1-2: Quang lm. 1.

Anh (ch) hy cho bit thnh phn ho hc ca du th v nh hng ca chng trong qu trnh ch bin nhn nhin liu nh my lc du? Bi lm I 1.1 Thnh phn ha hc ca du th Thnh phn ho hc ca du m c chia thnh hai phn: Cc hp cht hydrocacbon (HC), l hp cht m trong thnh phn ca n chcha hai nguyn t l cacbon v hydro. Hydrocacbon l thnh phn chnh v quan trng nht ca du m. Trong thnh phnca du m thng c chia lm 3 loi sau: - Cc hp cht paraffin. + n-paraffin + iso-paraffin - Cc hp cht vng no hay cc hp cht naphten. - Cc hydrocacbon thm hay aromatic. Thc t th trong cc phn on c nhit si trung bnh v cao th ngoi cchp cht trn cn c cc hp cht lai hp tc l hp cht m trong phn t cachng c cha cc loi hydrocacbon trn. iu ng ch l cc hydrocacbon khng no (olefin, cycloolefin, diolefin vv...) khng c trong hu ht cc loi du m. S nguyn t cacbon ca cc hydrocacbon trong du thng t C5 n C60 (cn C1 n C4 nm trong kh) tng ng vi trng lng phn t khong 855-880. Cc hp cht phi HC, l cc hp cht m trong thnh phn ca n ngoicacbon, hydro th chng cn cha thm cc nguyn t khc nh nit, lu hunh,oxy Trong thnh phn ca du m th hm lng cc HC lun chim thnh phn chyu.Trong thc t th da vo thnh phn ca cc HC trong du th m ngi ta quyt nh cc loi sn phm c sn xut t mt loi du th cho trc, thnh phn ny cng quyt nh n hiu sut ca cc loi sn phm. i vi cc hp cht phi HC th mc d thnh phn nguyn t ca chng khng ln nhng hu ht y lcc hp cht c hi v vy trong qu trnh ch bin cn phi loi b n ra khi thnhphn ca sn phm do chng quyt nh n cng ngh ca nh my. 2. nh hng ca chng trong qu trnh ch bin nhn nhin liu nh my lc du 2.1 Cc hp cht cha hydrocacbon

Ty theo sn phm chng ct du m mong mun ngi ta la chn loi du c hm lng HC tng ng khi nhn nhin liu nh my lc du. 2.2 Cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon y l nhng hp cht, m trong phn t ca n ngoi cacbon, hydro cn ccha oxy, nit, lu hunh tc l nhng hp cht hu c ca oxy, nit, lu hunh. Phn ln, trong qu trnh ch bin, cc hp cht phi HC ca S,N,O thng gy ng c xc tc, gy n mn thit b, nh hng n qu trnh ch bin. V vy, qu trnh nhn nguyn liu s da theo ch tiu s dng nguyn liu vi hm lng cc cht ny khng vt qu quy nh. Hoc trc khi a vo ch bin, nguyn liu s c qua qu trnh loi b cc cht gy hi ny. 2. ngha ca cc i lng vt l ca du th: t trng, ng cong chng ct, hng s c trng K, im Anilin? II ngha ca cc i lng vt l du th. 1.1 T trng - T trng ca du th: l t l khi lng ca du so vi khi lng ca nc cng mt th tch v nhit xc nh khi coi trng lng ca nc 4oC bng 1, t trng c gi tr bng khi lng ring + Cc h thng o t trng: d420, d415, d15,615,6 ; API - Trong thc t, nng ca du thng c biu din bng API hn l bng t trng. + T trng ca du c tr s t 0,8 n 0,99, API ca du th c th thay i t 10 n 50 (lun cp ti cht lng 60oF ). 1.2 ng cong chng ct - ng cong chng ct: biu din mi tng quan gia thnh phn ct v nhit si - Phn loi: + ng cong chng ct n gin + ng cong chng ct im si thc (ST)

