yu cu mi i tng l c mt thread ring m ngc li c nhiu i tng chung mt thread. - Tng tc thng qua s kch hot ln nhau khng c s lan ta, khi nhn c yu cu, ch thc hin yu cu trong kh nng ca mnh. - Object tng tc vi nhau qua cc thng ip v cc thng ip ca object ch gii hn trong nhng class c lp.

2.Agent v h chuyn gia agent ES( h chuyn gia) Agent c t trong mi trng Agent th hnh ng

Agent c cc c trng ring nh: t ch, phn ng, ch ng v tnh x hi

- H chuyn gia ( Expert system) :l mt h thng tp trung gii quyt mt vn xc nh da trn tri thc ca chuyn gia v vn hoc ua ra li khuyn. - ES is disembodied, rather than being situated - ES khng tng tc vi mi trng no v khng bt buc phi tng tc vi cc agent khc - ES khng c hnh vi phn ng, ch ng, tnh x hi( hp tc, phi hp, cnh tranh) Cu 5: Phn bit h thng a agent dng Purely Reactive v Perception.

1. Purely Reactive agents: - Mt s agent quyt nh lm g m khng cn quan tm n lch s. Quyt nh lm g ca chng hon ton da vo hin ti, khng tham chin n trng thi qu kh. - Chng ta gi nhng agent ny l purely reactive: Action: S A Trong : S: mi trng . S = {s1,s2,L} A: tp hnh ng . A={a1,a2,L} V d: My iu nhit l mt purely reactive agent. Action(e) = off nu e = nhit ok on trng hp cn li action(e) = off if e = temperature ok on otherwise e: trng thi (e E) 2. Perception: (Nhn thc) Hnh ng ring ca agent: - S tch ri ca mt chc nng Agent quyt nh thnh cc h thng con nhn thc (perception) v hnh ng (Active). - Hm see l kh nng ca agent quan st chnh n trong mi trng, ni m cc hm action m t quyt nh ca agent. - u ra (output) ca hm see l mt percept (kt qu tri gic) see: E Per - Hm see l hm nh x t cc trng thi ca mi trng ti percept v u ra ca action lc ny l mt hm action: Per* A ci m nh x chui cm nhn a ra hnh ng. (Per* chuyn gi tr cm nhn vo tp hnh ng)

Per* tp gi tr cm nhn. - Hai trng thi mi trng khc nhau c nh x ti cng mt kt qu tri gic (percept). Cu 6: Phn bit cc dng kin trc agent Tr li: Cc dng kin trc Agent: Kin trc suy din ( Deliberative Logic Based Architectures): - Da trn Symbolic AI : y l kin trc m qu trnh ra quyt nh c thc hin nh suy din Logic. - Cc phng php ra quyt nh : Logical Reasoning, Pattern matching, Symbolic manipulation. - Miu t c trng ca th gii: + Mc ch cn t ti. + Tp miu t hnh ng -> tm mt chui action t ti mc ch. + S dng thut ton n gin + To k hoch khng hiu qu. M hnh kin trc:

* Nhng hn ch ca kin thc suy din: - Vn Transduction : tn nhiu thi gian chuyn i tt c nhng thng tin cn thit thnh Symbolic Representation, c bit nu mi trng thay i rt nhanh. - Vn Representation: Lm th no World model uc biu din mt cch tng trng v lm th no Agent c th suy din kp thi vi s thay i thng tin - Cho nhng kt qu hu hnh: nhng kt qu sau cng c th l v dng. (c th c phn kin trc BDI hoc khng)

Kin trc BDI ( Belief- Desire Intention: Suy lun thng minh) - Kin trc da trn qu trnh suy lun thng minh (Practical reasoning) trong qu trnh ra quyt nh c tin hnh tng bc, cc hnh ng c thc hin xut pht t yu cu ca hm mc tiu ra. - Beliefs : biu din tp cc thng tin v Agent bit v mi trng hin ti ca n ( v c th mt vi trng thi trong). - Desires: ci xc nh ng c ca n v d ci n ang khm ph. -Intentions: biu din nhng quyt nh phi hnh ng nh th no hon ton t ti desires ca n. - M hnh kin trc (BDI) + Beliefs = hiu bit ca Agent + Desires = nhng mc ch ca Agent +Intentions=nhng mc ch cn hon thnh(tp con ca Desires). * Extended : goals, plans. Kin trc phn x ( Reactive) - L kin trc m qu trnh ra quyt nh c ci t mt cch trc tip, tc l s c mt nh x trc tip t tnh hung ti hnh ng. - S suy din phc tp c th dn n khng li gii hay p ng v mt thi gian. - Cho php (brooks): + Nhng kin trc thng minh c to ra khng cn Symbolic (AI) Representation. + Behavior thng minh c th c to ra khng cn Explicit abstract symbolic reasioning (AI). + Tnh thng minh l thuc tnh ni bt trong h thng phc tp. + Behavior thng minh l kt qu vic tng tc vi mi trng. - S kin trc:

