a - Algjebra Lineare

:
Dushko Maxhoski

:
Dr.Sc. Alit Ibrahimi

1.)

2 1 3
: A 1 1 2.
1 2 1

3
2
2
2 A 9 A 0 , 2 A 9E 0 .

2 1 3
1 0 0

A 1 1 2. E 0 1 0.
1 2 1
0 0 1
2 1 3 2 1 3 4 1 3 2 1 6 6 2 3 8 7 11
A A * A 1 1 2 * .1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 4 3 2 2 3 6 3
1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 4 1 5 1 8
2

2 1 3 8 7 11 16 3 15 14 6 3 22 3 24 34 23 49
A A * A 1 1 2 * .3 6 3 8 3 10 7 6 2 11 3 6 15 3 24
1 2 1 5 1 8 8 6 5 7 12 1 11 6 8 19 20 25
3

34 23 49
8 7 11
2 1 3 34 23 49 16 14 22 18 9 27 0 0 0

2 A 9 A 15 3 24 2 * 3 6 3 9 * 1 1 2 15 3 24 6 12 6 9 9 18 0 0 0 0
19 20 25
5 1 8
1 2 1 19 20 25 10 2 16 9 18 9 0 0 0
3

5
8 7 11
2 1 3
1 0 0 8 7 11 4 2 6 9 0 0 5 5

2 A 9 E 3 6 3 2 * 1 1 2 9 * 0 1 0 3 6 3 2 2 4 0 9 0 1 1 1 0
5 1 8
1 2 1
0 0 1 5 1 8 2 4 2 0 0 9 3 3 3
2

3
2
2
2 A 9 A 0 2 A 9E 0 .

2.) o . (
, k).

7
2

...
2

2
7
2
...
2

2 ... 2
2 ... 2
7 ... 2

... ... ...

2 ... 7

7
2

...
2

2
7
2
...
2

2 ... 2
7 (k 1)2 7 (k 1)2 7 (k 1)2
2 ... 2 R 2 R1
2
7
2
7 ... 2 R3 R1
2
2
7

... ... ... R 4 R1

...
...
...

2 ... 7
2
2
2

1
2

7 (k 1)2 2

...
2

1
7
2
...
2

1 ... 1
1

2
2 ... 2

7 ... 2 7 2(k 1) * 2

... ... ...

...
2
2 ... 7

1
1 1
0 5 0

7 2(k 1) * 0 0 5

... ... ...

0 0
0

...
...
...
...
...

1
7
2
...
2

... 7 (k 1)2

...
2

...
2

...
...

...
7

1 ... 1
2 ... 2 2 R1 R 2
7 ... 2 2 R1 R3

... ... ... 2 R1 R 4

2 ... 7

1
0
0 7 2( K 1) * (5) k

...
5

ax cy 2 z 1

3.) . ax (2c 1) y 3 z 1
ax cy (c 3) z 2c 1

:
, x

Dy
Dx
D
,y
,z z .
D
D
D

ax cy 2 z 1
c
2

3
ax (2c 1) y 3 z 1 a 2c 1
ax cy (c 3) z 2c 1 a
c
c 3

D a 2c 1
a

[a(2c 1)(c 3)] 3ac 2ac [a(2c 1)2] 3ac [(c 3)ac] (2ac 2 6ac ac 3a)

3
c3

2ac (4ac 2a) (ac 2 3ac) ac 2 a a(c 2 1) a(c 2 12 ) a(c 1)( c 1) D

1

2c 1

2c 1

Dx

[(2c 1)(c 3)] [3c(2c 1)] 2c [(2c 1)(2c 1)2] 3c [(c 3)c] (2c 2 6c c 3)

c3

6c 3c 2c 8c 8c 2 3c c 2 3c c 2 6c 5 (5 c)( c 1) D x
2

Dy a

[a(c 3)] 3a [2a(2c 1)] 2a [3a(2c 1)] [(c 3)a] ac 3a 3a 4ac 2a 2a

a 2c 1 c 3

6ac 3a ac 3a 2ac 2a 2a(c 1)

a

D z a 2c 1
a

1
1

[a(2c 1)(2c 1)] ac ac [a(2c 1)] ac [(2c 1)ac] 4ac 2 4ac a ac 2ac a 2ac 2

2c 1

2ac 2 ac 2ac 2 4ac 2a 2a(c a)( c 1)

Dx
(5 c)( c 1)
(5 c)

D a (c 1)( c 1) a (c 1)

D z 2a(c 1)( c 1) 2(c 1)

D
a(c 1)( c 1)
(c 1)

Dy
D

2a (c 1)
2

a (c 1)( c 1) (c 1)

4.) .

