TAPI DIPLOMA ENGINEERING COLLEGE [647], SURAT

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT [16]

Assignment Solution
TERM: 30/06/2025 TO 24/11/2025
SUBJECT CODE: DI03016041 DIVISION: 2431-IT, 2432-IT
SUBJECT NAME: DATABASE MANAGEMENT SEMESTER: 3rd
FACULTY NAME: Mrs.Hina S.Jayani

Assignment-1

1. Write advantages of Database System over File Oriented System. 05 (CO1)

Advantage of DBMS:
1. Minimal Data Redundancy (Reduce duplication): Database is centralized, so it is
possible to avoid duplication of information or data. So it reduces memory wastage.
 Example, all information about bank customer is centralized, so both accounts ‘saving’ and
‘current’ can share this information.
2. Improved Data Consistency: Due to reduce data redundancy, so its improve data
consistency.
 Example, customer change their address only in any one account because our database is
centralized
3. Efficient Data Access: A user can easily retrieve proper data as per his/her requirement by
using appropriate query (SELECT Command) to the DBMS.
 For example, if we want to find the customer from ‘Rajkot’ can be retrieved easily by using
appropriate query statements.
4. Improved Data Sharing: Database maintain centrally, so easy share this database among
different users. Data in database must be correct and consistent.
5. Improve Data Integrity (rules): Business rules can be implemented such as do not allow
to store amount less than Rs. 0 in balance.
6. Guaranteed Atomicity (all or none): All operation of database must be performed or not
at all. (Any operation in database executed either 100% or 0%.)
  Example, when withdraw rupees from ATM, by chance power will fail or system crush, so
your rupees is credit in your account means undone all operation.
7. Improve Concurrent Access: More than one users can access same data at the same
time. This is for better and faster performance.
8. Improved Data Security: In database, limited user can access data of database, there are
different command for providing authority and remove authority and also provide login
and password facilities. Restricting unauthorized access to data. A user can only access
data which is authorized to him/her.
 Example, one particular customer can access only his own account.

2. Explain the Responsibilities of DBA and explain 3 Levels of Data

Abstraction. 05 (CO1)
Functions and responsibilities of DBAs:
 DBA: person in the organization who controls the design and the use of the database refers as
DBA.
1. Define Schema definition (Create structure of database)
o DBA defines the logical schema of the database. A Schema refers to the overall logical
structure of DB.
2. Define Storage structure and Access Method
o The DBA decides how the data is to be represented in the stored database and how
to access it.
3. Defining security and integrity constraints
o DBA decides on various the security and integrity constraints.
4. Granting of authorization for data access
o DBA decides which user needs access to which part of the database
5. Assistance of Application Programmers (Software Developer)
o The DBA provides assistance to application programmers to develop application
programs.
6. Modify (Change) Physical Organization of database for improve performance
7. Monitoring Performance
 o The DBA monitors performance of the system. DBA ensures that better
performance is maintained by making a change in the physical or logical schema if
required.
8. Backup and Recovery
o The DBA ensures this periodically backing up the database on magnetic tapes or
remote servers. In case of failure, such as virus attack database is recovered from this
backup.
Data Abstraction: ANSI SPARC 3 level architecture
 Data abstraction means hide the low-level complexities from end users.
 For example: If we want to access any mail from our Gmail then we don't know where
that data is physically stored i.e. is the data present in India or USA or what data model has
been used to store that data? We are not concerned about these things. We are only concerned
with our email. So, information like these i.e. location of data and data models are irrelevant
to us and in data abstraction, we do this only. Apart from the location of data and data models,
there are other factors that we don't care of. We hide the unnecessary data from the user and
this process of hiding unwanted data is called Data Abstraction.
 Mainly there are three levels of abstraction for DBMS, which are as follows:
1. Physical or Internal Level
2. Logical or Conceptual Level
3. View or External Level
View Level (Defined by
User or S/W Developer)

Logical Level (Defined

by DA or DBA)

Physical Level (Defined

by DBA)
Sr.
Internal Level Conceptual Level External Level
No.

This is the lowest level of This is the 2nd level of data This is the highest level of
1
data abstraction. abstraction. data abstraction.

It describes only part of the

It describes what data are
It describes how the data entire database that an end
stored in the database and
2 are actually stored on user concern and or how
what relationships exist
storage devices. data are viewed by each
among those data.
user.

It is also known as It is also known as logical It is also known as a view

3
physical level. level. level

End users need to access

It provides internal view It hides low level complexities
4 only part of the database
of physical storage of data. of physical storage.
rather than entire database.

It defined by User and

5 It defined by DBA. It defined by DBA and DA. Application Programmer /
Software Developer.

3. Explain E-R Diagram with example. 05 (CO2)

Symbol Shape Name Symbol Description

Entities

An entity is represented by a rectangle which contains

Entity
the entity’s name.

An entity that cannot be uniquely identified by its

Weak Entity
attributes alone..

Attributes

each attribute is represented by an oval or eclipse

Attribute
containing attribute’s name
 An attribute that uniquely identifies a particular entity.
Key attribute The name of a key attribute is underlined. (Primary
key)

Multivalued An attribute that can have many values. Multivalued

attribute attribute is represented by a dual eclipse.

An attribute whose value is calculated (derived) from

Derived other attributes. The derived attribute may or may not
attribute be physically stored in the database. This attribute is
represented by dashed eclipse.

Composite
An attribute can have divided into sub attributes.
attribute

Relationships
A relationship where Child entity is existence-
dependent on parent, and Primary key of parent entity
Relationship
relationship with foreign key of child entity This
relationship is represented by a diamond.

ER diagram of Library Management System

 4. Write a Short note on Generalization and Specialization 05 (CO2)
Specialization
 Specialization is process of defining sub-classes of a super class based on some different
characteristics.
 It is a top-down approach to define super/subclass relationships.
 Example, Consider the student table having attributes (EnrollNo, StuName, Birthdate, Age,
CurrentSem, DetainSem) etc.

EnrollNo StuName
.
DetainSem Student Birthdate

CurrentSem Age
[A student entity set]
 But students can be either of two types: Regular student and Detain student

EnrollNo
StuName
.
Age Student Birthdate

IS-A

Regular Detain

CurrentSem DetainSem

[Student super-class/sub-class relationship]

 So based on this student entity can be further classified into two subclasses ‘DetainStudent’
and ‘RegularStudent’. In other words, two subclasses are derived from the single superclass.
This is process is called as Specialization.

 Explain the concept of generalization 03 – Summer-2023

Generalization
 Generalization is process of defining a super-class from sub-classes based on some common
characteristics.
 It is a bottom-up approach to define super/subclass relationships.
 Example, Consider the two entities sets Regular student and Detain student

EnrollNo StuName
StuName EnrollNo
.
.
Regular Detain
Student Birthdat DetainSem Student Birthdate
e
CurrentSe
Age Age
m

[A Regular student and Detain student entity set]

 Analysis of these two entity sets shows that they have many attributes in common like
EnrollNo, StuName, Birthdate, and Age.
 So based on this another entity set called Student can be defined as super-class for two
subclasses ‘DetainStudent’ and ‘RegularStudent’.
 Now, all common attributes are moved to super-class Student. While sub-classes ‘Detain’ and
‘Regular’ only contain unique attributes like detainsem, currentsem.

EnrollNo. StuName

Age Student Birthdate

IS-A

Regular Detain

CurrentSem DetainSem

[Generalization to student super-class]

 We said that sub-classes ‘Detain’ and ‘Regular’ generalized to Student super-class.