SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES
CHENNAI-602105
"TRANSMISSION MEDIA"
AN ASSIGNMENT - 2
Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
Btech Artificial intelligence and Data science
Submitted by
t
T. RAVI TEJA NAIDU(192425172)
Under the Supervision of
Dr.T.SURESHBALAKRISNAN
Transmission media refer to the physical paths through which data, signals, or information are
conveyed from one point to another. These media fall into guided and unguided categories.
The explanation of transmission media, their types, characteristics, and applications follows.
1. Guided (Wired) Media
Guided media require physical paths or cables for transmitting signals. The following are
included:
a. Twisted Pair Cable
Description: Consists of pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together to reduce
interference. Types:
1. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):
Used in most LANs, such as Ethernet cables.
Inexpensive and easy to install.
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2. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP):
Features a shielding layer to minimize electromagnetic interference (EMI).
Industrial environments.
Applications:
Telephone lines, computer networking (LANs), DSL internet connections.
Advantages:
Inexpensive, flexible, and widely available.
Disadvantages:
Limited bandwidth and distance, susceptible to crosstalk and EMI.
b. Coaxial Cable
Description: A single copper conductor surrounded by insulating material, a metallic shield,
and an outer plastic cover.
Applications:
Cable television, broadband internet, and long-distance telephone lines.
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Advantages:
Higher bandwidth than twisted pair cables, less susceptible to interference.
Disadvantages:
Bulkier, more expensive, harder to install than twisted pair.
c. Fiber Optic Cable
Description: Transmits data as light signals through a glass or plastic core, surrounded by
cladding and a protective jacket.
Types:
1. Single-mode Fiber:
Used for long-distance communication.
Thin core (about 8-10 microns) carrying one light signal.
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2. Multi-mode Fiber:
Multi-mode fibers are used for short-distance communication.
It has a thicker core about 50-62.5 microns with the ability to carry several light signals.
Applications:
High-speed internet, telecommunication, cable TV, and medical imaging.
Advantages:
High bandwidth, immune to EMI, long transmission distance, and secure.
Disadvantages:
Expensive, fragile, and difficult to splice or repair.
2. Unguided (Wireless) Media
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Data transmitted without using physical connections through electromagnetic waves are
referred to as unguided media.
A. Radio Waves
Description: Electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 3 kHz and 300
GHz. Applications:
AM/FM radio, television broadcasts, Wi-Fi, mobile communication.
Characteristics:
Omnidirectional (can travel in all directions).
Covers long distances but may suffer from interference.
Advantages:
No physical connection required, supports mobility.
Disadvantages:
Prone to interference, less secure.
b. Microwaves
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Description: Electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 1 GHz to 300 GHz.
Types:
1. Terrestrial Microwaves:
Line-of-sight communication using ground-based towers.
2. Satellite Microwaves:
Signals sent to a satellite and retransmitted to a receiver.
Applications:
Satellite communication, cellular networks, and point-to-point communication.
Advantages:
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High bandwidth, supports long-distance communication.
Disadvantages:
Requires a clear line of sight, affected by weather (e.g., rain fade)
d.Infrared
Description: Uses infrared light (just beyond visible light in the electromagnetic spectrum)
for short-range communication.
Applications:
Remote controls, wireless keyboards, and short-distance file sharing.
Characteristics:
Requires line-of-sight, cannot penetrate walls.
Advantages:
Cheap, secure (as it’s confined to a small area).
Disadvantages:
Short range, cannot work in bright sunlight.
d. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
Wi-Fi:
Wireless networking technology for local area networks.
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Frequency: 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz.
Applications: Internet access, LANs.
Bluetooth:
Short-range communication for devices like smartphones, headsets, and IoT devices.
Frequency: 2.4 GHz.
Applications: File sharing, audio streaming.
Impoverished
Optical Wireless Communication
Examples:
Lasers: Used in point-to-point communication, such as space communication.
Free-Space Optics (FSO): Light signals sent through the air for high-speed links.
1. Bandwidth: The capacity of the medium to carry data.
2. Distance: The distance that the signal can travel without degrading.
3. Cost: Installation and maintenance costs.
4. Interference: The resistance to noise and external interference.
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5. Security: The possibility of unauthorized access to the transmitted data.
Detailed Breakdown of the Types, Features, and Applications of Guided and Unguided
Transmission Media:.
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