1.3 Hng s c trng K Hng s c trng K dng phn loi du th, cho bit du m mang c tnh ca loi hydrocacbon no l ch yu nh hng s dng hp l - Phn loi: + H du parafinic: K = 13 12,5 + H du naphtenic: K = 11,45 10,5 + H du aromatic: K = 10,5 10 1.4 im Anilin - im Anilin ca du l nhit ti thiu m ti khi lng tng ng Anilin v du cn thit c ha tan vi nhau hon ton. - Xc nh im Anilin: Khi lng tng ng ca anilin v du c khuy lin tc trong ng nghim v un nng cho n khi c hai hp nht thnh mt th ng nht. Ngng si m v cho lm lnh m nghim.Nhit m ti hai giai on ring bit ra c ghi nhn l im anilin.

3-4: Huy lu 3. Ti sao phi chun b du th trc khi a vo ch bin lc du? Ngi ta s dng cc phng php no? Theo anh (ch) phng php no l u vit nht, ti sao? TL: Bi v du th l hn hp nhiu tp cht dng nh tng kh tch ra iu kin thng gy ra cc nh hng xu nh: + t to cn bn cc khuu ni ca thit b + trong cc qu trnh ch bin du nhit cao, cc mui CO32-, Cl- phn hu gy n mn thit b. + nc b bay hi, lm tng p sut gy nh hng ln ti qu trnh chng ct.

Chnh v vy s ph hu my mc thit b, lm gim cng sut ch bin ca nh my Cc phng php chun b trc khi ch bin: Phng php c hc 1. Phng php lng 2. Phng php lc 3. Phng php ly tm Phng php ho hc Phng php dng in trng . Trong 3 phng php th phng php dng in trng l u vit nht v phng php ny t nh hng ti cht lng ca du th v c hiu qu cao. Huyn ph, nh tng l cc ht d nhim in tch nn dng lc in trng s d ng t v vy m d tch khi du.

4. Du th c thnh phn ho hc nh th no s thun li cho lc du? TL:Du th c cc thnh phn ha hc nh sau: V thnh phn nguyn t: Nguyn t c bn: C v H: %C: 83 87% %H: 11 14% Cc nguyn t khc: Cc kh: CO2, H2S, N2, He, Ar % S: 0,1 7% % N: 0,001 1,8% % O: 0,05 1% Cc kim loi dng vt (phn triu) .

V thnh phn ha hc:

 Hidrocacbon: Paraffin: iso Paraffin, n Paraffin Naphthenes Aromatics Naphthene-Aromatic Phi hidrocacbon: Cc hp cht cha S, N, O . Cc cht nha, asphantenes . Cc kim loi nng . Du th c t cc hp cht phi hidrocacbon th s c li cho qu trnh lc du v cc hp cht phi hidrocacbon gy nh hng n hiu sut v cc thit b lc du. Cc hp cht ch lu hunh s gy ra cc nh hng nh: - Gy n mn thit b - nhim mi trng (to ra SOx) - Ng c xc tc, gim cht lng sn phm Nn rt c hi, phi x l tn km (% > gii hn cho php) t l lu hunh l ch tiu nh gi cht lng du v sn phm du: <0,5% tt, t 1-2% xu cc hp cht c nit gy nh hng nh: - Ng c xc tc - Phn ng to nha, lm ti mu sn phm trong thi gian bo qun - To NOx: kh c, gy n mn Nn rt c hi, phi x l trc khi ch bin Kim loi nng gy ra cc nh hng nh: - gy ng c xc tc (cracking v reforming, % kim loi < 5 n 10 ppm). - cn du m lm nhin liu t l: thng l