- c th ca Agent phn x: Tnh phn x l mt m hnh phn x c s ca hnh ng (behavior based model of activity) <-> m hnh thao tc tng trng c s dng trong s . - u im: n gin, kinh t, kim sot c kh nng tnh ton, kh nng chu li cao. - Nhc im: + Nu Agent khng s dng m hnh ging nh m hnh ca mi trng trong n hot ng th chng phi c y nhng thng tin cn thit bn trong c th thc hin cc Action thch hp. + Hu ht cc Agent u ra quyt nh da trn cc thng tin mang tnh cc b ca ring mnh. + Cc agent u khng c kh nng hc t nhng kinh nghim gp phi cng nh nng cao kh nng ca h thng k c hot ng trong mt thi gian di. Kin trc lai Hybrid : - Kt hp tnh phn x v tnh suy din. - Subsystem to ra nhng k hoch v quyt nh s dng Symbolic reasoning v phn ng li s kin nhanh chng m khng cn nhng reasoning phc tp. - M hnh kin trc: (Trang bn) M hnh kin trc Hybrid: - M hnh kin trc xy dng theo kin trc lp : Ngang v dc + u nhc im phn lp chiu ngang : - n gin. Nu mt Agent c n cch c x khc nhau th s ci t m hnh ny. - Tuy nhin lun c s tranh ginh trong vic ra quyt nh, bo m s tg thch ta thng a vo mt hm iu khin trung tm quyt nh xem lp no ang iu khin hot ng ca Agent. - C s tng tc gia cc Action khi thc hin. - y l mt vn kh v khi hot ng c th gy hin tng tht c chai trong qu trnh ra quyt nh. + u nhc im ca phn lp dc: S phc tp trong tng tc gia cc lp gim.

Lung iu khin phi i qua ton b cc lp v th nu 1 lp no hot ng khng n nh s nh hng n ton b h thng.

Cu 7: Chin lc u th (dominant strategies) v cn bng NASH trong tng tc a agent l g? 1. Chin lc u th (dominant strategies) - Cho rng mi agent c th c 2 hnh ng C (cooperate) v D (defect) - a ra mt chin lc c th no (c C v D) ca agent I, s c mt s cc outcome c th. - Ni S1 chim u th hn S2 nu mi outcome c th c bi i khi thc hin S1 u u th hn mi outcome c th c b i khi thc hin bi S2. - Mt rational agent s khng ng vai tr mt chin lc u th (tc l s khng l mt u th ti u hot ng tt nht ti thi im hin ti). - V th, trong khi quyt nh lm g, chng ta cn loi b cc chin lc chim u th. - Khng may rng, khng phi lc no cng c duy nht mt chin lc chim u th. 2. Cn bng NASH: - Ni rng, hai chin lc S1 v S2 c cn bng Nash nu gi thit rng: agent i thc hin S1, agent j khng th thc hin S2 tt hn v gi thit rng agent j thc hin S2, agent i khng th thc hin S1 tt hn. Note: Khng agent no c ng c (hnh ng) i ra khi cn bng Nash: Lu : Khng phi mi tng tc u c cn bng Nash Mt vi tng tc c th c nhiu hn mt cn bng Nash. V d 1: Trong mt tr chi gm 2 i th cng chn mt s bt k t 0 10. Ngi no chn s ln hn s thua v phi tr tin cho ngi kia. Tr chi ny ch c mt cn bng duy nht: c 2 cng chn s 0. Bt k s la chn no khc (m khng cn bit s la chn ca i th kia) cng c th lm i th thua cuc. Khi thay i lut chi, mi i