1 2 3
4 6 3
1 3 4 * X 5 8 4.

1 4 3
6 8 3
:

1 2 3
4 6 3

1 3 4 A , = 5 8 4 B
1 4 3
6 8 3
A* X B .

1 2 3
det A 1 3 4 9 8 12 9 16 6 2 0 ,
1 4 3
O A * X B X A1 * B .
1
~
A 1
*A ,
det A

13

1 3
1 4

23

A11
~
A A12
A13

A21
A22
A23

4 3 1 , 21

1 2
1 4

A31
3 4
1 4
A32 , 11
9 16 7 , 12
(3 4) 1 ,
4 3
1 3
A33

2 3
4 3

(4 2) 2 31

(6 12) 6 , 22

2 3
3 4

1 3

8 9 1 , 32

7 6 1
~

0 1
33
(3 2) 1 , A 1
1 3
1 2 1

1 2

1 3

1 3
1 4

33 0,
(4 3) 1 ,

7 6 1 3.5 3 0.5
1

* 1
0 1 0.5 0
0.5
2
1 2 1 0.5 1 0.5

3.5 3 0.5 4 6 3 14 15 3 21 24 4 10.5 12 1.5 2 1 0

X A * B 0.5 0
0.5 * 5 8 4 2 0 3
3 4
1.5 0 1.5 1 1 0
0.5 1 0.5 6 8 3 2 5 3 3 8 4 1.5 4 1.5 0 1 1
1

2 1 0
X 1 1 0
0 1 1

1 2 3 2 1 0 4 6 3
A* X B 1 3 4 * 1 1 0 5 8 4.
1 4 3 0 1 1 6 8 3

5). 1=(7,5,-1) 2=(1,1,0)

:

c1=(1,1,-1), c2=(2,0,4), c3=(3,1,3)

:
a1 = xc1+ yc2 + zc3
(7,5,-1)= x(1,1,-1)+ y(2,0,4)+ z(3,1,3)

(x, x,-x) + (2y,0,4y)+ (3z, z,3z) (7,5,-1)

x 5 z
x 5 z
x 5 z
x 5 z
x 2y 3z 7

xz5
5 z 2 y 3z 7 z 2 y 3z 7 5 2 y 2 z 2
y z 1

- x 4y 3z -1 - x 4y 3z -1 - x 4y 3z -1
- x 4y 3z -1
- x 4y 3z -1

y 1 z
y 1 z y 1 z z 2
x3

x 5 z
x 5 z x 5 z x 5 2 y 1
- 5 1 - y 4y 3 - 3y -1 1 1 z R
y 1 2 z 2

a1 = 3c1- c2 + 2c3

a2 = xc1+ yc2 + zc3

(1,1,0) = x(1,1,-1)+ y(2,0,4)+ z(3,1,3) (x, x,-x) + (2y,0,4y)+ (3z, z,3z) (1,1,0)

x 1 z
x 1 z
x 1 z
x 5 z
x 2y 3z 1

x z 1
1 z 2 y 3z 1 z 2 y 3z 1 1 2 y 2 z 0
y z

- x 4y 3z 0 - x 4y 3z -1 - x 4y 3z -1
- x 4y 3z -1 - x 4y 3z -1

x 5 z

x 5 z

y z
y z
- 5 z 4z 3z -1 - 5 -1

, 2
c1 c2.

6.) s p
, :
a1= (1,3,1,3), a2=(1,1,1,1), a3= (1,-1,1,-1)

: b1= (1,1,1,1), b2= (3,1,3,1), b3=(1,2,1,2)

:
e

: c1=(2,4,2,4), c2=(4,2,4,2), c3=(2,1,2,1)

: d1=(1,3), d2=(1,3) d3=(-1,1,2)

s:
xc1 yc2 zc3 0 ,

x(2,4,2,4) y(4,2,4,2) z (2,1,2,1, ) 0 , (2 x,4 x,2 x,4 x) (4 y,2 y,4 y,2 y) (2 z,1z,2 z,1z, ) 0