15-16: Thanh

15. Trnh by c s ho-l ca qu trnh reforming xc tc? Ti sao li phi dng nhiu l phn ng reforming ni tip nhau?
C s ha l ca qu trnh reforming xc tc: Reforming xc tc l qu trnh lc du nhm chuyn ha phn on naphtha nng (c tr s octan thp) thnh phn c s ca xng thng phm c tr s octan cao. Nguyn liu(naphthas nng) di tc ng ca nhit cao(480-540 C),xc tc a chc nng(lng chc) v p sut (5-30atm) c th xy ra cc phn ng lm thm ha cc sn phm du m. T nng cao tr s octan ca sn phm. Cc phn ng ca qu trnh reforming xc tc bao gm : _P dehydro ha (P ch yu). Bao gm dehydro ha naphten thnh Hydrocacbon thm v dehydro ng vng ha parafin thnh RH thm. Xc tc s dng cho phn ng dehydro ha l xc tc lng chc.
VD: dehydro ha Naphten RH thm :C7H14 C7H8 + 3H2

Dehydro ng vng ha parafin RH thm :n-Heptane Toluen

P isome ha: vd : ng phn ha n-parafin iso parafin

Cc P ph, khng mong mun nh :Hydrocracking parafin v naphten, hydrodeankyl ha RH thm, bt cn i ha, cc phn ng to cc ..vv.. Ngi ta dng nhiu l phn ng ni tip nhau l v: Dng nhiu l phn ng th lng nguyn liu c tip xc vi xc tc nhiu hn so vi dng mt l phn ng, t y tng hiu sut ca qu trnh. Qu trnh reforming xc tc xy ra rt nhiu phn ng ha hc c mong mun v khng mong mun. Cc phn ng ny xy ra ng thi, nhng iu kin (nhit , p sut..v..v.) khc nhau. Nu ch dng mt l phn ng th vic kim sot cc phn ng theo hng c li s kh khn hn, ng thi vic kim sot sn phm u ra cng kh khn hn so vi dng nhiu l phn ng. Vic dng nhiu l phn ng ni tip nhau, cui mi l c t mt l nung s m bo nhit phn ng cn thit l phn ng tip theo. Bi v cc phn ng c li nh dehydro ha u l cc phn ng thu nhit nn nhit u ra mi l thng thp hn so vi nhit phn ng cn thit. V th, nhm mc ch nng cao hiu sut ca qu trnh reforming xc tc, ngi ta thng t nhiu l phn ng ni tip nhau.

16. Xc tc reforming c c im g? Phn tch?

Xc tc reforming l xc tc lng chc.N bao gm kim loi (Pt,Re,Sn)trn cht mang (Al2O3) .N c th thc hin 2 chc nng : Chc nng oxy ha kh : thc hin bi cc kim loi dng phn tn. N c tch dng tng tc cc phn ng hydro ha v dehydro ha to ra cc vng no v vng thm. V d: dehydrohoa naphten thnh RH thm:

Chc nng axit (thc hin bi oxit nhm c b mt ring ln v c clo ha) thc y cc phn ng xy ra theo c ch ioncacboni nh: ng phn hoa, hydrocracking. VD: ng phn ha n-parafin thnh iso-parafin:

Nu mun xy ra ng thi 2 phn ng trn th phi dng xc tc lng chc.vd: dehydro ng vng ha parafin thnh RH thm:

Xc tc ca qu trnh reforming xc tc c axit thp hn xc tc ca qu trnh cracking v xc tc nu mang tinh axit mnh nh Zeolit s thc y qu trnh hydrocracking xy ra mnh, to thnh n-parafin c cu trc no, lm gim tr s octan ca xng. Do , xc tc ca qu trnh reforming dng oxitnhom c clo ha v n c axit thp hn Zeolit.
17-18: Chibum.

17. nng cao cht lng xng reforming xc tc ngi ta p dng bin php g? Cht lng xng ph thuc vo cht lng nguyn liu v ph thuc vo xc tc - sx xng c tr s octan cao ng ta dng phn on xng c gii hn si t 85-180*c, phn on ny cho php sx xng c tr s octan cao v hn ch to cc.Ngoi ra cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon b l hc ca lu hunh v ca nito trong nguyn liu phi gim ti mc cc tiu v nh hn gii hn cho php. V cc hp cht ny ch lm tng cc cc pu ngng t to nha v cc gy c cho xc tc lm gim nhanh hot tnh ca xc tc. V th nguyn liu trc khi a vo reforming xc tc u phi qua cng on x l bng hydro ha lm sch . - V xc tc, xu hng pht trin xc tc a kim loi, thm cc nguyn t t him nh Re vo tng phn tn ca Pt dn n tng tr s octan ca xng reforming