th s c hng s tin bng mt con s m c hai cng chn, nu chn trng nhau th khng ai c tin, ta s c 11 cn bng Nash. V d 2: Vi vn Th tri buc tin thoi lng nan ca ngi t nhn Song ny minh ha s mu thun gia hnh vi c nhn, c nng lc suy on v li ch ca vic hp tc. Vn mu cht l mi khi i th u c gng ti a ha li ch ca mnh m khng quan tm n li ch ca nhng ngi khc, tc l i th c tnh ch k. Song t nhn c mt cn bng Nash khi c hai i th u khng tn trng giao c. Tuy nhin c 2 u sai r rng khng bng c hai cng hp tc. Chin lc hp tc khng bn v mt i th c th lm tt hn bng cch khng tn trng giao c trong khi i th ca anh ta vn hp tc. Cu 8: Gii thiu ngn gn v cc m hnh tng tc kiu u gi v chin lc u th ca agent trong cc kiu u gi . - Mt cuc u gi din ra gia mt agent c xem (ng vai tr) l ngi bn u gi v mt s t hp ca cc agent c bit n nh nhng ngi tr gi (trong cuc u gi). - Vi nhng ngi bn u gi th mc ch ca cuc u gi l (phn pht) hng ha (sn phm) cho mt trong s nhng ngi tr gi. - Trong hu ht vic u gi, ngi bn u gi thng mong mun mt ga cao nht (ti a ha li ch cho mnh); nhng ngi tr gi li mong mun gi tr thp nht. Cc tham s ca mt cuc u gi: 1. Hng ha c th c: - Gi tr ring - Gi tr chung - Gi tr tng quan 2. Quyt nh ca ngi thng cuc (trong cuc u gi) c th: - Gi th nht - Gi th hai 3. Tr gi (u gi) c th:

- Open cry - u gi kn (sealed bid) 4. S u gi (S tr gi) c th: - One shot - Tng dn - Gim dn C 4 hnh thc u gi: - English auctions (u gi kiu Anh) - Dutch auctions (u gi H Lan) - First-Price Sealed Bid (u gi kn nhng ch mua vi gi u tin) - Vickrey auctions (u gi Vickrey) * English Auctions (First-Price Open-Cry) - Mi ngi u gi t do nng mc gi ln. Khi khng c ngi tr gi cao hn na th cuc u gi kt thc v ngi u gi (tr gi) cao nht s dnh c vt u gi. - Chin lc u th cho agent l lun tr gi nh hn gi cao nht hin ti v dng li khi t c gi th ring. * Dutch Auctions (u gi H Lan) - Dutch auctions l mt v d ca cc cuc u gi m gim dn (open-cry descending auctions) + Ngi bn u gi bt u a ra hng ha (sn phm) mc gi o cao + Ngi bn u gi gim dn mc gi c a ra ti khi mt s agent tr gi bng gi c a ra hin ti. + Sau hng ha (sn phm) c phn pht cho agent m (agent) a ra gi hp l. Chin lc cho agent: u gi H Lan c chin lc bng u gi kn nhng ch mua vi gi u tin. * First-Price Swaled-Bid Auctions (Tr gi kn nhng ch mua vi gi th nht)

- L u gi kiu one-shot + Ch c mt vng duy nht. + Ngi u gi chp nhn u gi kn hng ha (sn phm) + Hng ha c phn pht cho agent m tr gi cao nht + Ngi thng cuc phi tr gi cao nht - Trong cuc u gi ny th khng c mt s tr gi no c mt chin lc u th Chin lc tt nht l: Tr gi thp hn gi tr thc. * Vickrey Auctions - u gi l: Gi th hai Tr gi kn nhng ch u gi kn mua vi gi th hai. Hng ha c cp cho agent tr gi cao nht: mc gi ca ln u gi cao nht th hai. Chin lc chim u th cho agent trong u gi Vickrey l: tr gi bng vi gi thc ca bn. Cu 9: Thng lng t ng l g? Gii thiu ngn gn v m hnh thng lng song phng. Thng lng t ng l g? Thng lng l mt tin trnh c to ra bi hai hay nhiu bn tham gia, mi bn tham gia tin hnh ngh cc yu cu v tr li cc yu cu cho i tc nhm i n mt tho thun chung tho mn tt c cc bn . Thng lng t ng l mt qu trnh thng lng, trong , ngi mua v ngi bn c thay th bng cc agent. Vic tm kim, mua bn v tho thun gia ngi mua v ngi bn c thc hin t ng bi cc agent. M hnh thng lng song phng Thng lng song phng l dng thng lng ch c mt bn mua v mt bn bn tham gia vo qu trnh giao dch. Thng lng c th lin quan n nhiu thuc tnh ca hng ha nh gi bn, cht lng Trong thng lng song phng ngi ta chia ra 3 cch tip cn:

Cch tip cn da trn l thuyt tr chi Cch tip cn da trn Heuristic Cch tip cn da trn lp lun M hnh thng lng song phng Chin lc thng lng cho agent bn Trong m hnh thng lng song phng, agent bn c nhim v qun l vic giao dich ng thi vi nhiu khch hng ca mnh. Mt agent bn c trang bi mt tp cc tri thc sau: + Tp O=(O1, O2,, Om} cc n v hng ha c th cung cp, mi n v hng ha Oi c m t thng qua n thuc tnh {o1,o2,on} v c mt gi tr li ch gi nu bn c n v hng ha +Mt tp R={r1,r2,,rm} cc rng buc i vi ngi mua ca cc n v hng ha. Tp ny c min gi tr kiu boolean +Mt tp C={c1,c2,..cn} cc hnh thc khuyn mi cho cc n v hng ha, tp ny cng c gi tr kiu boolean +Mt tp B={B1,B2,..Bk) cc khch hang ang thng lng vi agent bn Khi , hot ng thng lng ca agent bn nh sau: Qu trnh trn c th din ra nhiu ln vi mt or nhiu agent mua khc nhau Chin lc thng lng cho agent mua: Trong m hnh thng lng song phuong, mi agent mua i din cho mt khch hng,s thng lng vi mt i tc duy nht v do mi agent mua c trag b cc tri thc sau: +Tp A={A1,A2,..,An} cc thuc tnh hng ha.Mi thuc tnh Ai c u tin ui tng ng +Mi thuc tnh Ai c mt gi tr gi l ngng nhng b ca thuc tnh + Mt gi tr ngng chp nhn c trng cho kh nng chp nhn ca ngi dng +Mt tp D cc cp thuc tnh v cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh gi i cho bn agent bn Qu trnh thng lng ca agent mua din ra nh sau:

Cu 10: Ngn ng truyn thng a agent l g? Th no l l thuyt li ni hnh ng (Speech-act theory). Ngn ng truyn thng a agent Cc agent trao i vi nhau thng qua cc thng ip. Khc vi cc h hng i tng trong h a agent khng ch biu din cc li gi hm n gin m cn phi biu din thng tin v tri thc cn trao i gia cc agent. Cc thng ip ny c biu din theo cc ngn ng truyn thng agent (ACL agent communication language) nhm: nh ngha khun dng cc thng ip trao i gia cc agent trong h thng

Thit lp mt giao thc trao i gia cc agent, gm: nh ngha cc kiu thng ip gi v nhn, cc m hnh trao i thng ip gia cc agent Cc ngn ng truyn thng u da trn l thuyt hnh ng li ni L thuyt hnh ng li ni Mi speech act c 3 phng din: Locution (kiu ni/cch ni): nh ngha 1 cu trc li ni Illocution (hnh vi ngn ng thc hin bi ngi ni) Perlocution ( sc thuyt phc, li cun ca li ni): kt qu ca li pht biu

Mt hnh ng li ni ( speech act) y khng ch nh ngha cu trc li ni m cn xc nh hnh ng lin quan n li ni . V d: John ni vi Mary : Lm n, ng ca li Hnh ng ny bao gm kiu din t( t ng) ca chnh JohnLocution Mc ch ca thng ip ny nh mooth yu cu or mnh lnhIllocution

Nu s vic din ra sun s,( li ni c sc thuyt phc) th ca s c ngPerlocution Nhng mc ch ca thng ip thng khng c xc nh d dng V d: Ti lnh Speech act y c th xem l 1 khng nh, 1 yu cu cho mn chic o len or nhu cu tng nhit phng

i vi cc giao tip gia cc agent cn m bo rng khng c s nhp nhng v loi thng ip truyn i. C 5 kiu speech act: Representtatives ( M t/din t/ thng bo)

Vd: Tri ag ma ( speech act mag tnh cht thng bo v mt hin tng t nhin) Directives (ra lnh): yu cu ngi nghe lm g

Vd: Hy pha tr Commisive ( ha hn) Expressive ( li ni mag tnh cht biu cm) Declarations ( tuyn b)

L thuyt li ni hnh ng s dng thut ng performative xc inh hnh vi ngn ng bi ngi ni trong cc pht biu in hnh Nhn chung mt speech act gm 2 thnh phn: ng t performative

V d: yu cu, thng bo, ha hn. Ni dung (content) ca speech act

Chng hn: Nu performative = reaquest (yu cu)

Content =the door is closed Speech act = please close the door Nu performative =inform (thng bo)

Content =the door is close Speech act = the door is closed Nu performative =inquire (Hi han/iu tra/thm d)

Content = the door is closed Speech act = is the door closed? Tm li: L thuyt hnh ng li ni gip xc nh loi thng ip bng cch s dng cc khi nin ca hnh vi ngn ng thc hin bi ngi ni m bc l ngha ca cc hnh vi giao tip ca chnh n hng ti ch chung ca h thng Tuy nhin cc thng ip cha trong cc giao thc c th c nhiu hn 1 ngha C th khng c phn hi n gin Hoc c th yu cu s phn tch v tr gip ca cc agent khc

