UNIT 2
Lesson 7: European Art: Medieval Period to World War I
Ancient Rome
Roman art is generally associated with the overthrow of the Etruscan kings and
the establishment of the Republic in 509 BC. Roman art is traditionally divided into two
main period: art of the Republic and art of the Roman Empire (from 27 BC on), with
subdivisions corresponding to the major emperors or imperial dynasties.
Notable Works
1. Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus: Battle of Romans and Barbarians
This sarcophagus features a scene that embodies Roman values of heroic
struggle and the glorification of the hero. The depiction also emphasizes themes of
good versus evil and civilized men over barbarians.
2. Discobolus by Myron
Though originally a Greek sculpture, the Discobolus of
Myron had a significant influence on Roman art. It
represents a youthful ancient Greek athlete, poised as if
ready to spin and release the discus. This sculpture is
celebrated for its depiction of movement and physical
perfection.
Medieval Art
The Middle Ages, often referred to as the “Dark Ages,” marked a period of
economic and cultural deterioration following the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D.
Early medieval artwork often reflected this darkness, characterized by grotesque
imagery and brutal scenes. Much of the art produced during this time was centered
around the Church.
Notable Works
1. Icon with the Triumph of Orthodoxy
This icon represents the triumph of the
Byzantine Empire's Eastern Orthodox faith over
the dominance of Islam and the Byzantine
Iconoclasm in 842. It is a significant piece
symbolizing religious victory and restoration.
2. Crucifix by Cimabue
Cimabue's Crucifix features a long arm
suspended from the cross, representing the pain and
suffering of the Crucifixion. This work exemplifies the
emotional and devotional focus of medieval religious
art.
Renaissance Art
The Renaissance reached its height in Florence, Italy, largely due to the
patronage of the Medici family, who supported the arts and humanism—a belief system
emphasizing human values and the importance of human experience. The High
Renaissance, which lasted from 1490 to 1527, produced influential artists such as
Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, who brought creative power and
emotional expression to new heights.
Notable Works
1. School of Athens by Raphael
This fresco represents the greatest mathematicians, philosophers, and scientists
from classical antiquity gathered together, sharing their ideas and learning from each
other. It is a masterpiece of perspective, composition, and the depiction of intellectual
discourse.
This report provides an overview of European art from the Medieval Period to
World War I, highlighting key periods and notable works that shaped the trajectory of
Western art history.