- V cng ngh, chuyn sang cng ngh reforming vi lp xc tc chuyn ng c ti sinh lien tc xc tc, in hnh l cng ngh ca UOP. Vi cch ny, nng sut thit b t ti a, xc tc lun c ti sinh nn m bo hot tnh trong sut qu trnh phn ng, xng thu c c tr s octan rt cao. 18.Trnh by nh hng ca cc thng s cng ngh n qu trnh reforming xctc? TL: cc thng s cng ngh nh hng n qu trnh reforming xc tc: 1- Nhit Khi tng nhit ca qu trnh reforming xc tc, hiu sut xng n nh v hm lng hydro trong kh tun hon gim xung, cn hm lng hydrocacbon thm, ch s octan ca xng tng v ng thi cc bm trn xc tc cng tng ln. Khi tang nhit lm tang hiu sut sn phm kh nh nh: propan, etan, izobutan. V rng nhit tang lm tang nhanh phn ng hydrocracking Nhit ch nn tang n gii hn cho php(470-525*C) vn cho tr s octan cao m khng gy to cc nhiu 2- p sut - Cc phn ng chnh ca qu trnh reforming xc tc u l cc phn ng tng th tch v th khi tng p sut s cn tr qu trnh tng th tch c ngha l cn tr cc phn ng chnh to hidrocacbon thm ca reforming xc tc - Khi lm vic p sut thp s cho php tng tr s octan ca xng v tng c hiu sut xng, gim lng kh v tng nng hydro trong kh nhng tc to cc li tng ln iu ny lm gim thi giam lm vic va xc tc v tn s ti sinh xc tc s tng ln V vy cn phi khng ch p sut va phi ( ph thuc vo hot tnh v chn lc ca xc tc). Ngy nay ci tin xc tc cng ci tin cng ngh CCR cho php gim p sut xung 10-12 at thm ch 3-3,5at VD: Xc tc Mo/Al2O3: p = 15 20 at Xc tc Pt/Al2O3: p = 20 40 at 3- Tc np liu ring LHSV Khi tng lu lng ca nguyn liu hay gim lng xc tc s lm tng tc np liu ring th tch nh vy s lm gim thi gian tip xc ca cht phn ng vi xc tc tc l gim thi gian phn ng

Khi tng tc np liu ring hiu sut xng tng ln v tng hm lng hydro trong kh tun hon, gim hiu sut hydrocacbon nh do gim tc pu hydrocracking v hydrogenolyse. Cht lng ca xng s chuyn qua cc i khi tng tip tc tc np liu ring . Nh vy khi tng tc np liu qu gi tr ti u s lm tng hiu sut xng ng thi li gim tr s octan ca xng v lm gim p sut hi bo ha ca xng. Tc np liu thng duy tr 1,2-2h^-1. Nu gim tc np liu th tch s dn n lm gim chn lc qu trnh gim hiu sut xng v hydro, tng hs hydrocacbon kh, gim nng hydro cacbon trong kh tun hon v lm tng lg cc bm trn xt 4- T l h2 trn nguyn liu Ph thuc: thnh phn phn on ca nguyn liu, kht khe ca qu trnh v tr s octan ca sn phm. T l mol H2/nguyn liu ,to cc , thi gian lm vic ca xc tc ko di.Tuy nhin nu qu cao s tn nhit lng, tng tr lc ng ng v thit b. - VD: xc tc lm vic lin tc > 6 thng: + RON <95 th H2/RH = 8 n 9. + RON > 95, H2/RH = 5 n 7 + RON = 100 102 th H2/RH = 3
19. C s ho-l ca qu trnh izome ho phn on naphta nh trong lc du? Ti sao li dng hydro trong qu trnh ny? 20. C cc loi hnh cng ngh izome ho no trong lc du? Qu trnh no l c nhiu u im?