2 x 4 y 2 z 0
x0
4x 2 y z 0
2 x 4 y 2 z 0 2 x 4 y 8 x 4 y ) 0 6 x 0

z 2 y

z 4 x 2 y

z 4 x 2 y
2 x 4 y 2 z 0 z 4 x 2 y
2
4 x 2 y z 0
y z
2 x 4 y 0

4 x 2 y 0
2 x 4 y x

2
x

4
y

0
2
y

4
y

4 x 2 y 0

4y
2 x 0
4 y y 0
2

c1, c2 c3 , c1 c2 ,
c1 c2 s=2.

p:
xd1 yd 2 zd 3 0 , x(1,3) y(1,3) z (1,1,2) 0 ( x,3x) ( y,3 y) ( z, z,2 z ) 0

x y z 0 x y 0 0 x y
x y

3x 3 y z 0 3 x 3 y 0 0 3x 3 y y x

z0
z0
2z 0
z0

x z 0 x z

3 x z 0 x 0
2z 0
z 0

y z 0 y z

3 y z 0 x 0
2z 0
z 0

d1, d2 d3 , d1 d3, d2 d3
d1 d3, d2 d3 p=2.

7.) P a b :
a: (1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1) b: (0,0,1) , (1,0,0),(0,1,0),
:

1 0 0
0 1 0

b A 0 1 0 B 0 0 1 .
0 0 1
1 0 0
P b : P A1 B .M
= . AA1 E EA1 E
A1 E .

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
P A * B 0 1 0 * 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1

1
2
1 5
8.) A
4
1

7 3

0 1 0
P 0 0 1
1 0 0

2
0 3 8
..
4 2 2

7 3 4
3 4

2 1 5
0 3 8 2
1

4 2 2 4
1

7 3 4 7 3
1 5 0 3 8
1 5
0 11 3 10 18

R3 R 4 0 11

0 21 4 14 34
0 21

0 21 4 14 34
0 0
1
2

1 5
rangA
4
1

7 3

3 4

8
1 5 0 3 8
2 R1 R 2

4 2
0 11 3 10 18

4 R1 R3
R 2 R3
0 21 4 14 34
2 2
7 R1 R 4

3 4
0 32 7 24 52
3 8
10 18
rangA 3
14 34

0 0

0 3
3
4
7
0
3
4
0

9.) .
x (1 a ) y z u 3
ax y z u 1

x y (1 a ) z u 4
x y z u 1

:
=0:
x (1 0) y z u 3 x y z u 3
0* x y z u 1
y z u 1

x y (1 0) z u 4 x y z u 4
x y z u 1
x y z u 1

=1:

1
0

O
,
.

x (1 1) y z u 3 x 2 y z u 3 1
1x y z u 1
x y z u 1 1

1
x

(
1

1
)
z

4
x

2
z

x y z u 1
x y z u 1 1

2 1 1 3
R1 R 2
1 1 1 1
R1 R3
1 2 1 4
R1 R 4
1 1 1 1

3 x 2 y z u 3 x 4 3 c 3 x 4 3 c 3 x 4 c

1 0 0 2
y2
y2
y2
y2

1 1 0 1
2 z 1
z3
z 3
z 3

u c c R u c c R
u c c R
1 0 0 2 u c cR
2

=1 (x,y,z,y)=(-4-c,2,3,c), c R.
x (1 2) y z u 3 x 3 y z u 3 1

=2 : 2 x y z u 1 2 x y z u 1 2
x y (1 2) z u 4 x y 3 z u 4 1

x y z u 1
x y z u 1 1

3 1 1 3
1
2 R1 R 2

1 1 1 1
0
R1 R3

1 3 1 4
0
R1 R 4
1 1 1 1
0

3
5 1 1 5

2 2 0 1

2 0 0 2
3

x 3 z u 3
x 3 y z u 3 x 3 z u 3 x 3 z u 3
x 3 z u 3
y 1
5y z u 5

1
y

1
3

y 1 z

z
2
y

2
z

1
2

2
z

2
z

3
2
2

5 5 z u 5 5 5 z u 5 5 3 u 5
u 55 3
2y 2

2
2

3 3

x0
x 3 2 2 3 x 3 3
3 3

=2 : (x, y, z, u) = (0,1, ,- )

y 1

y 1
y 1

2 2

3
3
3
3
3
3
z

2
2
2
2
2
2