Cu 11: Ontology l gi? Vai tr ca Ontolofy trong tng tc a agent? 1. Ontology l g? Ontology l mt thut ng ca trit hc, c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc tr tu nhn to v c nhiu nh ngha khc nhau v Ontology trong nh ngha ca T.Gruber l c chp nhn rng ri nht. Theo T. Gruber, Ontology l mt c t hnh thc v khi nhim. Cc yu cu cho biu din Ontology l: - Cc khi nim c dng trong Ontology v cc rng buc gia cc khi nim c nh ngha mt cch r rng. - Ontology phi l dng thng tin sao cho my c th hiu c. - Thng tin biu din trong Ontology phi c tnh ph qut ngha l thng tin khng ch cho mt thnh phn m cn c chp nhn bi mt nhm cc thnh phn khc nhau. C th ni , Ontology xc nh tp cc thut ng dng m t v biu din cc khi nim da trn mi quan h qua li gia cc khi nim . Cc khi nim trong Ontology gip cho vic dng chung v chia s tri thc gia 2 min tri thc khc. Trong h agent, Ontology biu din thng tin v tri thc v min quan tm ca cc agent nhm h tr tng tc. Mi Ontology l mt cu trc phn lp cc khi nim, thut ng, mi quan h gia khi nim, thut ng . Thng qua Ontology cc agent s hiu c ni dung cc thng tin p truyn thng m n nhn c trong qu trnh tng tc.

2. Vai tr ca Ontology trong tng tc gia cc agent: Ontology c xem nhu mt khun mu chung biu din ng ngha thng tin trong mt min xc nh thng qua mt tp khi nim, cc mi quan h v mt tp cc lut c

s dng rng buc cc khi nim v mi quan h cn thit. Ontology c s dng cho cc mc ch sau: - H tr truyn thng tin gia con ngi; gia con ngi vi my tnh v gia cc h thng my tnh c lp vi nhau. - Cho php cc h thng s dng li min tri thc. - Lm cho min tri thc tr nn r rng hn. - Phn tch hay kt hp cc min tri thc nh cc php ton. Trong trng hp s dng Ontology h tr truyn thng gia cc agent phn mm th cc Ontology s biu din cc khi nim v cc thut ng c s dng trong qu trnh tng tc gia cc agent cng vi cc mi quan h cng nh cc lut rng buc gia cc khi nim, thut ng . thc hin truyn thng gi cc agent, mi mt agent trong h thng phi bit cc thng tin: - Kh nng v dch v ca cc agent khc. - Ontology nh ngha cc khi nim trao i. - Ngn ng truyn thng agent m cc agent dng biu din thng ip. Nh vy, cc agent trong h thng phi dng chung mt ngn ng truyn thng biu din cc thng ip v trong mi thng ip phi c Ontology tng ng m agent gi thng ip s dng Cu 12: Cc phung php biu din Ontology? C hai cch tip cn biu din Ontology: - Cch tip cn biu din Ontology theo kiu hnh thc: Theo cch tip cn ny, Ontology s uc biu din da trn th t ta c th xy dng uc cu trc i s vi cc php ton trn ontology - Cch tip cn biu din ontology theo kiu khng hnh thc: Theo cch ny ontology s uc biu din v s dng cho pht trin cc h thng theo mt ngn ng no uc xy dng cho mc ch ring. ( v d : OIL, RDF,DAML,..) hoc s dng trc tip ngn ng lp trnh ( nh Java)

Cu 13: Phung php xy dng ontology tng qut Cc pha trong qu trnh xy dng ontology tng qut gm:

c t Pha ny nhm xc nh mc ch v phm vi ca ontology. Mc ch l tr li cho cu hi Ti sao ontology uc xy dng?. Cn phm vi ca Ontolo gy tr li cho cu hi Ontology hng ti ci g, i tung s dng ontology l ngui dng hay trnh ng dng? Hnh thnh khi nim Buc ny tin hnh tp hp cc khi nim cn c trong Ontology v mi khi nim uc m t trong mt m hnh khi nim. M hnh khi nim ny phi m bo tha mn v tt c cc c t v mc ch v phm vi ca Ontology trong buc truc. Hnh thc ha Buc ny nhm hnh thc ha cc khi nim trong ontology. Buc ny uc thc hin thng qua vic chuyn m hnh khi nim trong buc truc vo mt m hnh hnh thc Ci t Mi thnh phn trong m hnh ontology hnh thc c trong buc truc s uc ci t theo mt ngn ng biu din ontology no Bo tr Mi thnh phn s uc cp nht v sa i to nn ontology hon chnh Ngoi cc pha trn, trong vng i pht trin ca ontology tng qut cn c cc hot ng tn ti song song trong ton b qu trnh pht trin ca ontology. Cc hot ng ny bao gm: Thu thp tri thc nh gi Vit ti liu S dng l Cu 14:Phn loi cc m hnh tung tc a agent Da vo mc ch ca cc bn tham gia tung tc, c th chia cc hnh thc tung tc thnh hai loi chnh: Hp tc v cnh tranh hp tc: hai bn cng thc hin mt cng vic chung( cng tc) hoc cng vic ca bn ny l buc tin cho bn kia ( phi hp). Hnh thc tung tc ny thung xut hin khi cc agent c chung mc ch, nhim v hoc cng thc hin mt tin trnh phc tp nht nh. Canh tranh: hai bn cnh tranh nhau v thng tin, hoc quyn li ( thung lng) hoc hon ton tri nguc nhau v li ch ( i u) Nh vy, c th c cc loi hnh tung tc sau:

Cu 15: Gii thiu ngn gn cc m hnh tung tc s dng agent trung gian 1. M hnh tung tc vi Agent trung tm Trong m hnh ny, nhim v ca cc agent trung tm l ch ng lin lc vi cc agent khc c d liu hay tri thc cn thit trong h thng. Cc dch v m agent trung tm c th cung cp l: T ng xc nh cc dch v thng tin Xc nh vai tr ca cc agent trong h thng

T thu thp va to ra thng tin t cc agent cung cp sau gi tr li cho cc agent yu cu thc hin cc nhim v trn cc agent trung tm s dng m hnh thng tin ton cc bg cch thu thp v tch hp cc thng tin cn thit gii quyt cc yu cu c th chuyn cho cc agent ph hp trong h thng gii quyt.. Nh vy agent trung tm ng vai tr l agent trc tip qun l cc agent khc li va t tm ra thng tin cn thit gii quyt v gi tr li kt qu cho cc agent yu cu. Hiu qu hot ng ca h thng ph thuc vo kh nng ca agent ny. 2. m hnh tung tc vi agent i u Trong m hnh ny, Midagent( agent trung gian) ng vai tr Agent iu phi ( Brocker Agent). Cng vic m Agent iu phi thc hin l mt phn cng vic ca agent trung tm v uc biu din nh sau: Nh vy trong m hnh tng tc ny, bt k mt lin lc gia agent yu cu v agent cung cp du phi thng qua agent iu phi. 3. M hnh tng tc vi agent mi gii Trong m hnh ny, Midagent ng vai tr nh mt agent mi gii m nhim v chnh ca n l to ra c ch lin lc trc tip gia Agent yu cu v Agent cung cp nh hnh minh ha Khi mun tham gia vo h thng, mi agent ng k dich v mi gii vi agent mi gii v tr thnh nh cung cp dich v( agent cung cp). agent mi gii s cp nht vo c s tri thc ca n tn v kh nng dch v ca agent cung cp. Trong 1 tng tc c th, khi c mt agent yu cu mt dch v th n s gi yu cu n agent mi gii, agent mi gii xem xt v gi cho agent cung cp tn v a ch ca agent cung cp. qu trnh tng tc sau s din ra trc tip gia agent yu cu v agent cung cp Cu 16: Gii thiu v so snh KQML v FIPA-ACL KQML (Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language)

KQML nh ngha ba mc l mc ni dung, mc thng ip v mc truyn thng. Mi thng ip KQML nh ngha mt hnh ng thoi, ng ngha i km hnh ng thoi , giao thc v mt tp cc thuc tnh. Cu trc chung ca mt thng ip KQML nh sau (performative-name : sender A

: receiver B : content : language : ontology N : reply-with : in-reply-to W P) X L

Mi mt thng ip KQML tng ng vi mt dng tng tc trong trng performativename. C ti 25 dng tng tc (performative) c nh ngha bao gm ask-one, advertise, broadcast, insert ng thi, KQML cho php m rng v nh ngha thm cc dng tng tc khc khi cn thit. Trng content m t ni dung ca thng ip. Ni dung ny c th rt phc tp tu thuc vo nhu cu trao i thng tin ca hai agent trong phin lin lc . Agent nhn s hiu c ni dung trong trng content bng cch tham chiu vo trng ontology ca thng ip m n nhn c. KQML cng nh ngha cc giao thc truyn thng bao gm c th t cc thng ip, cc perormative. V d mt giao thc truyn thng c nh ngha trong KQML nh Hnh 2.1: FIPA-ACL (Foudation for Intelligent Physical Agent) L mt chun ca ACL C cu trc tng t nh KQML

+ performative: c 20 dng performative trong FIPA FIPA-ACL cng da trn l thuyt hnh ng li ni . FIPA-ACL s dng XML theo dng nh sau [10]: <fipa-message act = > <sender> </sender>

<receiver> <content> <language> <ontology>

</receiver> </content> </language> </ontology>

<conversation-id> </conversation-id> </fipa-message> Inform v Request l hai performative c bn trong FIPA-ACL. ngha ca Inform v Request c xc nh 2 phn:

+ Pre-condition ( iu kin tin quyt): nhng g phi ng s tht cc speech act thnh cng +rational effect (nh hng mang tnh l lun): nhng g ngi gi thng ip hy vng mang li So vi KQML, FIPA-ACl linh ng hn v c th d dng thm vo cc cc dng tng tc mi. Tuy nhin , FIPA-ACL khng nh ngha cc performative theo kiu s dng cc thnh phn trung gian nh trong KQML. l cc performative nh broker hay advertise. Cu 17 So snh cc cch tip cn pht trin phn mm hng agent 1. Cch tip cn theo Agent v cng ngh agent: - Xut pht t nhn nh: + Agent c nhng c trng ring nh tnh t ch, ch ng, khi nim phn ng. Cc c trng ny l hon ton khc object v to cho agent kh nng tng tc ch ng v kh nng suy lun m object khng c. khng th m hnh ha agent bng cc phng php lun dnh cho hng i tng. + Agent hot ng nh mt x hi vi cc lut chi phi ring nn c th xem agent t cc kha cnh x hi v s dng cc khi nim tru tng mc x hi m hnh ha cc agent trong h thng. - Cc khi nim tr tng mc x hi theo cch tip cn ny: agent, nhm (group), t chc (organization) - Vi cch tip cn ny, qu trnh pht trin h thng c phn chia thnh 2 pha:

+ pha phn tch ng m hnh t chc (organization model) + pha thit k ng m hnh agent (agent model) Phng php lun tiu biu theo hng tip cn ny: GaiA, SODA, AALAADIN 2. Cch tip cn pht trin t phng hng i tng: - Cch tip cn ny xem mi agent cng l mt i tng nhng mc tru tng cao hn. Cng c s dng v biu din i tng v phn tch thng k h thng hng i tng UML hon ton c th m rng biu din cc c trng ca agent. - Cch tip cn ny tp trung vo cc cng vic sau: + pht trin cc cng c da trn nn tng sn c ca hng i tng p dng cho h a agent. V d: m rng UML AUML. + B sung cc bc, pha mang tnh c trng ca agent v cng ngh nh ch (goal), vai tr (role) v Ontology. - Phng php lun tiu biu: + MASE (Multiagent System Engenerring) + MASSIVE + KGR 3. Cch tip cn da trn cng ngh tri thc: - Phng php lun ny tp trung vo cc qu trnh thu thp tri thc (Knowledge acquisition), m hnh tri thc (Knowledge modelling) v lp lun c s dng bi cc thnh phn agent trong h thng phn mm. - Phng php lun tiu biu: CoMoMAS, MAS_comonKADS.

Cu 18: gii thiu ngn gn cc bc trong MaSE Gm 8 bc bao gm 2 pha, pha phn tch v pha thit k. - Pha phn tch: bc 15 - Pha thit k: bc 58

C th: Bc 1: Xc nh cc ch. Bc 2: Xy dng use case Bc 3: Xy dng Ontology Bc 4: Xy dng s role Bc 5: Xc nh cc lp agent

Bc 6: xy dng cc phin hi thoi Vic chi tit ho cc phin hi thoi l ni dung ca bc 6 Bc 7: Hon thin cc agent chi tit ho kin trc bn trong ca cc lp agent l ni dung ca bc 7. Hai bc tip theo ny c th c tin hnh song song. Bc 8: Trin khai h thng.

Cu 19: Goal l gi? Cc bc xc nh v phn tch goal trong MaSE * Khi nim - ch (goal) l mt khi nim ch mc ch m h thng cn t c. + Cc goal s phi thc hin c mt hoc nhiu agent + ch s c phn r thnh cc ch con, cc ch con tip tc c phn r v cc ch mc thp hn ny s khng c coi l ch m ch c xem xt a vo cc bc sau ca ta phn tch. * Cc bc xc nh - xy dng cy ch cn xc nh: + Tp hp cc ch

+ Xy dng cy phn tch cp ch * Tp hp ch: - Bc ny thc hin trch cc yu cu chc nng c trong ti liu c t h thng, mi yu cu chc nng c m t bng mt ch. Cc yu cu chc nng c xc nh bng cch tr li cu hi H thng phi lm ci g? - ch u tin xc nh mt cch trc quan thng qua vic xc nh mc tiu cn t c ca h thng - Cc ch tip theo c xc nh thng qua ch trc bng cch tr li cu hi Mun t c ch X th cn phi c ci g? Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh phn r, t cc ch ban u s tr thnh cc ch con. Qu trnh dng li khi cc chc nng con sinh ra khng phi l nhim v mc h thng (khng ng vai tr ch cu h thng). * T chc cy ch: - Mt s phn cp ch l mt th c hng v khng c chu trnh (dng ta hnh cy). Trong : + Cc nh biu din cc ch, c tn trng ch m n biu din. + Cc mi tn ch ra quan h ch cha-con v quan h vi cc ch khc. - C 2 trng hp xy ra: + Nu xc nh c ch tng th ca h thng th t n gc ca cy ch. + Nu ch tng th khng xc nh c trc tip t yu cu th phi kt hp cc ch mc cao nht li thnh mt ch tng th cho h thng. Cc ch cn li c th phn c thnh cc quan h cha-con hoc ngang hng bng cch lp cc th tc sau: Bc 1: Cc ch c phn r t cc ch khc trong cc bc con trc phi l ch con vi ch cha tng ng. Bc 2: Nu cc ch khng c phn r t bt k mt ch no, xc nh quan h cha-con, th tr li cu hi chng c thc hin mt phn nhim v cho mt ch no khng?. Nu c, n s tr thnh ch con ca ch m n h tr. Nu khng, phi xem xt li rng ch c cn thit cho h thng hay khng. Nu khng cn thit th n s b loi b v ngc li nu cn thit n s to mt nhnh mi ngay t nt gc ca cy ch. Cu 20: Phng php nh x goal sang role trong MaSE

Tr li: - Input: - Goal hierarchy diagram ( cy phn cp ch) - Product: - Agent roles - Concurrent Tasks (Tc v ng thi) - Mc tiu ca bc ny l chuyn tp cc ch (goal) ca h thng vo tp cc role cng vi cc nhim v ca n: Thng thng vic nh x t ch sang role l tng ng 1-1, ngha l mi role thc hin mt ch. - Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, mt role c th tng ng vi nhiu ch khi cc ch ny c quan h cht ch hoc gn ging nhau. - Cc giao tip vi bn ngoi s c xy dng thnh mt role ring bit v hot ng tng t nh mt tng tc t mt ngun ti nguyn bn ngoi vi phn cn li ca h thng. Cc thnh phn c coi l ngun ti nguyn bn ngoi bao gm: c s d liu, cc file, h thng b sung v con ngi. Sau khi xc nh cc role ph hp ca h thng, phi xc nh c tp cc giao thc giao tip ban u gia cc role ny. - S role ban u s c chi tit ha bng cch gn task cho cc role. Task l m nhim v c th, chi tit m cc role phi thc hin nhm t c ch m n c trch nhim phi thc hin. Mi task c th giao tip vi cc task khc m nhim ch ca chng. - Cc role c th hot ng vi 2 loi tng tc: 1. Tng tc trong: cc tng tc gia cc task trong cng mt role. 2. Tng tc ngoi: cc tng tc gia cc task ca cc role khc nhau. - Thng thng, mi ch nn cho tng ng mt task, bi v mun t c mt ch, th t nht mt task cn phi hon thnh. Cu 21: Phng php xc nh lp agent trong MaSE. Input:

+ Agent roles +Tasks( cc tc v) Product:

+ s lp agent v cc phin hi thoi lin lc gia chng Diagram ( S )

+ S lp agent S dng role xc nh cc agent

Mi lp agent s m nhim 1 hoc nhiu role Nhiu lp agent c cng m nhn mt role Thng thng l nh x 1-1 ( mi role phi m nhim bi t nht mt lp agent). Trong trng hp mt lp agent m nhim nhiu role th cc agent ca lp s lun phin m nhim cng vic cho tng role. Trng hp ny xy ra khi cc role phc v cho cc ch lin quan cht ch vi nhau hoc co khi lng tng tc vi nhau ln, chng c xp vo cng mt lp agent nhm gim chi ph truyn thng Nhim v cn li ca bc ny l xc nh cc phin hi thoi xut hin gia cc lp agent hon thin s lp agent ca h thng. Cc phin hi thoi c xc nh t cc quan h gia cc role m cc lp agent tng ng cn thc hin. Mi phin hi thoi gm hai s lp truyn thng, mt cho bn khi xng v mt cho bn p ng phin hi thoi Cc phin hi thoi biu din tng tc gia cc lp agent din ra mc ng ngha thng qua ontology.